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Zelisko N, Lesyk R, Stoika R. Structure, unique biological properties, and mechanisms of action of transforming growth factor β. Bioorg Chem 2024; 150:107611. [PMID: 38964148 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a ubiquitous molecule that is extremely conserved structurally and plays a systemic role in human organism. TGF-β is a homodimeric molecule consisting of two subunits joined through a disulphide bond. In mammals, three genes code for TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3 isoforms of this cytokine with a dominating expression of TGF-β1. Virtually, all normal cells contain TGF-β and its specific receptors. Considering the exceptional role of fine balance played by the TGF-β in anumber of physiological and pathological processes in human body, this cytokine may be proposed for use in medicine as an immunosuppressant in transplantology, wound healing and bone repair. TGFb itself is an important target in oncology. Strategies for blocking members of TGF-β signaling pathway as therapeutic targets have been considered. In this review, signalling mechanisms of TGF-β1 action are addressed, and their role in physiology and pathology with main focus on carcinogenesis are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Zelisko
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Pekarska 69, 79010 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Roman Lesyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Pekarska 69, 79010 Lviv, Ukraine.
| | - Rostyslav Stoika
- Department of Regulation of Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis, Institute of Cell Biology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Drahomanov 14/16, 79005 Lviv, Ukraine
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Le BT, Raguraman P, Kosbar TR, Fletcher S, Wilton SD, Veedu RN. Antisense Oligonucleotides Targeting Angiogenic Factors as Potential Cancer Therapeutics. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 14:142-157. [PMID: 30594893 PMCID: PMC6307321 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and conventional cancer therapies such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy do not address the underlying molecular pathologies, leading to inadequate treatment and tumor recurrence. Angiogenic factors, such as EGF, PDGF, bFGF, TGF-β, TGF-α, VEGF, endoglin, and angiopoietins, play important roles in regulating tumor development and metastasis, and they serve as potential targets for developing cancer therapeutics. Nucleic acid-based therapeutic strategies have received significant attention in the last two decades, and antisense oligonucleotide-mediated intervention is a prominent therapeutic approach for targeted manipulation of gene expression. Clinical benefits of antisense oligonucleotides have been recognized by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, with full or conditional approval of Vitravene, Kynamro, Exondys51, and Spinraza. Herein we review the scope of antisense oligonucleotides that target angiogenic factors toward tackling solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao T Le
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Prithi Raguraman
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Tamer R Kosbar
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Susan Fletcher
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Steve D Wilton
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Rakesh N Veedu
- Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.
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Wu SY, Wu ATH, Liu SH. MicroRNA-17-5p regulated apoptosis-related protein expression and radiosensitivity in oral squamous cell carcinoma caused by betel nut chewing. Oncotarget 2018; 7:51482-51493. [PMID: 27285985 PMCID: PMC5239490 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Betel nut chewing is associated with oral cavity cancer. Radiotherapy is one of the therapeutic approaches. Here, we used miR-17-5p antisense oligonucleotides (AS-ODNs) and human apoptosis protein array to clarify which apoptosis-related proteins are increased or decreased by miR-17-5p in betel nut chewing- oral squamous cell carcinoma OC3 cells. Furthermore, miR-17-5p AS-ODN was used to evaluate the radio-sensitization effects both in vitro and in vivo. An OC3 xenograft tumor model in severe combined immunodeficiency mice was used to determine the effect of miR-17-5p AS ODN on tumor irradiation. We simultaneously detected the relative expressions of 35 apoptosis-related proteins in irradiated OC3 cells that were treated with miR-17-5p AS-ODN or a control ODN. Several proteins, including p21, p53, TNF RI, FADD, cIAP-1, HIF-1α, and TRAIL R1, were found to be up- or downregulated by miR-17-5p in OC3 cells; their expression patterns were also confirmed by Western blotting. We further clarified the role of p53 in irradiated OC3 cells, using a p53 overexpression strategy. The results revealed that the enhancement of p53 expression significantly enhanced radiation-induced G2/M arrest of the OC3 cells. In the in vivo study, treatment of miR-17-5p AS-ODN before irradiation significantly enhanced p53 expression and reduced tumor growth. These results suggest that miR-17-5p increases or decreases apoptosis-related proteins in irradiated OC3 cells; its effect on p53 protein expression contributes to the modulation of the radiosensitivity of the OC3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Yuan Wu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Alexander T H Wu
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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TRAIL, Wnt, Sonic Hedgehog, TGFβ, and miRNA Signalings Are Potential Targets for Oral Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071523. [PMID: 28708091 PMCID: PMC5536013 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies and cancer cell models emphasize the importance of targeting therapies for oral cancer. The tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is highly expressed in cancer, and is a selective killing ligand for oral cancer. Signaling proteins in the wingless-type mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) integration site family (Wnt), Sonic hedgehog (SHH), and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) pathways may regulate cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. Accordingly, the genes encoding these signaling proteins are potential targets for oral cancer therapy. In this review, we focus on recent advances in targeting therapies for oral cancer and discuss the gene targets within TRAIL, Wnt, SHH, and TGFβ signaling for oral cancer therapies. Oncogenic microRNAs (miRNAs) and tumor suppressor miRNAs targeting the genes encoding these signaling proteins are summarized, and the interactions between Wnt, SHH, TGFβ, and miRNAs are interpreted. With suitable combination treatments, synergistic effects are expected to improve targeting therapies for oral cancer.
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) regulates cell growth and differentiation, apoptosis, cell motility, extracellular matrix production, angiogenesis, and cellular immunity. It has a paradoxical role in cancer. In the early stages it inhibits cellular transformation and prevents cancer progression. In later stages TGF-β plays a key role in promoting tumor progression through mainly 3 mechanisms: facilitating epithelial to mesenchymal transition, stimulating angiogenesis and inducing immunosuppression. As a result of its opposing tumor promoting and tumor suppressive abilities, TGF-β and its pathway has represented potential opportunities for drug development and several therapies targeting the TGF-β pathway have been identified. This review focuses on identifying the mechanisms through which TGF-β is involved in tumorigenesis and current therapeutics that are under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulsal Haque
- a Department of Internal Medicine , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - John C Morris
- a Department of Internal Medicine , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , OH , USA.,b University of Cincinnati Cancer Institute , Cincinnati , OH , USA
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Wang XH, Chen ZG, Xu RL, Lv CQ, Liu J, Du B. TGF-β1 signaling pathway serves a role in HepG2 cell regulation by affecting the protein expression of PCNA, gankyrin, p115, XIAP and survivin. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:3239-3246. [PMID: 28529566 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway serves a key role in the pathogenesis of liver cancer. To investigate the association between TGF-β1 and the following proteins: Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), gankyrin, general vesicular transport factor p115 (p115), X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) and survivin, HepG2 liver cancer cells were transfected with small interfering RNA (siRNA) directed against TGF-β1, or were treated with exogenous TGF-β1. TGF-β1 protein expression levels were assessed at 72 and 96 h using western blotting, cell growth was evaluated using a Cell Counting kit-8 assay, and flow cytometry was used to examine cell cycle distribution and apoptosis. In addition, PCNA, gankyrin, p115, XIAP and survivin protein levels were evaluated using western blotting. TGF-β1 protein expression levels were decreased at 72 and 96 h following siRNA transfection, indicating that the siRNA against TGF-β1 was effective. In the TGF-β1-knockdown group, the HepG2 cells exhibited G1 or S-phase cell cycle arrest; therefore, the number of G2-phase cells was decreased, cell growth was inhibited and apoptotic peaks were observed. By contrast, no significant alteration in cell cycle distribution or apoptosis was observed in the cells treated with exogenous TGF-β1. In the exogenous TGF-β1 group, PCNA and XIAP protein expression levels were increased, whereas gankyrin, p115 and survivin protein expression was observed to be dependent on the duration of treatment. By contrast, PCNA, gankyrin, XIAP and survivin protein expression decreased following TGF-β1 knockdown; however, p115 protein expression increased. In conclusion, the TGF-β1 signaling pathway may affect cell growth, cell cycle distribution and apoptosis through the regulation of PCNA, gankyrin, p115, XIAP and survivin protein expression in liver cancer. The results of the present study may improve the current understanding of the role of the TGF-β signaling pathway during the pathogenesis of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Hong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Guo Chen
- Center of Educational Technology and Information, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang 157011, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Ling Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Cheng-Qian Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Bing Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
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Li M, Luan F, Zhao Y, Hao H, Zhou Y, Han W, Fu X. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition: An emerging target in tissue fibrosis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 241:1-13. [PMID: 26361988 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215597194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is involved in a variety of tissue fibroses. Fibroblasts/myofibroblasts derived from epithelial cells contribute to the excessive accumulation of fibrous connective tissue in damaged tissue, which can lead to permanent scarring or organ malfunction. Therefore, EMT-related fibrosis cannot be neglected. This review highlights the findings that demonstrate the EMT to be a direct contributor to the fibroblast/myofibroblast population in the development of tissue fibrosis and helps to elucidate EMT-related anti-fibrotic strategies, which may enable the development of therapeutic interventions to suppress EMT and potentially reverse organ fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meirong Li
- Wound Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P. R. China Trauma Treatment Center, Central Laboratory, Chinese PLA General Hospital Hainan Branch, Sanya 572014, P. R. China
| | - Fuxin Luan
- Trauma Treatment Center, Central Laboratory, Chinese PLA General Hospital Hainan Branch, Sanya 572014, P. R. China
| | - Yali Zhao
- Wound Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P. R. China Trauma Treatment Center, Central Laboratory, Chinese PLA General Hospital Hainan Branch, Sanya 572014, P. R. China
| | - Haojie Hao
- Wound Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P. R. China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Wound Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P. R. China
| | - Weidong Han
- Wound Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- Wound Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P. R. China
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Su CH, Tzeng TY, Cheng C, Hsu MT. An H2A histone isotype regulates estrogen receptor target genes by mediating enhancer-promoter-3'-UTR interactions in breast cancer cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 42:3073-88. [PMID: 24371278 PMCID: PMC3950719 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt1341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A replication-dependent histone H2A isotype, H2ac, is upregulated in MCF-7 cells and in estrogen receptor-positive clinical breast cancer tissues. Cellular depletion of this H2A isotype leads to defective estrogen signaling, loss of cell proliferation and cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase. H2ac mediates regulation of estrogen receptor target genes, particularly BCL2 and c-MYC, by recruiting estrogen receptor alpha through its HAR domain and facilitating the formation of a chromatin loop between the promoter, enhancer and 3′-untranslated region of the respective genes. These findings reveal a new role for histone isotypes in the regulation of gene expression in cancer cells, and suggest that these molecules may be targeted for anti-cancer drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hsin Su
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, Republic of China, VYM Genome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, University System of Taiwan, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, Republic of China and Chien-Tien Hsu Cancer Research Foundation, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Wang D, Guo D, Bi H, Wu Q, Tian Q, Du Y. Zinc oxide nanoparticles inhibit Ca2+-ATPase expression in human lens epithelial cells under UVB irradiation. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:2117-26. [PMID: 24060544 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological and experimental studies have revealed that lens epithelial cells exposed to ultraviolet B (UVB) light could be induced apoptosis, and lens epithelial cell apoptosis can initiate cataractogenesis. Posterior capsular opacification (PCO), the most frequent complication after cataract surgery, is induced by the proliferation, differentiation, migration of lens epithelial cells. Thus, inhibiting the proliferation of lens epithelial cells could reduce the occurrence of PCO. It is reported that zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles have great potential for the application of biomedical field including cancer treatment. In the present study, we investigated the cytotoxic effect of ZnO nanoparticles on human lens epithelial cell (HLEC) viability. In addition, changes in cell nuclei, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species and intracellular calcium ion levels were also investigated after cells treated with ZnO nanoparticles in the presence and absence of UVB irradiation. Meanwhile, the expression of plasma membrane calcium ATPase 1 (PMCA1) was also determined at gene and protein levels. The results indicate that ZnO nanoparticles and UVB irradiation have synergistic inhibitory effect on HLEC proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. ZnO nanoparticles can increase the intracellular calcium ion level, disrupt the intracellular calcium homeostasis, and decrease the expression level of PMCA1. UVB irradiation can strengthen the effect of reduced expression of PMCA1, suggesting that both UVB irradiation and ZnO nanoparticles could exert inhibitory effect on HLECs via calcium-mediated signaling pathway. ZnO nanoparticles have great potential for the treatment of PCO under UVB irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoguang Wang
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 48#, Yingxiongshan Road, Jinan 250002, China
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