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Yang FF, Shuai MS, Guan X, Zhang M, Zhang QQ, Fu XZ, Li ZQ, Wang DP, Zhou M, Yang YY, Liu T, He B, Zhao YL. Synthesis and antibacterial activity studies in vitro of indirubin-3'-monoximes. RSC Adv 2022; 12:25068-25080. [PMID: 36199871 PMCID: PMC9438470 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01035f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-drug-resistant microbial pathogens are a serious global health problem. New compounds with antibacterial activity serve as good candidates for developing novel antibacterial drugs which is very urgent and important. In this work, based on the unique scaffold of indirubin, an active ingredient of traditional Chinese medicine formulation Danggui Luhui Wan, we synthesized 29 indirubin-3'-monoximes and preliminarily evaluated their antibacterial activities. The antibacterial activity results demonstrated that the synthesized indirubin-3'-monoximes 5a-5z and 5aa-5ad displayed good potency against S. aureus ATCC25923 (MIC = 0.4-25.6 μg mL-1). Among them, we found that the 5-F, 5-Cl and 7-CF3 substituted indirubin-3'-monoximes 5r, 5s and 5aa also showed better antibacterial efficiency for S. aureus (MICs up to 0.4 μg mL-1) than the prototype natural product indirubin (MIC = 32 μg mL-1). More importantly, indirubin-3'-monoxime 5aa has certain synergistic effect with levofloxacin against clinic multidrug-resistant S. aureus (fractional inhibitory concentration index: 0.375). In addition, relevant experiments including electron microscopy observations, PI staining and the leakage of extracellular potassium ions and nucleic acid (260 nm) have been performed after treating S. aureus with indirubin-3'-monoxime 5aa, and the results revealed that indirubin-3'-monoximes could increase the cell membrane permeability of S. aureus. Although indirubin-3'-monoxime 5aa showed some cytotoxicity toward SH-SY5Y cells relative to compounds 5r and 5s, the skin irritation test of male mice after shaving showed that compound 5aa at a concentration of 12.8 μg mL-1 had no toxicity to mouse skin, and it could be used as a leading compound for skin antibacterial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen-Fen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmacy, and Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550004 People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Shan Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmacy, and Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550004 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmacy, and Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550004 People's Republic of China
| | - Mao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmacy, and Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550004 People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmacy, and Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550004 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Zhong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmacy, and Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550004 People's Republic of China
| | - Zong-Qin Li
- Department of Neurology Sichuan Mianyang 404 Hospital Mianyang 621000 People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550025 People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmacy, and Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550004 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmacy, and Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550004 People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmacy, and Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550004 People's Republic of China
| | - Bin He
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmacy, and Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550004 People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Long Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmacy, and Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550004 People's Republic of China
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Pharmacological properties of indirubin and its derivatives. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113112. [PMID: 35598366 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indirubin is the main bioactive component of the traditional Chinese medicine Indigo naturalis and is a bisindole alkaloid. Multiple studies have shown that indirubin exhibits good anticancer, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. METHODS The purpose of this review is to provide a summary of the pharmacological mechanisms of indirubin and its derivatives. RESULTS Indirubin and its derivatives exert anticancer effects by regulating the expression of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), GSK-3β, Bax, Bcl-2, C-MYC, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR, nuclear factor (NF)-κB, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), JAK/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathways and other signaling pathways. We also reviewed the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties of indirubin and its derivatives. CONCLUSION The findings of recent studies assessing indirubin and its derivatives suggest that these compounds can be used as potential drugs to treat tumors, inflammation, neuropathy and bacterial infection.
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Yu Q, Zhu K, Ding Y, Han R, Cheng D. Comparative study of aluminum (Al) speciation on apoptosis-promoting process in PC12 cells: Correlations between morphological characteristics and mitochondrial kinetic disorder. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 232:111835. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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4
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Suzuki T. [Research on Analysis of Final Diagnosis and Prognostic Factors, and Development of New Therapeutic Drugs for Malignant Tumors (Especially Malignant Pediatric Tumors)]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2020; 140:229-271. [PMID: 32009046 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.19-00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Outcomes of treatment for malignant pediatric tumors including leukemia are improving by conventional multimodal treatment with strong chemotherapy, surgical resection, radiotherapy, and bone marrow transplantation. However, patients with advanced neuroblastoma, metastatic Ewing's sarcoma family of tumor (ESFT), and metastatic osteosarcoma continue to have an extremely poor prognosis. Therefore novel therapeutic strategies are urgently needed to improve their survival. Apoptotic cell death is a key mechanism for normal cellular homeostasis. Intact apoptotic mechanisms are pivotal for embryonic development, tissue remodeling, immune regulation, and tumor regression. Genetic aberrations disrupting programmed cell death often underpin tumorigenesis and drug resistance. Moreover, it has been suggested that apoptosis or cell differentiation proceeds to spontaneous regression in early stage neuroblastoma. Therefore apoptosis or cell differentiation is a critical event in this cancer. We extracted many compounds from natural plants (Angelica keiskei, Alpinia officiarum, Lycaria puchury-major, Brassica rapa) or synthesized cyclophane pyridine, indirubin derivatives, vitamin K3 derivatives, burchellin derivatives, and GANT61, and examined their effects on apoptosis, cell differentiation, and cell cycle in neuroblastoma and ESFT cell lines compared with normal cells. Some compounds were very effective against these tumor cells. These results suggest that they may be applicable as an efficacious and safe drug for the treatment of malignant pediatric tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Suzuki
- Laboratory of Clinical Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University
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Cheng D, Wang G, Wang X, Tang J, Yu Q, Zhang X, Wang S. Neuro-protection of Chlorogenic acid against Al-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells via modulation of Al metabolism and Akt/GSK-3β pathway. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.103984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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6
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Synthesis of new indirubin derivatives and their in vitro anticancer activity. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-018-0659-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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7
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Zhivkova V, Kiecker F, Langer P, Eberle J. Crucial role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) for the proapoptotic effects of indirubin derivative DKP-073 in melanoma cells. Mol Carcinog 2018; 58:258-269. [PMID: 30320471 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma represents a prime example demonstrating the success of targeted therapy in cancer. Nevertheless, it remained a deadly disease until now, and the identification of new, independent strategies as well as the understanding of their molecular mechanisms may help to finally overcome the high mortality. Both indirubins and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) represent promising candidates. Here, the indirubin derivative DKP-073 is shown to trigger apoptosis in melanoma cells, which is enhanced by the combination with TRAIL and is accompanied by complete loss of cell viability. Addressing the signaling cascade, characteristic molecular steps were identified as caspase-3 activation, downregulation of XIAP, upregulation of p53 and TRAIL receptor 2, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and STAT-3 dephosphorylation. The decisive step, however, turned out to be the early production of ROS already at 1 h. This was proven by antioxidant pretreatment, which completely abolished apoptosis induction and loss of cell viability as well as abrogated all signaling effects listed above. Thus, ROS appeared as upstream of all proapoptotic signaling. The data indicate a dominant role of ROS in apoptosis regulation, and the new pathway may expose a possible Achilleś heel of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veselina Zhivkova
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Skin Cancer Centre Charité, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Faculty of Science, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Felix Kiecker
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Skin Cancer Centre Charité, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Langer
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Catalysis at the University of Rostock e.V., Rostock, Germany
| | - Jürgen Eberle
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Skin Cancer Centre Charité, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Lee MY, Li YZ, Huang KJ, Huang HC, Lin CY, Lee YR. Indirubin-3'-oxime suppresses human cholangiocarcinoma through cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 839:57-65. [PMID: 30267650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is one of the most serious of all cancers and a major public health problem. CCA is an extremely invasive cancer, and the survival rate for CCA patients is only 24 months after diagnosis. Although surgery and chemotherapy can extend the survival rate to 5 years, < 20-40% of CCA patients will survive this long; therefore, it is crucial to discover an effective chemotherapeutic agent for CCA. Indirubin-3'-oxime (I3O), a derivative of indirubin, has been shown to suppress cell proliferation and induce cell-cycle arrest and cell apoptosis in various human cancers. In this study, four human CCA cell lines-NOZ, HuCCT1, OCUG-1, and OZ-were used to evaluate the anticancer properties of I3O. Cell viability, cell-cycle arrest, and apoptosis were assessed using Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry analysis. The data show that I3O treatment can inhibit cell proliferation and induce cell-cycle arrest, and caspase-dependent apoptosis in CCA cells. These findings suggest that I3O could suppress tumor growth by regulating the cell cycle and inducing apoptosis, and is a potential therapeutic agent for treating human CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yang Lee
- Departments of Hematology and Oncology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan; Departments of Nursing, Min-Hwei College of Health Care Management, Tainan 736, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Zhen Li
- Departments of Medical Research, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan.
| | - Kao-Jean Huang
- Institute of Biologics, Development Center for Biotechnology, New Taipei City 22180, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Chi Huang
- Development of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Yen Lin
- Departments of Medical Research, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Ray Lee
- Departments of Medical Research, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan; Departments of Nursing, Min-Hwei College of Health Care Management, Tainan 736, Taiwan.
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Huerta-Yépez S, Tirado-Rodriguez AB, Hankinson O. Role of diets rich in omega-3 and omega-6 in the development of cancer. BOLETIN MEDICO DEL HOSPITAL INFANTIL DE MEXICO 2016; 73:446-456. [PMID: 29421289 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmhimx.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, some studies have addressed the therapeutic effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) and the opposite effects of omega-6 (ω-6) PUFAs on several diseases, including cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Research demonstrates the safety of these naturally occurring ingredients. Of particular interest, several studies have shown that ω-3 PUFAs possess a therapeutic role against certain types of cancer. It is also known that ω-3 PUFAs can improve the efficacy and tolerability of chemotherapy. Previous reports have indicated that suppression of nuclear factor-κB, activation of AMPK/SIRT1, modulation of cyclooxygenase (COX) activity, and up-regulation of novel anti-inflammatory lipid mediators such as protectins, maresins, and resolvins, are the main mechanisms of the antineoplastic effect of ω-3 PUFAs. In contrast, several studies have demonstrated that ω-6 PUFAs induce progression in certain types of cancer. In this review, we discuss epidemiological and experimental studies addressing the relationship between the development of some types of cancer, including colon and colorectal carcinoma, breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer and neuroblastoma, and the ingestion to ω-3 and ω-6 (PUFAs). We also discuss the clinical data, addressing the therapeutic role of omega-3 PUFA against different types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Huerta-Yépez
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Medical Center, Center for the Health Sciences, Los Angeles, United States; Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana B Tirado-Rodriguez
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Medical Center, Center for the Health Sciences, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Oliver Hankinson
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Medical Center, Center for the Health Sciences, Los Angeles, United States.
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10
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Huerta-Yépez S, Tirado-Rodriguez AB, Hankinson O. Role of diets rich in omega-3 and omega-6 in the development of cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmhime.2017.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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11
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Cheng X, Merz KH. The Role of Indirubins in Inflammation and Associated Tumorigenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 929:269-290. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41342-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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12
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Zhang SG, Wang XS, Zhang YD, Di Q, Shi JP, Qian M, Xu LG, Lin XJ, Lu J. Indirubin-3'-monoxime suppresses amyloid-beta-induced apoptosis by inhibiting tau hyperphosphorylation. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:988-93. [PMID: 27482230 PMCID: PMC4962599 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.184500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Indirubin-3′-monoxime is an effective inhibitor of cyclin-dependent protein kinases, and may play an obligate role in neuronal apoptosis in Alzheimer's disease. Here, we found that indirubin-3′-monoxime improved the morphology and increased the survival rate of SH-SY5Y cells exposed to amyloid-beta 25–35 (Aβ25–35), and also suppressed apoptosis by reducing tau phosphorylation at Ser199 and Thr205. Furthermore, indirubin-3′-monoxime inhibited phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β). Our results suggest that indirubin-3′-monoxime reduced Aβ25–35-induced apoptosis by suppressing tau hyperphosphorylation via a GSK-3β-mediated mechanism. Indirubin-3′-monoxime is a promising drug candidate for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Gang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Shan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ying-Dong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Neurology, Affiliated Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qing Di
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jing-Ping Shi
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Min Qian
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li-Gang Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xing-Jian Lin
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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Huang Y, Tan H, Guo Z, Wu X, Zhang Q, Zhang L, Diao Y. The biosynthesis and genetic engineering of bioactive indole alkaloids in plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2016. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s12374-016-0032-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
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Heiss EH, Schachner D, Donati M, Grojer CS, Dirsch VM. Increased aerobic glycolysis is important for the motility of activated VSMC and inhibited by indirubin-3'-monoxime. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 83:47-56. [PMID: 27185663 PMCID: PMC4939873 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Increased aerobic glycolysis is a recognized feature of multiple cellular phenotypes and offers a potential point for drug interference, as pursued by anti-tumor agents targeting the Warburg effect. This study aimed at examining the role of aerobic glycolysis for migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and its susceptibility to the small molecule indirubin-3′-monoxime (I3MO). Activation of VSMC with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) resulted in migration and increased glycolytic activity which was accompanied by an increased glucose uptake and hexokinase (HK) 2 expression. Inhibition of glycolysis or hexokinase by pharmacological agents or siRNA-mediated knockdown significantly reduced the migratory behavior in VSMC without affecting cell viability or early actin cytoskeleton rearrangement. I3MO, previously recognized as inhibitor of VSMC migration, was able to counteract the PDGF-activated increase in glycolysis and HK2 abundance. Activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 could be identified as crucial event in upregulation of HK2 and glycolytic activity in PDGF-stimulated VSMC and as point of interference for I3MO. I3MO did not inhibit hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)1α-dependent transcription nor influence miRNA 143 levels, other potential regulators of HK2 levels. Overall, we demonstrate that increased aerobic glycolysis is an important factor for the motility of activated VSMC and that the anti-migratory property of I3MO may partly depend on impairment of glycolysis via a compromised STAT3/HK2 signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke H Heiss
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Daniel Schachner
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maddalena Donati
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Christoph S Grojer
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena M Dirsch
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Kurita M, Hanada S, Ichimaru Y, Saito H, Tabata K, Asami S, Miyairi S, Suzuki T. Indirubin 3′-Epoxide Induces Caspase-Independent Cell Death in Human Neuroblastoma. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:993-9. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Takashi Suzuki
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University
- School of Medicine, Nihon University
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16
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Liu WN, Leung KN. The Immunomodulatory Activity of Jacaric Acid, a Conjugated Linolenic Acid Isomer, on Murine Peritoneal Macrophages. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143684. [PMID: 26629697 PMCID: PMC4667904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims at demonstrating the immunomodulatory property of jacaric acid, a conjugated linolenic acid (CLNA) isomer that is present in jacaranda seed oil, on murine peritoneal macrophages. Our results showed that jacaric acid exhibited no significant cytotoxicity on the thioglycollate-elicited murine peritoneal macrophages as revealed by the neutral red uptake assay, but markedly increased their cytostatic activity on the T-cell lymphoma MBL-2 cells as measured by the fluorometric CyQuant® NF Cell Proliferation Assay Kit. Flow cytometric analysis indicated that jacaric acid could enhance the endocytic activity of macrophages and elevated their intracellular production of superoxide anion. Moreover, jacaric acid-treated macrophages showed an increase in the production of nitric oxide which was accompanied by an increase in the expression level of inducible nitric oxide synthase protein. In addition, the secretion of several pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interferon-γ, interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α, was up-regulated. Collectively, our results indicated that the naturally-occurring CLNA isomer, jacaric acid, could exhibit immunomodulating activity on the murine peritoneal macrophages in vitro, suggesting that this CLNA isomer may act as an immunopotentiator which can be exploited for the treatment of some immunological disorders with minimal toxicity and fewer side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Nam Liu
- Biochemistry Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, HKSAR, China
| | - Kwok Nam Leung
- Biochemistry Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, HKSAR, China
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Indirubin and Indirubin Derivatives for Counteracting Proliferative Diseases. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:654098. [PMID: 26457112 PMCID: PMC4589628 DOI: 10.1155/2015/654098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Indirubin is the active component of Danggui Longhui Wan, a traditional Chinese medicine formulation. The encouraging clinical results from the 1980s obtained in chronic myelocytic leukemia patients treated with indirubin stimulated numerous studies on this compound. These investigations explored the use of indirubin in different types of cancer and reported the synthesis of novel derivatives with improved chemical and pharmacokinetic properties. In this paper, we review the impressive progress that has been made in elucidating the mechanistic understanding of how indirubin and its derivatives affect physiological and pathophysiological processes, mainly by inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of cell death. Furthermore, we survey the therapeutic use of these compounds in combating proliferative diseases such as cancer, restenosis, and psoriasis.
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Indirubin-3-Oxime Effectively Prevents 6OHDA-Induced Neurotoxicity in PC12 Cells via Activating MEF2D Through the Inhibition of GSK3β. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 57:561-70. [PMID: 26346600 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0638-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Indirubin-3-oxime (I3O), a synthetic derivative of indirubin, was originally designed as potent inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) for leukemia therapy. In the current study, we have shown, for the first time, that I3O prevented 6-hydroxydopamine (6OHDA)-induced neuronal apoptosis and intracellular reactive oxygen species accumulation in PC12 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. GSK3β inhibitors but not CDK5 inhibitors reduced the neurotoxicity induced by 6OHDA. Moreover, the activation of GSK3β was observed after 6OHDA treatment. Furthermore, 6OHDA substantially decreased the transcriptional activity of myocyte enhancer factor 2D (MEF2D), a transcription factor that plays an important role in dopaminergic neuron survival, and reduced nuclear localized MEF2D expression. Interestingly, indirubin-3-oxime and GSK3β inhibitors prevented 6OHDA-induced dysregulation of MEF2D. In addition, short hairpin RNA-mediated decrease of MEF2D expression significantly abolished the neuroprotective effects of indirubin-3-oxime. Collectively, our results strongly suggested that indirubin-3-oxime prevented 6OHDA-induced neurotoxicity via activating MEF2D, possibly through the inhibition of GSK3β. In view of the capability of indirubin-3-oxime to cross the blood-brain barrier, our findings further indicated that indirubin-3-oxime might be a novel drug candidate for neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease in particular.
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So WW, Liu WN, Leung KN. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Trigger Cell Cycle Arrest and Induce Apoptosis in Human Neuroblastoma LA-N-1 Cells. Nutrients 2015; 7:6956-73. [PMID: 26295255 PMCID: PMC4555158 DOI: 10.3390/nu7085319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids are dietary long-chain fatty acids with an array of health benefits. Previous research has demonstrated the growth-inhibitory effect of n-3 fatty acids on different cancer cell lines in vitro, yet their anti-tumor effects and underlying action mechanisms on human neuroblastoma LA-N-1 cells have not yet been reported. In this study, we showed that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) exhibited time- and concentration-dependent anti-proliferative effect on the human neuroblastoma LA-N-1 cells, but had minimal cytotoxicity on the normal or non-tumorigenic cells, as measured by MTT reduction assay. Mechanistic studies indicated that DHA and EPA triggered G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in LA-N-1 cells, as detected by flow cytometry, which was accompanied by a decrease in the expression of CDK2 and cyclin E proteins. Moreover, DHA and EPA could also induce apoptosis in LA-N-1 cells as revealed by an increase in DNA fragmentation, phosphatidylserine externalization and mitochondrial membrane depolarization. Up-regulation of Bax, activated caspase-3 and caspase-9 proteins, and down-regulation of Bcl-XL protein, might account for the occurrence of apoptotic events. Collectively, our results suggest that the growth-inhibitory effect of DHA and EPA on LA-N-1 cells might be mediated, at least in part, via triggering of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Therefore, DHA and EPA are potential anti-cancer agents which might be used for the adjuvant therapy or combination therapy with the conventional anti-cancer drugs for the treatment of some forms of human neuroblastoma with minimal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Wing So
- Biochemistry Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wai Nam Liu
- Biochemistry Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Kwok Nam Leung
- Biochemistry Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
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Czeleń P, Szefler B. Molecular dynamics study of the inhibitory effects of ChEMBL474807 on the enzymes GSK-3β and CDK-2. J Mol Model 2015; 21:74. [PMID: 25754137 PMCID: PMC4353878 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-015-2627-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Indirubin derivatives and analogs comprise a significant group of ATP-competitive inhibitors. The inhibitory effects of ChEMBL474807 (1-(4-amino-1,2,5-oxadiazol-3-yl)-5-(piperidin-1-ylmethyl)-N′-(pyridin-4-ylmethylene)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carbohydrazide) on two enzymes, namely glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and cyclin-dependent kinase-2 (CDK-2), were analyzed. The close resemblance of the amino acid sequences of these two enzymes (with 25 % identity and 41 % similarity) explains why indirubin derivatives are inhibitors of both of the enzymes studied. The docking and molecular dynamics investigation performed here led to the identification of the interactions responsible for stabilizing the ligand ChEMBL474807 at the active sites of the enzymes considered. The structural and energetic data collected during our investigations clearly indicate that there are important differences in the behavior of the ligand at the two active sites investigated here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Czeleń
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Kurpinskiego 5, 85-950, Bydgoszcz, Poland,
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Wang L, Li X, Liu X, Lu K, Chen NA, Li P, Lv X, Wang X. Enhancing effects of indirubin on the arsenic disulfide-induced apoptosis of human diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells. Oncol Lett 2015; 9:1940-1946. [PMID: 25789073 PMCID: PMC4356417 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.2941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the indirubin-enhanced effects of arsenic disulfide (As2S2) on the proliferation and apoptosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cells in order to identify an optimum combination therapy. The human DLBCL cells, LY1 and LY8, were treated with different concentrations of indirubin for 24, 48 and 72 h. Next, the cells were treated with 10 μM As2S2 or a combination of 10 μM As2S2 and 20 μM indirubin for 48 h. Cell proliferation inhibition was detected using cell counting kit-8 and cell apoptosis was determined using flow cytometry. The expression levels of Bcl-2, Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and caspase-3 were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blotting. The DLBCL cell viability exhibited no significant changes at 24, 48 or 72 h with increasing indirubin concentration. In addition, the apoptotic rates of the LY1 and LY8 cells demonstrated no noticeable effects at 48 h with increasing indirubin concentration. Following treatment with the combination of indirubin and As2S2, the inhibitory and apoptotic rates of the cells were notably increased compared with those of the As2S2-treated group. The qPCR results revealed that indirubin alone had no enhancing effect upon the Bax/Bcl-2 mRNA expression ratio and caspase-3 mRNA expression. Western blot analysis revealed that indirubin alone had an enhancing effect upon the Bax/Bcl-2 protein ratio and procaspase-3 protein expression. In addition, the results demonstrated that the 21-KDa Bax protein was proteolytically cleaved into an 18-KDa Bax in the DLBCL cells treated with the combination of indirubin and As2S2. Indirubin alone did not inhibit proliferation or induce the apoptosis of the LY1 and LY8 cells. However, the combination of indirubin and As2S2 yielded enhancing effects. Therefore, the results of the present study demonstrated that with regard to antitumor activities, As2S2 served as the principal drug, whereas indirubin served as the adjuvant drug. The enhancing effect was due, in part, to the induction of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, which involves the cleavage of Bax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Department of Hematology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China ; Department of Hematology, Taian City Central Hospital, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
| | - Xianglu Li
- Department of Hematology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Hematology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Kang Lu
- Department of Hematology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - N A Chen
- Department of Hematology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Peipei Li
- Department of Hematology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Lv
- Department of Hematology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China ; Institute of Diagnostics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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Liu WN, Leung KN. Apoptosis- and differentiation-inducing activities of jacaric acid, a conjugated linolenic acid isomer, on human eosinophilic leukemia EoL-1 cells. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:1881-8. [PMID: 25174702 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugated linolenic acids (CLNAs) are a group of naturally occurring positional and geometrical isomers of the C18 polyunsaturated essential fatty acid, linolenic acid (LNA), with three conjugated double bonds (C18:3). Although previous research has demonstrated the growth-inhibitory effects of CLNA on a wide variety of cancer cell lines in vitro, their action mechanisms and therapeutic potential on human myeloid leukemia cells remain poorly understood. In the present study, we found that jacaric acid (8Z,10E,12Z-octadecatrienoic acid), a CLNA isomer which is present in jacaranda seed oil, inhibited the in vitro growth of human eosinophilic leukemia EoL-1 cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Mechanistic studies showed that jacaric acid triggered cell cycle arrest of EoL-1 cells at the G0/G1 phase and induced apoptosis of the EoL-1 cells, as measured by the Cell Death Detection ELISAPLUS kit, Annexin V assay and JC-1 dye staining. Notably, the jacaric acid-treated EoL-1 cells also underwent differentiation as revealed by morphological and phenotypic analysis. Collectively, our results demonstrated the capability of jacaric acid to inhibit the growth of EoL-1 cells in vitro through triggering cell cycle arrest and by inducing apoptosis and differentiation of the leukemia cells. Therefore, jacaric acid might be developed as a potential candidate for the treatment of certain forms of myeloid leukemia with minimal toxicity and few side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Nam Liu
- Biochemistry Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Kwok-Nam Leung
- Biochemistry Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
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Bonelli P, Tuccillo FM, Borrelli A, Schiattarella A, Buonaguro FM. CDK/CCN and CDKI alterations for cancer prognosis and therapeutic predictivity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:361020. [PMID: 24605326 PMCID: PMC3925518 DOI: 10.1155/2014/361020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of cell growth and division occurs in an accurate sequential manner. It is dictated by the accumulation of cyclins (CCNs) and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) complexes and degradation of CCNs. In human tumors, instead, the cell cycle is deregulated, causing absence of differentiation and aberrant cell growth. Oncogenic alterations of CCNs, CDKs, and CDKIs have been reported in more than 90% of human cancers, and the most frequent are those related to the G1 phase. Several molecular mechanisms, including gene overexpression, chromosomal translocations, point mutations, insertions and deletions, missense and frame shift mutation, splicing, or methylation, may be responsible for these alterations. The cell cycle regulators are involved in tumor progression given their association with cancers characterized by higher incidence of relapses and chemotherapy resistance. In the last decade anticancer drug researches focused on new compounds, able to target molecules related to changes in genes associated with tumor status. Recently, the studies have focused on the restoration of cell cycle control modulating molecular targets involved in cancer-cell alterations. This paper aims to correlate alterations of cell cycle regulators with human cancers and therapeutic responsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Bonelli
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Department of Research, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS Fondazione “G. Pascale”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Franca Maria Tuccillo
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Department of Research, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS Fondazione “G. Pascale”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Borrelli
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Department of Research, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS Fondazione “G. Pascale”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Schiattarella
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Department of Research, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS Fondazione “G. Pascale”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Franco Maria Buonaguro
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Department of Research, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS Fondazione “G. Pascale”, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Lo WY, Chang NW. An indirubin derivative, indirubin-3'-monoxime suppresses oral cancer tumorigenesis through the downregulation of survivin. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70198. [PMID: 23967071 PMCID: PMC3742732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer is the fourth most common cause of death from cancer in Taiwanese men. Indirubin-3'-monoxime (I3M), a potent cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, has therapeutic effects in other cancer cells. In this study, we carried out in vitro assays to test cell viability, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, cell migration and invasion in this cancer type. In addition, using an oral tumorigenic animal model, we examined target gene and protein expression using real time qPCR, immunoblotting and immunohistochemical staining. Our results demonstrate that I3M has an anti-proliferative effect in both Cal-27 and HSC-3 oral cancer cell lines and that treatment of Cal-27 and HSC-3 cells with I3M results in apoptosis through the activation of cytochrome c. In addition, I3M interrupts the cell cycle in Cal-27 cells in a dose-dependent manner by arresting cells in the G2/M phase. We also found that I3M suppresses migration and invasion in Cal-27 cells by inhibiting the expression of focal adhesion kinase, urokinase-type plasminogen inhibitor, and matrix metalloproteinase 9. Moreover, we identified survivin as a target protein in I3M-treated oral cancer cells. Using an oral cancer mouse model, we demonstrate that topical application of an adhesive gel composed of I3M and poly(vinyl alcohol) (I3M/PVA) has dose-dependent anti-tumorigenic effects. Following treatment, the expression of survivin protein and mRNA was downregulated in cancerous tissues. Furthermore, plasma survivin levels were also reduced in the I3M-treated mice. These results suggest that topical application of I3M, a drug synthesized from indirubin, which is found in Qing-Dai - has therapeutic potential for treating oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Yu Lo
- Graduate Institute Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Galons H, Oumata N, Gloulou O, Meijer L. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors closer to market launch? Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:945-63. [PMID: 23600454 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.789861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interest in cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors was stimulated by the demonstration that their pharmacological activities could lead to therapies for numerous diseases. Until now, despite the clinical introduction of a dozen compounds belonging to other classes of kinase inhibitors, no CDK inhibitor has reached the marketplace. AREAS COVERED This review covers CDK inhibitor patents published between 2009 and September 2012. It presents compounds currently undergoing clinical development, along with our earlier (2010) review of the same topic, as well as descriptions of recently published compounds not disclosed in the patent literature. It provides the reader with an update of all chemical structures of current interest in the CDK inhibitor field. EXPERT OPINION Though cancer remains the most obvious application for CDK inhibition, other indications, such as HIV infection, could potentially be treated with CDK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Galons
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique 2, INSERM U 1022, Université Paris - Descartes, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75270 Paris cedex 06, France.
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SUN YANHUI, LI QIN, XU YOUHUA, PU CONGLUN, ZHAO LIHUA, GUO ZHENHUA, DING XIONGHUI, JIN XIANQING. Study of the mechanisms underlying the reversal of multidrug resistance of human neuroblastoma multidrug-resistant cell line SK-N-SH/MDR1 by low-intensity pulsed ultrasound. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:1939-45. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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