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Yamamoto T, Shiburo R, Moriyama Y, Mitamura K, Taga A. Protein components of maple syrup as a potential resource for the development of novel anti‑colorectal cancer drugs. Oncol Rep 2023; 50:179. [PMID: 37594118 PMCID: PMC10463007 DOI: 10.3892/or.2023.8616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Maple syrup is a natural sweetener consumed worldwide. Active ingredients of maple syrup possess antitumor effects; however, these ingredients are phenolic compounds. The present study aimed to investigate components other than phenolic compounds that may have antitumor effects against colorectal cancer (CRC). Cell proliferation assays demonstrated that treatment with the more than 10,000 molecular weight fraction significantly inhibited viability in DLD‑1 cells. Therefore, we hypothesized that the protein components of maple syrup may be the active ingredients in maple syrup. We obtained protein components from maple syrup by ammonium sulfate precipitation, and treatment with the protein fraction of maple syrup (MSpf) was found to exhibit a potential antitumor effect. MSpf‑treated DLD‑1 colon adenocarcinoma cells exhibited significantly decreased proliferation, migration and invasion. In addition, upregulation of LC3A and E‑cadherin and downregulation of MMP‑9 expression levels were observed following MSpf treatment. Investigation of the components of MSpf suggested that it was primarily formed of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Therefore, whether AGEs in MSpf affected the STAT3 pathway through the binding to its receptor, receptor of AGE (RAGE), was assessed. MSpf treatment was associated with decreased RAGE expression and STAT3 phosphorylation. Finally, to determine whether autophagy contributed to the inhibitory effect of cell proliferation following MSpf treatment, the effect of MSpf treatment on autophagy induction following bafilomycin A1 treatment, a specific autophagy inhibitor, was assessed. The inhibitory effect of MSpf treatment on cell proliferation was enhanced through the inhibition of autophagy by bafilomycin A1 treatment. These results suggested that AGEs in MSpf suppressed cell proliferation and epithelial‑mesenchymal transition through inhibition of the STAT3 signaling pathway through decreased RAGE expression. Therefore, AGEs in MSpf may be potential compounds for the development of antitumor drugs for the treatment of CRC with fewer adverse effects compared with existing antitumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsushi Yamamoto
- Pathological and Biomolecule Analyses Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Ryota Shiburo
- Pathological and Biomolecule Analyses Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshie Moriyama
- Pathological and Biomolecule Analyses Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Kuniko Mitamura
- Pathological and Biomolecule Analyses Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Atsushi Taga
- Pathological and Biomolecule Analyses Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-osaka 577-8502, Japan
- Antiaging Center, Kindai University, Higashi-osaka 577-8502, Japan
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2
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Mohammed F, Sibley P, Abdulwali N, Guillaume D. Nutritional, pharmacological, and sensory properties of maple syrup: A comprehensive review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19216. [PMID: 37662821 PMCID: PMC10469071 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Maple syrup is a naturally sweet product consumed directly or introduced in the preparation of various maple-derived food products. Several studies have described the chemical isolation and identification of maple syrup compounds, with some presenting pharmacological properties. However, a detailed review on maple syrup nutritional properties has not been undertaken. This review presents detailed information about the nutritional, organoleptic, and pharmacological properties of maple syrup. Studies carried out on animal models and a limited number of human models emphasize the potential benefits of maple syrup as a substitute for refined sugars, indicating that it could contribute to improved metabolic health when used in moderation. However, further medical and nutritional health studies based on human health assessments are needed to better understand the mechanisms of action of the various components of maple syrup and its potential therapeutic properties to demonstrate a stronger justification for its consumption relative to refined sugars. In addition, we compare maple syrup and common sweeteners to provide a further critical perspective on the potential nutritional and health benefits of maple syrup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faez Mohammed
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
- Faculty of Applied Science-Arhab, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Paul Sibley
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Nada Abdulwali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Dominique Guillaume
- ICMR, School of Medicine-Pharmacy, CNRS-UMR 7312, 51 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51100 Reims, France
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3
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Sato K, Yamamoto T, Mitamura K, Taga A. Separation of Fructosyl Oligosaccharides in Maple Syrup by Using Charged Aerosol Detection. Foods 2021; 10:foods10123160. [PMID: 34945711 PMCID: PMC8701490 DOI: 10.3390/foods10123160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fructosyl oligosaccharides, including fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS), are gaining popularity as functional oligosaccharides and have been found in various natural products. Our previous study suggested that maple syrup contains an unidentified fructosyl oligosaccharide. Because these saccharides cannot be detected with high sensitivity using derivatization methods, they must be detected directly. As a result, an analytical method based on charged aerosol detection (CAD) that can detect saccharides directly was optimized in order to avoid relying on these structures and physical properties to clarify the profile of fructosyl oligosaccharides in maple syrup. This analytical method is simple and can analyze up to hepta-saccharides in 30 min. This analytical method was also reliable and reproducible with high validation values. It was used to determine the content of saccharides in maple syrup, which revealed that it contained not only fructose, glucose, and sucrose but also FOS such as 1-kestose and nystose. Furthermore, we discovered a fructosyl oligosaccharide called neokestose in maple syrup, which has only been found in a few natural foods. These findings help to shed light on the saccharides profile of maple syrup.
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Yamamoto T, Takakura H, Mitamura K, Taga A. Cyclophilin a knokdown inhibits cell migration and invasion through the suppression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 526:55-61. [PMID: 32188574 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced expression of cyclophilin A (CypA) in colorectal cancer (CRC) was reported; however, how CypA influences CRC progression is not clear. Therefore, we examine the effects of CypA on CRC cell progression. Knockdown of CypA in SW480 cells significantly inhibited cell migration and invasion but had no effect on cell proliferation. In addition, upregulation of E-cadherin and downregulation of N-cadherin and Snail expression were observed by CypA knockdown. These results suggested that CypA knockdown inhibited cell migration and invasion by suppressing epithelial-mesenchymal transition. CypA knockdown was also associated with increased p38 phosphorylation, and the p38 inhibitor treatment led to increase in the number of invasive CypA-knockdown SW480 cells. Therefore, CypA may be a potential therapeutic target in preventing CRC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsushi Yamamoto
- Pathological and Biomolecule Analyses Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideki Takakura
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kuniko Mitamura
- Pathological and Biomolecule Analyses Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Taga
- Pathological and Biomolecule Analyses Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan; Antiaging Center, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan.
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5
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Identification of a Novel Oligosaccharide in Maple Syrup as a Potential Alternative Saccharide for Diabetes Mellitus Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205041. [PMID: 31614552 PMCID: PMC6834145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing rapidly and is associated with changes in dietary habits. Although restrictions in the use of sweeteners may prevent the development of DM, this might reduce the quality of life of patients with DM. Therefore, there has been a great deal of research into alternative sweeteners. In the search for such sweeteners, we analyzed the carbohydrate content of maple syrup and identified a novel oligosaccharide composed of fructose and glucose, linked at the C-4 of glucose and the C-6 of fructose. This oligosaccharide inhibited the release of fructose from sucrose by invertase (IC50: 1.17 mmol/L) and the decomposition of maltose by α-(1-4) glucosidase (IC50: 1.72 mmol/L). In addition, when orally administered together with sucrose to rats with DM, the subsequent plasma glucose concentrations were significantly lower than if the rats had been administered sucrose alone, without having any effect on the insulin concentration. These findings suggest that this novel oligosaccharide might represent a useful alternative sweetener for inclusion in the diet of patients with DM and may also have therapeutic benefits.
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Huang XM, Yang ZJ, Xie Q, Zhang ZK, Zhang H, Ma JY. Natural products for treating colorectal cancer: A mechanistic review. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 117:109142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Dark-colored maple syrup treatment induces S-phase cell cycle arrest via reduced proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in colorectal cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:2713-2720. [PMID: 30854045 PMCID: PMC6365951 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.9928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Maple syrup is a natural sweetener that is consumed worldwide. It has been previously reported that dark-colored maple syrup exerts an inhibitory effect on colorectal cancer (CRC) proliferation and invasion. In the present study, the underlying mechanism of CRC cell growth inhibition was examined with dark-colored maple syrup treatment using a shotgun liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based global proteomic approach. Applying a semi-quantitative method based on spectral counting, 388 proteins were identified with expression changes of >1.5-fold following dark-colored maple syrup treatment. Gene Ontology analysis revealed that these proteins possessed cell cycle-associated functions. It was also indicated that CRC cells treated with dark-colored maple syrup exhibited decreased proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression and S-phase cell cycle arrest. Dark-colored maple syrup treatment also resulted in altered expression of cell cycle-associated genes, including cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)4 and CDK6. In conclusion, these data suggested that dark-colored maple syrup induced S-phase cell cycle arrest in CRC cells by reducing the expression of PCNA and regulating cell cycle-associated genes. These findings suggest that dark-colored maple syrup may be a source of compounds for the development of novel drugs for colorectal cancer treatment.
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8
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Vural H. The effect mechanism of Ginnalin A as a homeopathic agent on various cancer cell lines. OPEN CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2018-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Epidemiological and experimental studies have shown that natural products are beneficial for the protection against cancer. Maple syrup is a natural sweetener often consumed throughout the world. Maple syrup contains various phenolic compounds such as lignans, coumarin and Ginnalin A (GA). The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of GA shown to have cytotoxic and apoptotic effects in several human carcinoma cell lines. The effect of GA on cell viability was determined by a XTT (2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide) assay as described in the manufacturer’s instruction. Total RNA was isolated from cancer cells using TRIzol Reagent and reverse transcription was performed using Script™ cDNA Synthesis Kit (Bio-Rad) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Expressions of important genes in apoptosis including MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, CDH1 and CDH2, were investigated in dose and control groups by qPCR (quantitative real time- polymerase chain reaction).
When compared with the control group, qPCR results illustrated that a significant increase in gene expression was observed in the expressions of CDH1, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 by 3.52, 5.13 and 2.67 times respectively. Research has shown that Ginnalin A can demonstrate an anti-metastatic effect by regulating the expression of important genes in metastasis on cancer cell lines. Furthermore, in this study the activation of caspase-8 in apoptotic signaling pathways and the pro-apoptotic caspases required for extrinsic apoptotic signal transduction was defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasibe Vural
- Necmettin Erbakan Unversity , Meram Faculty of Medicine , Department of Medical Biology , Konya , Turkey
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9
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Yamamoto T, Sato K, Kubota Y, Mitamura K, Taga A. Effect of dark-colored maple syrup on cell proliferation of human gastrointestinal cancer cell. Biomed Rep 2017; 7:6-10. [PMID: 28685052 PMCID: PMC5492655 DOI: 10.3892/br.2017.910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Maple syrup is a natural sweetener that is commonly consumed worldwide. While maple syrup mainly comprises sucrose, it also contains phytochemicals that present various biological effects. Maple syrup is made by boiling down sap, and its color and composition vary in accordance with the sap collection season. Typically, seasonal progression is associated with darker syrup color, and antioxidant activity is proportional to the increasingly dark color. The authors previously reported that maple syrup demonstrated inhibitory effects on colorectal cancer cell growth and invasion, which correlated with darker maple syrup color. In the present study, they examined the effects of two different grades of maple syrup on gastrointestinal cancer cell proliferation, to investigate whether the dark-color maple syrup was suitable as a phytomedicine for gastrointestinal cancer treatment. Administration of dark-color maple syrup significantly inhibited gastrointestinal cancer cell growth as compared to non-treated cancer cells. Moreover, administration of dark-color maple syrup clearly inhibited protein kinase B (AKT) phosphorylation and did not impact mitogen-associated protein kinase phosphorylation. These data suggested that dark-color maple syrup may inhibit cell proliferation through suppression of AKT activation and, thus, may be suitable as a phytomedicine for gastrointestinal cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsushi Yamamoto
- Pathological and Biomolecule Analyses Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Kanta Sato
- Pathological and Biomolecule Analyses Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Yuika Kubota
- Pathological and Biomolecule Analyses Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Kuniko Mitamura
- Pathological and Biomolecule Analyses Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Atsushi Taga
- Pathological and Biomolecule Analyses Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
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10
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Kamei A, Watanabe Y, Shinozaki F, Yasuoka A, Shimada K, Kondo K, Ishijima T, Toyoda T, Arai S, Kondo T, Abe K. Quantitative deviating effects of maple syrup extract supplementation on the hepatic gene expression of mice fed a high-fat diet. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 61. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Kamei
- Project for Development of Food Functionality Assessment Methods; Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology; LiSE 4F C-4, 3-25-13 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku Kawasaki Kanagawa Japan
| | - Yuki Watanabe
- Project for Development of Food Functionality Assessment Methods; Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology; LiSE 4F C-4, 3-25-13 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku Kawasaki Kanagawa Japan
| | - Fumika Shinozaki
- Project for Development of Food Functionality Assessment Methods; Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology; LiSE 4F C-4, 3-25-13 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku Kawasaki Kanagawa Japan
| | - Akihito Yasuoka
- Project for Development of Food Functionality Assessment Methods; Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology; LiSE 4F C-4, 3-25-13 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku Kawasaki Kanagawa Japan
| | - Kousuke Shimada
- Project for Development of Food Functionality Assessment Methods; Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology; LiSE 4F C-4, 3-25-13 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku Kawasaki Kanagawa Japan
| | - Kaori Kondo
- Project for Development of Food Functionality Assessment Methods; Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology; LiSE 4F C-4, 3-25-13 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku Kawasaki Kanagawa Japan
| | - Tomoko Ishijima
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science; The University of Tokyo; 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Tsudoi Toyoda
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science; The University of Tokyo; 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Soichi Arai
- Project for Development of Food Functionality Assessment Methods; Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology; LiSE 4F C-4, 3-25-13 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku Kawasaki Kanagawa Japan
- General Research Institute; Tokyo University of Agriculture; 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Takashi Kondo
- Project for Development of Food Functionality Assessment Methods; Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology; LiSE 4F C-4, 3-25-13 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku Kawasaki Kanagawa Japan
| | - Keiko Abe
- Project for Development of Food Functionality Assessment Methods; Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology; LiSE 4F C-4, 3-25-13 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku Kawasaki Kanagawa Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science; The University of Tokyo; 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo Japan
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