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Zhang Y, Zhang J. AGR2 facilitates teratoma progression by regulating glycolysis via the AnXA2/EGFR axis. Exp Cell Res 2024; 442:114228. [PMID: 39197578 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.114228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
Anterior gradient-2 (AGR2) is highly expressed in several tumors and plays an important role in tumor development. However, the biological function of AGR2 in teratomas has not yet been thoroughly studied. In this study, AGR2 was found to be upregulated in teratoma tissues and in human testicular teratoma cell lines by Western blotting and qRT-PCR assays. A DNA Methylation-Specific PCR assay demonstrated that AGR2 upregulation resulted from hypomethylated AGR2 in teratoma cells. NCC-IT and NT2-D1 cells were transfected with pcDNA-AGR2 or sh-AGR2 to obtain AGR2-overexpressed or -silenced cells, and cell proliferation, invasion and glycolysis were determined using CCK-8, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), Transwell assays, and commercial kits. The results revealed that overexpression of AGR2 promoted teratoma cell proliferation and invasion and elevated glycolysis levels evidencing by the increase in lactate secretion, glucose consumption, ATP levels and the expression of glycolysis-related proteins, while knockdown of AGR2 showed the opposite results. The interactions between AGR2 and annexin A2 (AnXA2), as well as between AnXA2 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) were verified by co-immunoprecipitation assay. Mechanistic studies revealed that AGR2 interacts with AnXA2 and increases the level of AnXA2 to recruit more AnXA2 to EGFR, there by promoting EGFR expression. A series of rescue experiments showed that knockdown of AnXA2 or EGFR weakened the promotional effects of AGR2 overexpression on the proliferation, invasion, and glycolysis of teratoma cells. Finally, tumorigenicity assays were performed using NT2-D1 cells stably transfected with either LV-NC-shRNA or LV-shAGR2. The results showed that AGR2 knockdown significantly inhibited teratoma tumor growth in vivo. In conclusion, our data suggested that AGR2 facilitates glycolysis in teratomas through promoting EGFR expression by interacting with AnXA2, thereby promoting teratoma cells proliferation and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahong Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Baoji People's Hospital, No. 24 Xinhua Lane, Jing'er Road, Baoji, 721000, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Baoji Central Hospital, No. 8 Jiangtan Road, Weibin District, Baoji, 721008, Shaanxi Province, China.
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2
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Chen S, Huang L, Liang M, Xie Y, Zhou Z, Ke Y, Wu Z. Advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of borderline ovarian tumors. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1429852. [PMID: 39281319 PMCID: PMC11392903 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1429852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Borderline ovarian tumors (BOTs), which are a special type of epithelial tumor of the ovary, lie between benign and malignant tumors and have low malignant potential. Due to the fact that the early symptoms of these tumors are relatively subtle, they are not easy to diagnose clinically. This study explores advancements in clinical detection methods and provides a comprehensive overview of molecules such as cell migration factors, cell transcription factors, cell damage repair factors, cell cycle regulators, and tumor suppressor genes that are related to the development of BOTs and their related mechanisms in recent years, thus aiming to provide more sensitive, specific, and efficient differential diagnosis and treatment plans for patients to improve their prognosis and survival outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiying Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Meili Liang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yajing Xie
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhimei Zhou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yumin Ke
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhuna Wu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
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Qu S, Jia W, Nie Y, Shi W, Chen C, Zhao Z, Song W. AGR2: The Covert Driver and New Dawn of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer Treatment. Biomolecules 2024; 14:743. [PMID: 39062458 PMCID: PMC11275012 DOI: 10.3390/biom14070743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The anterior gradient protein 2 (AGR2) plays a crucial role in facilitating the formation of protein disulfide bonds within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Research suggests that AGR2 can function as an oncogene, with its heightened expression linked to the advancement of hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancers through invasion and metastasis. Notably, AGR2 not only serves as a pro-oncogenic agent but also as a downstream targeting protein, indirectly fostering cancer progression. This comprehensive review delves into the established functions and expression patterns of AGR2, emphasizing its pivotal role in cancer progression, particularly in hepatobiliary and pancreatic malignancies. Furthermore, AGR2 emerges as a potential cancer prognostic marker and a promising target for immunotherapy, offering novel avenues for the treatment of hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancers and enhancing patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Qu
- Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710021, China; (S.Q.); (W.J.); (W.S.); (C.C.)
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.N.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Weili Jia
- Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710021, China; (S.Q.); (W.J.); (W.S.); (C.C.)
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.N.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Ye Nie
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.N.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Wen Shi
- Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710021, China; (S.Q.); (W.J.); (W.S.); (C.C.)
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.N.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Chao Chen
- Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710021, China; (S.Q.); (W.J.); (W.S.); (C.C.)
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.N.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zihao Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.N.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Wenjie Song
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.N.); (Z.Z.)
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4
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Fu M, Deng F, Chen J, Fu L, Lei J, Xu T, Chen Y, Zhou J, Gao Q, Ding H. Current data and future perspectives on DNA methylation in ovarian cancer (Review). Int J Oncol 2024; 64:62. [PMID: 38757340 PMCID: PMC11095605 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2024.5650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) represents the most prevalent malignancy of the female reproductive system. Its distinguishing features include a high aggressiveness, substantial morbidity and mortality, and a lack of apparent symptoms, which collectively pose significant challenges for early detection. Given that aberrant DNA methylation events leading to altered gene expression are characteristic of numerous tumor types, there has been extensive research into epigenetic mechanisms, particularly DNA methylation, in human cancers. In the context of OC, DNA methylation is often associated with the regulation of critical genes, such as BRCA1/2 and Ras‑association domain family 1A. Methylation modifications within the promoter regions of these genes not only contribute to the pathogenesis of OC, but also induce medication resistance and influence the prognosis of patients with OC. As such, a more in‑depth understanding of DNA methylation underpinning carcinogenesis could potentially facilitate the development of more effective therapeutic approaches for this intricate disease. The present review focuses on classical tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes, signaling pathways and associated microRNAs in an aim to elucidate the influence of DNA methylation on the development and progression of OC. The advantages and limitations of employing DNA methylation in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of OC are also discussed. On the whole, the present literature review indicates that the DNA methylation of specific genes could potentially serve as a prognostic biomarker for OC and a therapeutic target for personalized treatment strategies. Further investigations in this field may yield more efficacious diagnostic and therapeutic alternatives for patients with OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Fu
- Institute for Fetology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Fengying Deng
- Institute for Fetology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- Institute for Fetology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Li Fu
- Institute for Fetology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Jiahui Lei
- Institute for Fetology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Ting Xu
- Institute for Fetology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215100, P.R. China
| | - Youguo Chen
- Institute for Fetology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Jinhua Zhou
- Institute for Fetology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Qinqin Gao
- Institute for Fetology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Hongmei Ding
- Institute for Fetology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
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Ly TTG, Yun J, Ha JS, Kim YJ, Jang WB, Van Le TH, Rethineswaran VK, Choi J, Kim JH, Min SH, Lee DH, Yang JS, Chung JS, Kwon SM. Inhibitory Effect of Etravirine, a Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor, via Anterior Gradient Protein 2 Homolog Degradation against Ovarian Cancer Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:944. [PMID: 35055132 PMCID: PMC8777939 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Anterior gradient protein 2 homolog (AGR2), an endoplasmic reticulum protein, is secreted in the tumor microenvironment. AGR2 is a member of the disulfide isomerase family, is highly expressed in multiple cancers, and promotes cancer metastasis. In this study, we found that etravirine, which is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, could induce AGR2 degradation via autophagy. Moreover, etravirine diminished proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro. Moreover, in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model, the combination of etravirine and paclitaxel significantly suppressed cancer progression and metastasis. This drug may be a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Truong Giang Ly
- Laboratory for Vascular Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (T.T.G.L.); (J.Y.); (J.-S.H.); (Y.-J.K.); (W.-B.J.); (T.H.V.L.); (V.K.R.); (J.C.)
- Convergence Stem Cell Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea;
| | - Jisoo Yun
- Laboratory for Vascular Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (T.T.G.L.); (J.Y.); (J.-S.H.); (Y.-J.K.); (W.-B.J.); (T.H.V.L.); (V.K.R.); (J.C.)
- Convergence Stem Cell Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea;
| | - Jong-Seong Ha
- Laboratory for Vascular Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (T.T.G.L.); (J.Y.); (J.-S.H.); (Y.-J.K.); (W.-B.J.); (T.H.V.L.); (V.K.R.); (J.C.)
- Convergence Stem Cell Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea;
| | - Yeon-Ju Kim
- Laboratory for Vascular Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (T.T.G.L.); (J.Y.); (J.-S.H.); (Y.-J.K.); (W.-B.J.); (T.H.V.L.); (V.K.R.); (J.C.)
- Convergence Stem Cell Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea;
| | - Woong-Bi Jang
- Laboratory for Vascular Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (T.T.G.L.); (J.Y.); (J.-S.H.); (Y.-J.K.); (W.-B.J.); (T.H.V.L.); (V.K.R.); (J.C.)
- Convergence Stem Cell Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea;
| | - Thi Hong Van Le
- Laboratory for Vascular Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (T.T.G.L.); (J.Y.); (J.-S.H.); (Y.-J.K.); (W.-B.J.); (T.H.V.L.); (V.K.R.); (J.C.)
- Convergence Stem Cell Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea;
| | - Vinoth Kumar Rethineswaran
- Laboratory for Vascular Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (T.T.G.L.); (J.Y.); (J.-S.H.); (Y.-J.K.); (W.-B.J.); (T.H.V.L.); (V.K.R.); (J.C.)
- Convergence Stem Cell Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea;
| | - Jaewoo Choi
- Laboratory for Vascular Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (T.T.G.L.); (J.Y.); (J.-S.H.); (Y.-J.K.); (W.-B.J.); (T.H.V.L.); (V.K.R.); (J.C.)
- Convergence Stem Cell Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea;
| | - Jae-Ho Kim
- Convergence Stem Cell Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea;
| | - Sang-Hyun Min
- New Drug Development Center, Deagu Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Deagu 41061, Korea;
| | - Dong-Hyung Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (D.-H.L.); (J.-S.Y.)
| | - Ju-Seok Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (D.-H.L.); (J.-S.Y.)
| | - Joo-Seop Chung
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Pusan National University Hospital Medical Research Institute, Busan 49241, Korea
| | - Sang-Mo Kwon
- Laboratory for Vascular Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (T.T.G.L.); (J.Y.); (J.-S.H.); (Y.-J.K.); (W.-B.J.); (T.H.V.L.); (V.K.R.); (J.C.)
- Convergence Stem Cell Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea;
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Liu H, Wang Y, Wang Y, Wu D, Zhang H. miR-199a-3p plays an anti-tumorigenic role in lung adenocarcinoma by suppressing anterior gradient 2. Bioengineered 2021; 12:7859-7871. [PMID: 34632938 PMCID: PMC8806604 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1967009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have explored the association between protein-coding genes and microRNAs (miRNAs) in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). However, the influence of the miR-199a-3p/anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) axis in LUAD has not yet been fully explored. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the underlying roles of AGR2 and miR-199a-3p in the development of LUAD. The expression levels of miR-199a-3p and AGR2 in LUAD tissues and cells were detected via quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). A luciferase assay was also performed to identify the interaction between AGR2 and miR-199a-3p. Moreover, the cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8), 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU), and adhesion assays were used along with flow cytometry to verify the malignancy of LUAD in vitro, while a xenograft tumor assay was performed to confirm the tumor growth in vitro. The findings showed a decrease in the expression of miR-199a-3p in LUAD. Additionally, miR-199a-3p overexpression inhibited the growth of LUAD cells in vitro and in vivo, while elevating the apoptosis rate of the cells. AGR2 knockdown had the same effect in the cells as that of miR-199a-3p overexpression. It was also found that miR-199a-3p directly targeted AGR2 in LUAD cells to suppress tumorigenesis. In conclusion, this study suggests that miR-199a-3p plays an anti-tumorigenic role in LUAD by targeting AGR2. Moreover, our study provides insights into the development of novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanfeng Wang
- Department of Pathology, Heilongjiang Province Land Reclamation Headquarter General Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Daoyuan Wu
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - He Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Fessart D, Robert J, Hartog C, Chevet E, Delom F, Babin G. The Anterior GRadient (AGR) family proteins in epithelial ovarian cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:271. [PMID: 34452625 PMCID: PMC8394676 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02060-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most common gynecologic disorder. Even with the recent progresses made towards the use of new therapeutics, it still represents the most lethal gynecologic malignancy in women from developed countries. The discovery of the anterior gradient proteins AGR2 and AGR3, which are highly related members belonging to the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family, attracted researchers’ attention due to their putative involvement in adenocarcinoma development. This review compiles the current knowledge on the role of the AGR family and the expression of its members in EOC and discusses the potential clinical relevance of AGR2 and AGR3 for EOC diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutics. A better understanding of the role of the AGR family may thus provide new handling avenues for EOC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Fessart
- INSERM U1242, "Chemistry, Oncogenesis Stress Signaling", Université Rennes 1, Rennes, France. .,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France. .,ARTiSt group, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, ACTION, U1218, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Jacques Robert
- ARTiSt group, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, ACTION, U1218, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Cecile Hartog
- ARTiSt group, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, ACTION, U1218, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Eric Chevet
- INSERM U1242, "Chemistry, Oncogenesis Stress Signaling", Université Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Frederic Delom
- ARTiSt group, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, ACTION, U1218, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Guillaume Babin
- ARTiSt group, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, ACTION, U1218, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
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He J, Fu Y, Hu J, Chen J, Lou G. Hypomethylation-Mediated AGR2 Overexpression Facilitates Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion of Lung Adenocarcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:5177-5185. [PMID: 34234561 PMCID: PMC8255649 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s304869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Studies have indicated that AGR2 is crucial in many cancers. However, its methylation level in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is rarely known. Hence, the effect of AGR2 methylation on LUAD was explored in the study. Methods qRT-PCR was adopted to detect the expression of AGR2 in LUAD cells and normal lung cells. Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) was used to detect the methylation of AGR2 promoter region in different cell lines. MTT, Transwell and wound healing assays were used to verify the progression of cells in each transfection group. Results The expression of AGR2 was significantly up-regulated in LUAD cells relative to that in normal cells. Moreover, the expression of AGR2 was inversely modulated by DNA methylation, and the hypomethylation of CpG islands would lead to the increased expression of AGR2. Finally, overexpression and hypomethylation of AGR2 facilitated the proliferation, invasion and migration of LUAD cells. Conclusion These results demonstrated that hypomethylation of AGR2 promoter region promoted the expression of AGR2 in LUAD cells, thus promoting the progression of LUAD cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junming He
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Yiwu Central Hospital, Yiwu, 322000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Fu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Yiwu Central Hospital, Yiwu, 322000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangwei Hu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Yiwu Central Hospital, Yiwu, 322000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Yiwu Central Hospital, Yiwu, 322000, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoliang Lou
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Yiwu Central Hospital, Yiwu, 322000, People's Republic of China
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Dunn J, Lenis VP, Hilton DA, Warta R, Herold-Mende C, Hanemann CO, Futschik ME. Integration and Comparison of Transcriptomic and Proteomic Data for Meningioma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3270. [PMID: 33167358 PMCID: PMC7694371 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Meningioma are the most frequent primary intracranial tumour. Management of aggressive meningioma is complex, and development of effective biomarkers or pharmacological interventions is hampered by an incomplete knowledge of molecular landscape. Here, we present an integrated analysis of two complementary omics studies to investigate alterations in the "transcriptome-proteome" profile of high-grade (III) compared to low-grade (I) meningiomas. We identified 3598 common transcripts/proteins and revealed concordant up- and downregulation in grade III vs. grade I meningiomas. Concordantly upregulated genes included FABP7, a fatty acid binding protein and the monoamine oxidase MAOB, the latter of which we validated at the protein level and established an association with Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs. Notably, we derived a plasma signature of 21 discordantly expressed genes showing positive changes in protein but negative in transcript levels of high-grade meningiomas, including the validated genes CST3, LAMP2, PACS1 and HTRA1, suggesting the acquisition of these proteins by tumour from plasma. Aggressive meningiomas were enriched in processes such as oxidative phosphorylation and RNA metabolism, whilst concordantly downregulated genes were related to reduced cellular adhesion. Overall, our study provides the first transcriptome-proteome characterisation of meningioma, identifying several novel and previously described transcripts/proteins with potential grade III biomarker and therapeutic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemma Dunn
- Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, The Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, University of Plymouth, The John Bull Building, Plymouth Science Park, Research Way, Plymouth PL6 8BU, UK;
| | - Vasileios P. Lenis
- School of Health & Life Sciences, Centuria Building, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, Tees Valley TS1 3BX, UK;
| | - David A. Hilton
- Cellular and Anatomical Pathology, Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Derriford Road, Plymouth PL6 8BU, UK;
| | - Rolf Warta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (R.W.); (C.H.-M.)
| | - Christel Herold-Mende
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (R.W.); (C.H.-M.)
| | - C. Oliver Hanemann
- Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, The Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, University of Plymouth, The John Bull Building, Plymouth Science Park, Research Way, Plymouth PL6 8BU, UK;
| | - Matthias E. Futschik
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Medical School, St Mary’s Hospital, Praed Street, London W2 1NY, UK
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Romero-Garcia S, Prado-Garcia H, Carlos-Reyes A. Role of DNA Methylation in the Resistance to Therapy in Solid Tumors. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1152. [PMID: 32850327 PMCID: PMC7426728 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the recent advances in chemotherapeutic treatments against cancer, some types of highly aggressive and invasive cancer develop drug resistance against conventional therapies, which continues to be a major problem in the fight against cancer. In recent years, studies of alterations of DNA methylome have given us a better understanding of the role of DNA methylation in the development of tumors. DNA methylation (DNAm) is an epigenetic change that promotes the covalent transfer of methyl groups to DNA. This process suppresses gene expression through the modulation of the transcription machinery access to the chromatin or through the recruitment of methyl binding proteins. DNAm is regulated mainly by DNA methyltransferases. Aberrant DNAm contributes to tumor progression, metastasis, and resistance to current anti-tumoral therapies. Aberrant DNAm may occur through hypermethylation in the promoter regions of tumor suppressor genes, which leads to their silencing, while hypomethylation in the promoter regions of oncogenes can activate them. In this review, we discuss the impact of dysregulated methylation in certain genes, which impact signaling pathways associated with apoptosis avoidance, metastasis, and resistance to therapy. The analysis of methylome has revealed patterns of global methylation, which regulate important signaling pathways involved in therapy resistance in different cancer types, such as breast, colon, and lung cancer, among other solid tumors. This analysis has provided gene-expression signatures of methylated region-specific DNA that can be used to predict the treatment outcome in response to anti-cancer therapy. Additionally, changes in cancer methylome have been associated with the acquisition of drug resistance. We also review treatments with demethylating agents that, in combination with standard therapies, seem to be encouraging, as tumors that are in early stages can be successfully treated. On the other hand, tumors that are in advanced stages can be treated with these combination schemes, which could sensitize tumor cells that are resistant to the therapy. We propose that rational strategies, which combine specific demethylating agents with conventional treatment, may improve overall survival in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Romero-Garcia
- Department of Chronic-Degenerative Diseases, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Heriberto Prado-Garcia
- Department of Chronic-Degenerative Diseases, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Angeles Carlos-Reyes
- Department of Chronic-Degenerative Diseases, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
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11
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Ding W, Feng G, Hu Y, Chen G, Shi T. Co-occurrence and Mutual Exclusivity Analysis of DNA Methylation Reveals Distinct Subtypes in Multiple Cancers. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:20. [PMID: 32064261 PMCID: PMC7000380 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-occurrence and mutual exclusivity (COME) of DNA methylation refer to two or more genes that tend to be positively or negatively correlated in DNA methylation among different samples. Although COME of gene mutations in pan-cancer have been well explored, little is known about the COME of DNA methylation in pan-cancer. Here, we systematically explored the COME of DNA methylation profile in diverse human cancer. A total of 5,128,332 COME events were identified in 14 main cancers types in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We also identified functional epigenetic modules of the zinc finger gene family in six cancer types by integrating the gene expression and DNA methylation data and the frequently occurred COME network. Interestingly, most of the genes in those functional epigenetic modules are epigenetically repressed. Strikingly, those frequently occurred COME events could be used to classify the patients into several subtypes with significant different clinical outcomes in six cancers as well as pan-cancer (p-value ≤ = 0.05). Moreover, we observed significant associations between different COME subtypes and clinical features (e.g., age, gender, histological type, neoplasm histologic grade, and pathologic stage) in distinct cancers. Taken together, we identified millions of COME events of DNA methylation in pan-cancer and detected functional epigenetic COME events that could separate tumor patients into different subtypes, which may benefit the diagnosis and prognosis of pan-cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wubin Ding
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoshuang Feng
- Big Data and Engineering Research Center, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yige Hu
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Geng Chen
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tieliu Shi
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Big Data and Engineering Research Center, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China.,Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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12
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Xiu B, Chi Y, Liu L, Chi W, Zhang Q, Chen J, Guo R, Si J, Li L, Xue J, Shao ZM, Wu ZH, Huang S, Wu J. LINC02273 drives breast cancer metastasis by epigenetically increasing AGR2 transcription. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:187. [PMID: 31856843 PMCID: PMC6921600 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-1115-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of breast cancer patients die of metastasis rather than primary tumors, whereas the molecular mechanisms orchestrating cancer metastasis remains poorly understood. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) have been shown to regulate cancer occurrence and progression. However, the lncRNAs that drive metastasis in cancer patients and their underlying mechanisms are still largely unknown. METHODS lncRNAs highly expressed in metastatic lymph nodes were identified by microarray. Survival analysis were made by Kaplan-Meier method. Cell proliferation, migration, and invasion assay was performed to confirm the phenotype of LINC02273. Tail vein model and mammary fat pad model were used for in vivo study. RNA pull-down and RIP assay were used to confirm the interaction of hnRNPL and LINC02273. Chromatin isolation by RNA purification followed by sequencing (ChIRP-seq), RNA-seq, ChIP-seq, and luciferase reporter assay reveal hnRNPL-LINC02273 regulates AGR2. Antisense oligonucleotides were used for in vivo treatment. RESULTS We identified a novel long noncoding RNA LINC02273, whose expression was significantly elevated in metastatic lesions compared to the primary tumors, by genetic screen of matched tumor samples. Increased LINC02273 promoted breast cancer metastasis in vitro and in vivo. We further showed that LINC02273 was stabilized by hnRNPL, a protein increased in metastatic lesions, in breast cancer cells. Mechanistically, hnRNPL-LINC02273 formed a complex which activated AGR2 transcription and promoted cancer metastasis. The recruitment of hnRNPL-LINC02273 complex to AGR2 promoter region epigenetically upregulated AGR2 by augmenting local H3K4me3 and H3K27ac levels. Combination of AGR2 and LINC02273 was an independent prognostic factor for predicting breast cancer patient survival. Moreover, our data revealed that LINC02273-targeting antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) substantially inhibited breast cancer metastasis in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our findings uncover a key role of LINC02273-hnRNPL-AGR2 axis in breast cancer metastasis and provide potential novel therapeutic targets for metastatic breast cancer intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqiu Xiu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yayun Chi
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of General Surgery, Nanchang University Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Weiru Chi
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiajian Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Rong Guo
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jing Si
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lun Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jingyan Xue
- Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Shao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA. .,Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
| | - Shenglin Huang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jiong Wu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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13
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Li J, Hu J, Luo Z, Zhou C, Huang L, Zhang H, Chi J, Chen Z, Li Q, Deng M, Chen J, Tao K, Wang G, Wang L, Wang Z. AGR2 is controlled by DNMT3a-centered signaling module and mediates tumor resistance to 5-Aza in colorectal cancer. Exp Cell Res 2019; 385:111644. [PMID: 31614132 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human anterior gradient-2 (AGR2), a member of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family, is upregulated in various human cancers and reportedly has oncogenic activities. However, the functional roles of AGR2 and its regulation in colorectal cancer (CRC) remain unclear. Here, we showed that AGR2 promoted CRC tumorigenesis and progression in vitro and in vivo and acted as an independent prognostic factor of poor outcome. AGR2 was negatively regulated by DNA methyltransferase 3a (DNMT3a) through directly methylating AGR2 promoter and by a DNMT3a-SPRY2-miR-194 axis. Moreover, AGR2 mediated the resistance to 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza) treatment. Knockdown of AGR2 improved the therapeutic effect of 5-Aza in human CRC xenograft tumor model. Thus, our work supports AGR2's oncogenic role in CRC, reveals DNMT3a-mediated epigenetic modulation on AGR2 promoter, and uncovers a new DNMT3a signaling module controlling expression of AGR2. Upregulated AGR2 offset 5-Aza mediated epigenetic therapy. This work might provide potential targets for clinical anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Research Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jia Hu
- Research Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Zhen Luo
- Research Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Caihong Zhou
- Research Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Lifeng Huang
- Research Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Research Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jiangyang Chi
- Research Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Zhenzhen Chen
- Research Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Qilin Li
- Research Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Meizhou Deng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Junhua Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Kaixiong Tao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Guobin Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Lin Wang
- Research Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Zheng Wang
- Research Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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14
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Singh A, Gupta S, Sachan M. Epigenetic Biomarkers in the Management of Ovarian Cancer: Current Prospectives. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:182. [PMID: 31608277 PMCID: PMC6761254 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) causes significant morbidity and mortality as neither detection nor screening of OC is currently feasible at an early stage. Difficulty to promptly diagnose OC in its early stage remains challenging due to non-specific symptoms in the early-stage of the disease, their presentation at an advanced stage and poor survival. Therefore, improved detection methods are urgently needed. In this article, we summarize the potential clinical utility of epigenetic signatures like DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNA dysregulation, which play important role in ovarian carcinogenesis and discuss its application in development of diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers. Molecular characterization of epigenetic modification (methylation) in circulating cell free tumor DNA in body fluids offers novel, non-invasive approach for identification of potential promising cancer biomarkers, which can be performed at multiple time points and probably better reflects the prevailing molecular profile of cancer. Current status of epigenetic research in diagnosis of early OC and its management are discussed here with main focus on potential diagnostic biomarkers in tissue and body fluids. Rapid and point of care diagnostic applications of DNA methylation in liquid biopsy has been precluded as a result of cumbersome sample preparation with complicated conventional methods of isolation. New technologies which allow rapid identification of methylation signatures directly from blood will facilitate sample-to answer solutions thereby enabling next-generation point of care molecular diagnostics. To date, not a single epigenetic biomarker which could accurately detect ovarian cancer at an early stage in either tissue or body fluid has been reported. Taken together, the methodological drawbacks, heterogeneity associated with ovarian cancer and non-validation of the clinical utility of reported potential biomarkers in larger ovarian cancer populations has impeded the transition of epigenetic biomarkers from lab to clinical settings. Until addressed, clinical implementation as a diagnostic measure is a far way to go.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, India
| | - Sameer Gupta
- Department of Surgical Oncology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Manisha Sachan
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, India
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15
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Alsereihi R, Schulten HJ, Bakhashab S, Saini K, Al-Hejin AM, Hussein D. Leveraging the Role of the Metastatic Associated Protein Anterior Gradient Homologue 2 in Unfolded Protein Degradation: A Novel Therapeutic Biomarker for Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11070890. [PMID: 31247903 PMCID: PMC6678570 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11070890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic biomarkers can help in tracking disease progress, predict patients’ survival, and considerably affect the drive for successful clinical management. The present review aims to determine how the metastatic-linked protein anterior gradient homologue 2 (AGR2) operates to affect cancer progression, and to identify associated potential diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic biomarkers, particularly in central nervous system (CNS) tumors. Studies that show a high expression level of AGR2, and associate the protein expression with the resilience to chemotherapeutic treatments or with poor cancer survival, are reported. The primary protein structures of the seven variants of AGR2, including their functional domains, are summarized. Based on experiments in various biological models, this review shows an orchestra of multiple molecules that regulate AGR2 expression, including a feedback loop with p53. The AGR2-associated molecular functions and pathways including genomic integrity, proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, adhesion, migration, stemness, and inflammation, are detailed. In addition, the mechanisms that can enable the rampant oncogenic effects of AGR2 are clarified. The different strategies used to therapeutically target AGR2-positive cancer cells are evaluated in light of the current evidence. Moreover, novel associated pathways and clinically relevant deregulated genes in AGR2 high CNS tumors are identified using a meta-analysis approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Alsereihi
- Neurooncology Translational Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hans-Juergen Schulten
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sherin Bakhashab
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Biochemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80218, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Kulvinder Saini
- School of Biotechnology, Eternal University, Baru Sahib-173101, Himachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Ahmed M Al-Hejin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Microbiology Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Deema Hussein
- Neurooncology Translational Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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16
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Hentze JL, Høgdall CK, Høgdall EV. Methylation and ovarian cancer: Can DNA methylation be of diagnostic use? Mol Clin Oncol 2019; 10:323-330. [PMID: 30847169 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2019.1800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a silent killer and, due to late diagnosis and frequent chemo resistance in patients, the primary cause of fatality amongst the various types of gynecological cancer. The discovery of a specific and sensitive biomarker for ovarian cancer could improve early diagnosis, thereby saving lives. Biomarkers could also improve treatment, by predicting which patients will benefit from specific treatment strategies. DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism, and 'methylation imbalance' is characteristic of cancer. Previous research suggests that changes in DNA methylation can be used diagnostically, and that they may predict resistance to treatment. This paper gives an up-to-date overview of research investigating the potential of DNA methylation-based markers for diagnostics, prognostics, screening and prediction of drug resistance for ovarian cancer patients. DNA methylation cancer-biomarkers may be useful for cancer treatment, particularly since they are chemically stable and since cancer-associated changes in methylation typically precedes tumor growth. DNA methylation markers could improve diagnosis and treatment and might even be used for screening in the future. Furthermore, DNA methylation biomarkers could facilitate the development of precision medicine. However, at this point no biomarkers for ovarian cancer have a sufficient combination of sensitivity and specificity in a clinical setting. A reason for this is that most studies have focused on a single or a few methylation sites. More large screenings and genome-wide studies must be performed to increase the chance of identifying a DNA methylation marker which can identify ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie L Hentze
- Department of Pathology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Claus K Høgdall
- Department of Gynecology, The Juliane Marie Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Estrid V Høgdall
- Department of Pathology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
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17
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Kim J, Chung JY, Kim TJ, Lee JW, Kim BG, Bae DS, Choi CH, Hewitt SM. Genomic Network-Based Analysis Reveals Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Up-Regulating Factor-Related Prognostic Markers in Cervical Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2018; 8:465. [PMID: 30406031 PMCID: PMC6206228 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that PAUF is involved in tumor development and metastases in cervical cancer. This study was conducted to discover novel molecular markers linked with PAUF in cervical cancer using genomic network analysis and to assess their prognostic value in cervical cancer. Three PAUF-related genes were identified using in-silico network-based analysis of the open genome datasets. To assess the expression of these genes and their relationship to the outcome of cervical cancer, immunohistochemical analysis was performed using cervical cancer TMA. The associations of the identified proteins with clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis were examined. AGR2, BRD7, and POM121 were identified as interconnected with PAUF through in-silico network-based analysis. AGR2 (r = 0.213, p < 0.001) and POM121 (r = 0.135, p = 0.013) protein expression were positively correlated with PAUF. BRD7High and AGR2Low were significantly associated with favorable disease-free survival (DFS) (p = 0.009 and p < 0.001, respectively), and in combination with PAUFHigh, even more significantly favorable DFS observed (p < 0.001 for both). In multivariate analysis, AGR2High (HR = 3.16, p = 0.01) and BRD7High (HR = 0.5, p = 0.025) showed independent prognostic value for DFS. In a random survival forest (RSF) model, the combined clinical and molecular variable model predicted DFS with significantly improved power compared with that of the clinical variable model (C-index of 0.79 vs. 0.75, p < 0.001). In conclusion, AGR2 and BRD7 expression have prognostic significance in cervical cancer and provide opportunities for improved treatment options. Genomic network-based approaches using the cBioPortal may facilitate the discovery of additional biomarkers for the prognosis of cervical cancer and may provide new insights into the biology of cervical carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Kim
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joon-Yong Chung
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Tae-Joong Kim
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Won Lee
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byoung-Gie Kim
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Duk-Soo Bae
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chel Hun Choi
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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18
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Xue X, Fei X, Hou W, Zhang Y, Liu L, Hu R. miR-342-3p suppresses cell proliferation and migration by targeting AGR2 in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Lett 2017; 412:170-178. [PMID: 29107102 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AGR2 is a well-studied secreted protein that is involved in multiple biological processes including cell proliferation and migration. The mechanism by which AGR2 increases the growth and migration of non-small cell lung cancer cells (NSCLC) is still unknown. In this study, we report that AGR2 is directly targeted by miR-342-3p. Functional studies suggest that overexpression of miR-342-3p inhibits the proliferation and migration of non-small cell lung cancer cells. Overexpression of AGR2 counteracts the phenotypes induced by miR-342-3p. Moreover, AGR2 expression is up-regulated and negatively correlated with miR-342-3p levels in NSCLC cells and tissues. A meta-analysis of survival data indicates that NSCLC patients with high levels of AGR2 in their tumors have a worse prognosis. Collectively, the identification of miR-342-3p and AGR2 might facilitate the development of biomarkers and therapeutic targets for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Xue
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, 215006, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Fei
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5390 Harry Hines, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Wenjie Hou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, 215006, China
| | - Yajie Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5390 Harry Hines, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Liu Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to the an Hui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Rongkuan Hu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5390 Harry Hines, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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Aberrant epigenetic regulation of GABRP associates with aggressive phenotype of ovarian cancer. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e335. [PMID: 28524180 PMCID: PMC5454450 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is a major cause of therapeutic failure in ovarian cancer. To elucidate molecular mechanisms of ovarian cancer metastasis, we previously established a metastatic xenograft mouse model using human ovarian carcinoma SK-OV-3 cells. Using gene expression profiling, we found that γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptor π subunit (GABRP) expression was upregulated (>4-fold) in metastatic tissues from our xenograft mice compared with SK-OV-3 cells. Importantly, GABRP knockdown diminished the migration and invasion of SK-OV-3 cells, and reduced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation while overexpression of GABRP exhibited significantly increased cell migration, invasion and ERK activation. Moreover, treatment with the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor U0126 similarly suppressed the migration and invasion of SK-OV-3 cells, implying that GABRP promotes these cellular behaviors by activating the MAPK/ERK pathway. Using genome-wide DNA methylation profiling, we identified hypomethylated CpG sites in the GABRP promoter in metastatic tissues from the xenograft mice compared with SK-OV-3 cells. Treatment with a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor demonstrated that methylation at −963 bp from the GABRP transcription start site (−963 CpG site) was critical for the epigenetic regulation of GABRP. Finally, we analyzed human ovarian cancer patient samples and showed DNA hypomethylation at the GABRP −963 CpG site in advanced stage, but not early-stage, primary tumors compared with their paired normal tissues. These findings suggest that GABRP enhances the aggressive phenotype of ovarian cancer cells, and that the DNA methylation status of the GABRP −963 CpG site may be useful for predicting the metastatic potential in ovarian cancer patients.
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Matoulkova E, Sommerova L, Pastorek M, Vojtesek B, Hrstka R. Regulation of AGR2 expression via 3'UTR shortening. Exp Cell Res 2017; 356:40-47. [PMID: 28408318 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One recently discussed general mechanism affecting gene expression is 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR) length. Events such as shortening, translocation or loss of 3'UTRs are observed within oncogenes and are proposed to associate with increased expression. Thus, increased efforts are being made to understand constitutive and differential transcript 3'end formation. Investigation of AGR2 mRNA revealed a direct impact of its 3'UTR length on AGR2 expression. In silico analyses identified several regulatory sequences within the distal part of AGR2 mRNA that may regulate 3'UTR length and associated protein levels. Short 3'UTRs were observed in a panel of AGR2-positive cancer cell lines and in human breast cancer specimens, in which more extensive 3'UTR shortening correlated with increased AGR2 protein levels. AGR2 is an important member of PI3K/AKT signalling pathway, which along with the proposed involvement of mTOR in the regulation of alternative polyadenylation, prompted us to study the role of mTOR in relation to AGR2 mRNA 3'UTR shortening. A direct impact of mTOR signalling on AGR2 3'UTR shortening associated with increased protein synthesis was found, which led to the identification of a novel molecular mechanism involved in upregulation of AGR2 levels in mTOR-activated cells via modulating the 3'UTR length of AGR2 mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Matoulkova
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czechia
| | - Lucia Sommerova
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czechia
| | - Michal Pastorek
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czechia
| | - Borivoj Vojtesek
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czechia
| | - Roman Hrstka
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czechia.
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Sung HY, Yang SD, Park AK, Ju W, Ahn JH. Aberrant Hypomethylation of Solute Carrier Family 6 Member 12 Promoter Induces Metastasis of Ovarian Cancer. Yonsei Med J 2017; 58:27-34. [PMID: 27873492 PMCID: PMC5122649 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2017.58.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most fatal of gynecological malignancies with a high rate of recurrence. We aimed to evaluate the expression of solute carrier family 6, member 12 (SLC6A12) and methylation of its promoter CpG sites in a xenograft mouse model of metastatic OC, and to investigate the regulatory mechanisms that promote aggressive properties during OC progression. MATERIALS AND METHODS Expression of SLC6A12 mRNA was determined by reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and DNA methylation status of its promoter CpGs was detected by quantitative methylation-specific PCR. The metastatic potential of SLC6A12 was evaluated by in vitro migration/invasion transwell assays. Gene expression and DNA methylation of SLC6A12 and clinical outcomes were further investigated from publicly available databases from curatedOvarianData and The Cancer Genome Atlas. RESULTS SLC6A12 expression was 8.1-14.0-fold upregulated and its DNA methylation of promoter CpG sites was 41-62% decreased in tumor metastases. After treatment with DNA methyltransferase inhibitor and/or histone deacetylase inhibitor, the expression of SLC6A12 was profoundly enhanced (~8.0-fold), strongly supporting DNA methylation-dependent epigenetic regulation of SLC6A12. Overexpression of SLC6A12 led to increased migration and invasion of ovarian carcinoma cells in vitro, approximately 2.0-fold and 3.3-fold, respectively. The meta-analysis showed that high expression of SLC6A12 was significantly associated with poor overall survival [hazard ratio (HR)=1.07, p value=0.016] and that low DNA methylation levels of SLC6A12 at specific promoter CpG site negatively affected patient survival. CONCLUSION Our findings provide novel evidence for the biological and clinical significance of SLC6A12 as a metastasis-promoting gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Youn Sung
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - San Duk Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ae Kyung Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Korea
| | - Woong Ju
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Jung Hyuck Ahn
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.
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Guo H, Chen H, Zhu Q, Yu X, Rong R, Merugu SB, Mangukiya HB, Li D. A humanized monoclonal antibody targeting secreted anterior gradient 2 effectively inhibits the xenograft tumor growth. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 475:57-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Dong C, Hu X, Dinu CZ. Current status and perspectives in atomic force microscopy-based identification of cellular transformation. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:2107-18. [PMID: 27274238 PMCID: PMC4876801 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s103501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the complex interplay between cells and their biomechanics and how the interplay is influenced by the extracellular microenvironment, as well as how the transforming potential of a tissue from a benign to a cancerous one is related to the dynamics of both the cell and its surroundings, holds promise for the development of targeted translational therapies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of atomic force microscopy-based technology and its applications for identification of cellular progression to a cancerous phenotype. The review also offers insights into the advancements that are required for the next user-controlled tool to allow for the identification of early cell transformation and thus potentially lead to improved therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenbo Dong
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Cerasela Zoica Dinu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Feng Q, Zhou Y, Shi SD, Li EL, Wu RS, Li KH, Wu LQ. AGR2 regulates IFITM3 expression to promote hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:1585-1591. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i10.1585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of anterior gradient homolog 2 (AGR2) expression on the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells, and to explore the possible mechanism.
METHODS: The expression of AGR2 and interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) in hepatocellular carcinoma and adjacent tissues was detected by fluorescence quantitative PCR and Western blot. The expression of AGR2 mRNA and protein was examined by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR and Western blot after transfection with pcDNA3.1-AGR2. The cellular growth ability was examined by CCK-8 assay, and the colony formation ability was detected by colony formation assay. Flow cytometry assay was used to determine the apoptosis index. The expression level of IFITM3 protein was examined by Western blot.
RESULTS: AGR2 and IFITM3 mRNA and protein expression in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues was significantly higher than that in the corresponding adjacent tissues. The pcDNA3.1-AGR2 was successfully constructed, and HepG2 cells with stable expression of AGR2 were established. The expression levels of AGR2 mRNA and protein in HepG2 cells after transfection with pcDNA3.1-AGR2 were higher than those in the negative control cells, and the cellular growth ability of HepG2 cells after transfection with pcDNA3.1-AGR2 was significantly increased. IFITM3 protein expression was also increased after transfection with pcDNA3.1-AGR2.
CONCLUSION: Raised AGR2 expression can increase the expression of IFITM3 and promote the proliferation of hepatocellular cells.
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