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Abdel Ghafar MT, Soliman NA. Metadherin (AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC) expression: Significance in malignancy and crucial role in colorectal cancer. Adv Clin Chem 2022; 106:235-280. [PMID: 35152973 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metadherin (AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC) is a 582-amino acid transmembrane protein, encoded by a gene located at chromosome 8q22, and distributed throughout the cytoplasm, peri-nuclear region, nucleus, and nucleolus as well as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It contains several structural and interacting domains through which it interacts with transcription factors such as nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF), staphylococcal nuclease domain containing 1 (SND1) and lung homing domain (LHD). It is regulated by miRNAs and mediates its oncogenic function via activation of cell proliferation, survival, migration and metastasis, as well as, angiogenesis and chemoresistance via phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/AKT (PI3K/AKT), NF-κB, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Wnt signaling pathways. In this chapter, metadherin is reviewed highlighting its role in mediating growth, metastasis and chemoresistance in colorectal cancer (CRC). Metadherin, as well as its variants, and antibodies are associated with CRC progression, poorer prognosis, decreased survival and advanced clinico-pathology. The potential of AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC as a diagnostic and prognostic marker as well as a therapeutic target in CRC is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nema A Soliman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Khan M, Sarkar D. The Scope of Astrocyte Elevated Gene-1/Metadherin (AEG-1/MTDH) in Cancer Clinicopathology: A Review. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020308. [PMID: 33671513 PMCID: PMC7927008 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its initial cloning in 2002, a plethora of studies in a vast number of cancer indications, has strongly established AEG-1 as a bona fide oncogene. In all types of cancer cells, overexpression and knockdown studies have demonstrated that AEG-1 performs a seminal role in regulating proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis and chemoresistance, the defining cancer hallmarks, by a variety of mechanisms, including protein-protein interactions activating diverse oncogenic pathways, RNA-binding promoting translation and regulation of inflammation, lipid metabolism and tumor microenvironment. These findings have been strongly buttressed by demonstration of increased tumorigenesis in tissue-specific AEG-1 transgenic mouse models, and profound resistance of multiple types of cancer development and progression in total and conditional AEG-1 knockout mouse models. Additionally, clinicopathologic correlations of AEG-1 expression in a diverse array of cancers establishing AEG-1 as an independent biomarker for highly aggressive, chemoresistance metastatic disease with poor prognosis have provided a solid foundation to the mechanistic and mouse model studies. In this review a comprehensive analysis of the current and up-to-date literature is provided to delineate the clinical significance of AEG-1 in cancer highlighting the commonality of the findings and the discrepancies and discussing the implications of these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maheen Khan
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Massey Cancer Center, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-804-827-2339
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Li Y, Chen J, Yang W, Liu H, Wang J, Xiao J, Xie S, Ma L, Nie D. mPGES-1/PGE2 promotes the growth of T-ALL cells in vitro and in vivo by regulating the expression of MTDH via the EP3/cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:221. [PMID: 32251289 PMCID: PMC7136213 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2380-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive haematological malignancy that is characterized by a high frequency of induction failure and by early relapse. Many studies have revealed that metadherin (MTDH) is highly expressed in a variety of malignant solid tumours and plays an important role in the occurrence and development of tumours. However, the relationship between the expression of MTDH and T-ALL has not yet been reported, and the regulatory factors of MTDH are still unknown. Our previous studies found that mPGES-1/PGE2 was important for promoting the growth of leukaemia cells. In the present study, we found that MTDH was highly expressed in primary T-ALL cells and in the Jurkat cell line. Our results showed that mPGES-1/PGE2 regulates the expression of MTDH through the EP3/cAMP/PKA-CREB pathway in T-ALL cells. Downregulation of MTDH inhibits the growth of Jurkat cells in vitro and in vivo. Our results suggest that MTDH could be a potential target for the treatment of T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetic and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hematology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaoting Chen
- Department of Hematology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjuan Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetic and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hematology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyun Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetic and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hematology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jieyu Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetic and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hematology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetic and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hematology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuangfeng Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetic and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hematology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liping Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetic and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China. .,Department of Hematology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Danian Nie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetic and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China. .,Department of Hematology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Yan J, Zhang J, Zhang X, Li X, Li L, Li Z, Chen R, Zhang L, Wu J, Wang X, Sun Z, Fu X, Chang Y, Nan F, Yu H, Wu X, Feng X, Li W, Zhang M. AEG-1 is involved in hypoxia-induced autophagy and decreases chemosensitivity in T-cell lymphoma. Mol Med 2018; 24:35. [PMID: 30134829 PMCID: PMC6038315 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-018-0033-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study was to examine the link between astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1) and hypoxia induced-chemoresistance in T-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (T-NHL), as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods Expression of AEG-1, LC3-II, and Beclin-1 were initially examined in human T-NHL tissues (n = 30) and normal lymph node tissues (n = 16) using western blot, real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Western blot was also performed to analyze the expression of AEG-1, LC3-II, and Beclin-1 in T-NHL cells (Hut-78 and Jurkat cells) under normoxia and hypoxia. Additionally, the proliferation and apoptosis of Hut-78 cells exposed to different concentration of Adriamycin (ADM) in normoxia and hypoxia were evaluated by MTT and Annexin-V FITC/PI staining assay. Finally, the effects of AEG-1 on Hut-78 cells exposed to ADM in hypoxia were assessed by MTT and Annexin-V FITC/PI staining assay, and 3-MA (autophagy inhibitor) was further used to determine the underlying mechanism. Results AEG-1, LC3-II and Beclin-1 expression were significantly increased in T-NHL tissues compared with normal tissues. Incubation of Hut-78 and Jurkat cells in hypoxia obviously increased AEG-1, LC3-II and Beclin-1 expression. Hypoxia induced proliferation and reduced apoptosis of Hut-78 cells exposed to ADM. AEG-1 overexpression further increased proliferation and decreased apoptosis of Hut-78 cells exposed to ADM in hypoxia. Moreover, overexpression of AEG-1 significantly inversed 3-MA induced-changes in cell proliferation and apoptosis of Hut-78 cells exposed to ADM in hypoxia. Conclusions This study suggested that AEG-1 is associated with hypoxia-induced T-NHL chemoresistance via regulating autophagy, uncovering a novel target against hypoxia-induced T-NHL chemoresistance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s10020-018-0033-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqin Yan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhui Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoming Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Renyin Chen
- Department of pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhua Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenchang Sun
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaorui Fu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Chang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Feifei Nan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Yu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Wu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Feng
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Wencai Li
- Department of pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, People's Republic of China.
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Yan J, Zhang J, Zhang X, Li X, Li L, Li Z, Chen R, Zhang L, Wu J, Wang X, Sun Z, Fu X, Chang Y, Nan F, Yu H, Wu X, Feng X, Li W, Zhang M. SPARC is down-regulated by DNA methylation and functions as a tumor suppressor in T-cell lymphoma. Exp Cell Res 2017; 364:125-132. [PMID: 29277504 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the functional role of SPARC in T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (T-NHL), as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms. Here, we first identified SPARC expression in T-NHL tissues and cell lines through western blot and real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Overall survival of T-NHL patients with different levels of SPARC was assessed by Kaplan-Meier survival curves. Then cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion of T-NHL cells with either knockdown or overexpression of SPARC were determined by MTT, flow cytometry, transwell migration and invasion assay, respectively. Finally, the molecular mechanism by which SPARC modulated T-NHL cell progression was assessed. We confirmed that SPARC was significantly down-regulated in T-NHL tissues and cell lines. T-NHL patients with high levels of SPARC demonstrated a favorable clinical outcome. SPARC significantly suppressed cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and EMT process, but facilitated cell apoptosis in T-NHL cells. Further, we found that loss of SPARC expression in T-NHL tissues and cell lines, both in mRNA and protein levels, was associated with the aberrant DNA methylation in SPRAC gene, and the disrupted SPARC expression could be rescued after treatment with the demethylating agent 5-Aza-2'-deoxycitydine (5-Aza-Cdr). Additionally, 5-Aza-Cdr reversed SPARC hypermethylation to restore its biological role as a tumor suppressor in T-NHL cells, including inhibiting cell proliferation, invasion and migration, while promoting cell apoptosis. Our data provided evidence that DNA methylation in SPARC gene may play a role in the progression of T-NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqin Yan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China
| | - Junhui Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China
| | - Zhaoming Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China
| | - Renyin Chen
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China
| | - Xinhua Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China
| | - Zhenchang Sun
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China
| | - Xiaorui Fu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China
| | - Yu Chang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China
| | - Feifei Nan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China
| | - Hui Yu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China
| | - Xiaolong Wu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Feng
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China
| | - Wencai Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China.
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Dong L, Qin S, Li Y, Zhao L, Dong S, Wang Y, Zhang C, Han S. High expression of astrocyte elevated gene-1 is associated with clinical staging, metastasis, and unfavorable prognosis in gastric carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2014; 36:2169-78. [PMID: 25407490 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2827-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
More and more evidence has demonstrated that astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1) is tightly associated with progression, metastasis, and unfavorable prognosis in many malignancies. However, the potential biological role of AEG-1 in gastric carcinoma (GC) has not been thoroughly delineated. In the current study, we found that AEG-1 mRNA and protein levels in GC tissues were significantly higher than those in normal gastric mucosa (P < 0.05). Simultaneously, statistical analysis displayed a significant correlation of high AEG-1 mRNA and protein expressions with differentiation status, TNM staging, invasive depth, and lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05). Most importantly, expressions of AEG-1 mRNA and protein in high clinical staging and metastatic GC tissues were dramatically higher than those in low clinical staging and non-metastatic GC tissues (P < 0.05). Stepwise investigation confirmed that the survival time of the patients with high AEG-1 level was shorter than those with low AEG-1 level or negative AEG-1 staining. Taken altogether, our data presented herein suggest that AEG-1 may be a novel predictor for metastasis and prognosis of the patients with GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangpeng Dong
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Henan, 453100, China
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Abstract
"Gain-of-function" and "loss-of-function" studies in human cancer cells and analysis of a transgenic mouse model have convincingly established that AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC performs a seminal role in regulating proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, and chemoresistance, the salient defining hallmarks of cancer. These observations are strongly buttressed by clinicopathologic correlations of AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC expression in a diverse array of cancers distinguishing AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC as an independent biomarker for highly aggressive metastatic disease with poor prognosis. AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC has been shown to be a marker predicting response to chemotherapy, and serum anti-AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC antibody titer also serves as a predictor of advanced stages of aggressive cancer. However, inconsistent findings have been reported regarding the localization of AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC protein in the nucleus or cytoplasm of cancer cells and the utility of nuclear or cytoplasmic AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC to predict the course and prognosis of disease. This chapter provides a comprehensive analysis of the existing literature to emphasize the common and conflicting findings relative to the clinical significance of AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
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Lee SG, Kang DC, DeSalle R, Sarkar D, Fisher PB. AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC, the beginning: initial cloning, structure, expression profile, and regulation of expression. Adv Cancer Res 2014; 120:1-38. [PMID: 23889986 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-401676-7.00001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Since its initial identification as a HIV-1-inducible gene in 2002, astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1), subsequently cloned as metadherin (MTDH) and lysine-rich CEACAM1 coisolated (LYRIC), has emerged over the past 10 years as an important oncogene providing a valuable prognostic marker in patients with various cancers. Recent studies demonstrate that AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC is a pleiotropic protein that can localize in the cell membrane, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), nucleus, and nucleolus, and contributes to diverse signaling pathways such as PI3K-AKT, NF-κB, MAPK, and Wnt. In addition to tumorigenesis, this multifunctional protein is implicated in various physiological and pathological processes including development, neurodegeneration, and inflammation. The present review focuses on the discovery of AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC and conceptualizes areas of future direction for this intriguing gene. We begin by describing how AEG-1, MTDH, and LYRIC were initially identified by different research groups and then discuss AEG-1 structure, functions, localization, and evolution. We conclude with a discussion of the expression profile of AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC in the context of cancer, neurological disorders, inflammation, and embryogenesis, and discuss how AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC is regulated. This introductory discussion of AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC will serve as the basis for the detailed discussions in other chapters of the unique properties of this intriguing molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Geun Lee
- Cancer Preventive Material Development Research Center, Institute of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Chul Kang
- Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Kyonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Rob DeSalle
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Emdad L, Das SK, Dasgupta S, Hu B, Sarkar D, Fisher PB. AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC: signaling pathways, downstream genes, interacting proteins, and regulation of tumor angiogenesis. Adv Cancer Res 2014; 120:75-111. [PMID: 23889988 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-401676-7.00003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1), also known as metadherin (MTDH) and lysine-rich CEACAM1 coisolated (LYRIC), was initially cloned in 2002. AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC has emerged as an important oncogene that is overexpressed in multiple types of human cancer. Expanded research on AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC has established a functional role of this molecule in several crucial aspects of tumor progression, including transformation, proliferation, cell survival, evasion of apoptosis, migration and invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and chemoresistance. The multifunctional role of AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC in tumor development and progression is associated with a number of signaling cascades, and recent studies identified several important interacting partners of AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC in regulating cancer promotion and other biological functions. This review evaluates the current literature on AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC function relative to signaling changes, interacting partners, and angiogenesis and highlights new perspectives of this molecule, indicating its potential as a significant target for the clinical treatment of various cancers and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luni Emdad
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
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