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Shareena G, Kumar D. Epigenetics of Epstein Barr virus - A review. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166838. [PMID: 37544529 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Epstein Barr is the first-in-human oncogenic virus, closely related to numerous lymphoproliferative and malignant diseases, including HL, BL, NPC, and GC. EBV establishes life-long persistence infection portraying a biphasic viral life cycle: latent period and lytic replication. B-cells serve as critical regions for EBV latent genes, wherein viral gene expression is suppressed, promoting viral genome maintenance and immune recognition evasion. Upon its lytic reactivation, viral gene expression induces its replication, progeny production, and transmission. Dysregulations of epigenetic regulation in expressions of TSGs lead to carcinogenesis. Several studies reveal that EBV is associated with aberrant viral DNA and host genome methylation patterns, promoting immune monitoring, recognition evasiveness and host cell persistence. Among other epigenetic modifications, DNA methylation suppresses the majority of viral latent gene promoters, sparing a few, and acts as a prerequisite for activating EBV's lytic cycle, giving rise to viral progeny. It affects the host's epigenome via reprogramming cells to oncogenic, long-lasting phenotypes, as evident in several malignancies. At each phase of its life cycle, EBV exploits cellular mechanisms of epigenetic regulation, implying its unique host-pathogen relationship. This review summarized the DNA methylation's regulatory roles on several EBV-related promoter regions, along with the host genome in pathological conditions, highlights viral genes involved in a latent, lytic and latent-lytic phase of EBV infection. Moreover, it provides diagrammatic insights into methylation-based pathways in EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gadde Shareena
- Poona College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Erandwane, Pune 411038, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dileep Kumar
- Poona College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Erandwane, Pune 411038, Maharashtra, India; UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Zhao G, Bu G, Liu G, Kong X, Sun C, Li Z, Dai D, Sun H, Kang Y, Feng G, Zhong Q, Zeng M. mRNA-based Vaccines Targeting the T-cell Epitope-rich Domain of Epstein Barr Virus Latent Proteins Elicit Robust Anti-Tumor Immunity in Mice. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2302116. [PMID: 37890462 PMCID: PMC10724410 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with various malignancies and infects >90% of the global population. EBV latent proteins are expressed in numerous EBV-associated cancers and contribute to carcinogenesis, making them critical therapeutic targets for these cancers. Thus, this study aims to develop mRNA-based therapeutic vaccines that express the T-cell-epitope-rich domain of truncated latent proteins of EBV, including truncatedlatent membrane protein 2A (Trunc-LMP2A), truncated EBV nuclear antigen 1 (Trunc-EBNA1), and Trunc-EBNA3A. The vaccines effectively activate both cellular and humoral immunity in mice and show promising results in suppressing tumor progression and improving survival time in tumor-bearing mice. Furthermore, it is observed that the truncated forms of the antigens, Trunc-LMP2A, Trunc-EBNA1, and Trunc-EBNA3A, are more effective than full-length antigens in activating antigen-specific immune responses. In summary, the findings demonstrate the effectiveness of mRNA-based therapeutic vaccines targeting the T-cell-epitope-rich domain of EBV latent proteins and providing new treatment options for EBV-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge‐Xin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer. MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Diagnosis, and TherapySun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhou510060China
| | - Guo‐Long Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer. MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Diagnosis, and TherapySun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhou510060China
| | - Gang‐Feng Liu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery Section IIThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University/Yunnan Cancer Hospital519 Kunzhou RoadKunming650118China
| | - Xiang‐Wei Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer. MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Diagnosis, and TherapySun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhou510060China
| | - Cong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer. MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Diagnosis, and TherapySun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhou510060China
| | - Zi‐Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer. MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Diagnosis, and TherapySun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhou510060China
| | - Dan‐Ling Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer. MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Diagnosis, and TherapySun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhou510060China
| | - Hai‐Xia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer. MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Diagnosis, and TherapySun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhou510060China
| | - Yin‐Feng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer. MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Diagnosis, and TherapySun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhou510060China
| | - Guo‐Kai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer. MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Diagnosis, and TherapySun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhou510060China
| | - Qian Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer. MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Diagnosis, and TherapySun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhou510060China
| | - Mu‐Sheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer. MedicineGuangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Diagnosis, and TherapySun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhou510060China
- Guangdong‐Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA MedicineSun Yat‐sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhou510060China
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Jean-Pierre V, Lupo J, Buisson M, Morand P, Germi R. Main Targets of Interest for the Development of a Prophylactic or Therapeutic Epstein-Barr Virus Vaccine. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:701611. [PMID: 34239514 PMCID: PMC8258399 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.701611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is one of the most widespread viruses in the world; more than 90% of the planet's adult population is infected. Symptomatic primary infection by this Herpesviridae corresponds to infectious mononucleosis (IM), which is generally a benign disease. While virus persistence is often asymptomatic, it is responsible for 1.5% of cancers worldwide, mainly B cell lymphomas and carcinomas. EBV may also be associated with autoimmune and/or inflammatory diseases. However, no effective treatment or anti-EBV vaccine is currently available. Knowledge of the proteins and mechanisms involved in the different steps of the viral cycle is essential to the development of effective vaccines. The present review describes the main actors in the entry of the virus into B cells and epithelial cells, which are targets of interest in the development of prophylactic vaccines aimed at preventing viral infection. This review also summarizes the first vaccinal approaches tested in humans, all of which are based on the gp350/220 glycoprotein; while they have reduced the risk of IM, they have yet to prevent EBV infection. The main proteins involved in the EBV latency cycle and some of the proteins involved in the lytic cycle have essential roles in the oncogenesis of EBV. For that reason, these proteins are of interest for the development of therapeutic vaccines of which the objective is the stimulation of T cell immunity against EBV-associated cancers. New strategies aimed at broadening the antigenic spectrum, are currently being studied and will contribute to the targeting of the essential steps of the viral cycle, the objective being to prevent or treat the diseases associated with EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Jean-Pierre
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie, CHU de Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Julien Lupo
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie, CHU de Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Marlyse Buisson
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie, CHU de Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075, CEA, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Patrice Morand
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie, CHU de Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Raphaële Germi
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie, CHU de Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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Zhen S, Lu J, Chen W, Zhao L, Li X. Synergistic Antitumor Effect on Bladder Cancer by Rational Combination of Programmed Cell Death 1 Blockade and CRISPR-Cas9-Mediated Long Non-Coding RNA Urothelial Carcinoma Associated 1 Knockout. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 29:1352-1363. [PMID: 30457360 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2018.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapy produces objective responses in bladder cancer patients, although the responses can be short. Meanwhile, response rates to immune therapy are lower, but the effects are more durable. Based on these findings, it was hypothesized that urothelial carcinoma associated 1 (UCA1)-targeted therapy could synergize with programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) blockade to enhance antitumor activity. To test this hypothesis, the effects of CRISPR-Cas9 targeting of UCA1 and PD-1 were assessed in vitro and in vivo. It was found that gRNA/cas9-targeted UCA1 induced apoptosis of 5637 bladder cancer cells, whereas PD-1 gene knockout could be achieved by electroporation of gRNA/cas9 targeting PD-1, as detected by polymerase chain reaction. In 5637 cell-xenografted humanized SCID mice, stimulation with CRISPR-Cas9 systems, immune phenotypes, and cytokine expression of human dendritic cells (DCs) was detected by flow cytometry, and polymerase chain reaction, respectively. The results of these assays suggested that the gRNA/cas9 treatment upregulated expression of CD80, CD83, and CD86 and significantly increased interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, and IL-23 and tumor necrosis factor alpha mRNA levels. Co-administration of anti-PD-1 and anti-UCA1 treatment suppressed tumor growth and markedly improved survival of 5637 xenografted mice. Additionally, the combination treatment increased interferon gamma production by T cells that subsequently enhanced the expression of Th1-associated immune-stimulating genes to reduce transcription of regulatory/suppressive immune genes and reshape the tumor microenvironment from an immunosuppressive to a stimulatory state. Finally, anti-UCA1 treatment was shown to induce interferon gamma-dependent programmed cell death ligand 1 expression within 5637 xenograft tumors in vivo. Together, these results demonstrate potent synergistic effects of a combination therapy using LncRNA UCA1-targeted therapy and immune checkpoint blockade of PD-1, thus supporting the translational potential of this combination strategy for clinical treatment of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhen
- 1 Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, P.R. China
- 2 Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Jiaojiao Lu
- 1 Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, P.R. China
- 2 Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- 3 Center of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Le Zhao
- 1 Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, P.R. China
- 2 Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Xu Li
- 1 Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, P.R. China
- 2 Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, P.R. China
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Wu X, Liu P, Zhang H, Li Y, Salmani JMM, Wang F, Yang K, Fu R, Chen Z, Chen B. Wogonin as a targeted therapeutic agent for EBV (+) lymphoma cells involved in LMP1/NF-κB/miR-155/PU.1 pathway. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:147. [PMID: 28222771 PMCID: PMC5320633 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3145-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wogonin is an encouraging choice for clinical use owing to its potent anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory effects with the high safety profile. However, wogonin for targeted therapy of lymphoma was not well addressed. In this study, we focused on its anticancer effect alongside with the underlying mechanisms for targeted therapy in EBV-positive lymphoma. This will facilitate its introduction to clinical use, which is planned in the near future. Methods Cell proliferation was studied by CCK8. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the apoptosis and the cycle arrest of cells. Further, we also used immunofluorescent staining to detect the morphologic changes of the apoptotic cells. The expression of LMP1/miR-155/p65/pp65/PU.1 was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot, while that of NF-κB was analyzed by EMSA. At last, immunohistochemical staining was applied to assess the expression of target proteins and relevant molecules. Results In vitro, wogonin induced the apoptosis of Raji cells by downregulating the expression of NF-κB through LMP1/miR-155/NF-κB/PU.1 pathway, which was in a dose and time-dependent manner. In vivo, wogonin could suppress tumor growth, associated with the downregulation of ki67, p65 and upregulation of PU.1. Conclusions Wogonin could suppress tumor growth and induce cell apoptosis by inhibiting the expression of NF-κB. Taken these findings, we concluded that wogonin could be a potential targeted therapeutic agent for EBV-positive lymphoma with the expression of LMP1 through the pathway of LMP1/NF-κB/miR-155/PU.1. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3145-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology (Key Department of Jiangsu Medicine), Medical School, the Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology (Key Department of Jiangsu Medicine), Medical School, the Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology (Key Department of Jiangsu Medicine), Medical School, the Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical School, The Second Hospital of Nanjing Affiliated to Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jumah Masoud Mohammad Salmani
- Department of Hematology and Oncology (Key Department of Jiangsu Medicine), Medical School, the Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology (Key Department of Jiangsu Medicine), Medical School, the Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ke Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhewei Chen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology (Key Department of Jiangsu Medicine), Medical School, the Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Baoan Chen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology (Key Department of Jiangsu Medicine), Medical School, the Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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