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Wang X, Wang S. Identification of key genes involved in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer using bioinformatics analysis. Transl Cancer Res 2022; 10:5246-5257. [PMID: 35116374 PMCID: PMC8798269 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-21-1276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background The purpose of the present study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms of tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer and to identify potential targets for antitamoxifen resistance. Methods Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in tamoxifen-resistant and tamoxifen-sensitive breast cancer cells were assessed using the GSE67916 dataset acquired from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Gene ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analyses were applied to investigate the functions and pathways of the DEGs. Subsequently, the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING), and subnetworks were further analyzed by Molecular Complex Detection (MCODE). The PPI network and subnetworks were visualized using Cytoscape software. Results In total, 438 DEGs were identified, of which 300 were upregulated and 138 were downregulated. The DEGs were significantly enriched in the protein binding, cellular response to estradiol stimulus, and immune response GO terms while the most significant pathways included the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway in cancer. The PPI network of DEGs was constructed with 288 nodes and 629 edges, and 2 subnetworks were screened out from the entire network. Conclusions A number of significant hub DEGs were identified based on their degree of connectivity in the PPI network, , included MAPK1 (node degree 36), ESR1 (node degree 27), SMARCA4 (node degree 27), RANBP2 (node degree 25), and PRKCA (node degree 21). These critical hub genes were found to be related to tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer. The results of this study further the understanding of tamoxifen resistance at the molecular level and identify potential therapeutic targets for tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Wang
- Department of Outpatient and Emergency, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Shixia Wang
- Department of Outpatient and Emergency, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
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2
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Huang L, Wang L. Upregulation of miR-183 represses neuropathic pain through inhibiton of MAP3K4 in CCI rat models. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:3815-3822. [PMID: 31602666 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have verified that microRNAs contribute a lot to neuropathic pain progression. Furthermore, nerve-related inflammatory cytokines play vital roles in neuropathic pain progression. miR-183 has been identified to have a common relationship with multiple pathological diseases. However, the potential effects of miR-183 in the process of neuropathic pain remain undetermined. Therefore, we performed the current study with the purpose of finding the functions of miR-183 in neuropathic pain progression using a chronic sciatic nerve injury (CCI) rat model. We demonstrated that miR-183 expression levels were evidently reduced in CCI rats in contrast with the control group. Overexpression of miR-183 produced significant relief of mechanical hyperalgesia, as well as thermal hyperalgesia in CCI rats. Furthermore, neuropathic pain-correlated inflammatory cytokine expression levels containing interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were obviously inhibited by upregulation of miR-183. Meanwhile, dual-luciferase reporter assays showed MAP3K4 was a direct downstream gene of miR-183. The expression levels of MAP3K4 were modulated by the increased miR-183 negatively, which lead to the downregulation of IL-6, IL-1β, and COX-2, and then reduced neuropathic pain progression, respectively. Overall, our study pointed out that miR-183 was a part of the negative regulator which could relieve neuropathic pain by targeting MAP3K4. Thus it may provide a new clinical treatment for neuropathic pain patients clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Huang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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3
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Zou H, Xu X, Luo L, Zhang Y, Luo L, Yao Y, Xiang G, Huang X, Wang G. Hsa_circ_0101432 promotes the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by adsorbing miR-1258 and miR-622. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:2398-2413. [PMID: 31095447 PMCID: PMC6739047 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1618120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present research was major in investigating the regulation association among hsa_circ_0101432 (has_circ_RPPH1), miR-1258, miR-622 and MAPK1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and we explored the mechanism underlying pathogenesis of HCC. Microarray analysis was employed to detect hsa_circ_0101432 expression in HCC. Hsa_circ_0101432 was verified as a circRNA by testing divergent primers and RNase R. And qRT-PCR was performed to determine the expression of hsa_circ_0101432, miR-1258, miR-622 and MAPK1 mRNA. Furthermore, miRanda predicted that mRNAs targeted miR-1258 and miR-622. CCK-8 assay, colony formation assay, flow cytometry as well as transwell assay were performed to detect cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis and invasive ability, respectively. Xenograft in nude mice was applied to observe tumor growth in vivo. Up-regulated hsa_circ_0101432 and down-regulated miR-1258 and miR-622 were detected in HCC while Hsa_circ_0101432 enhanced expression of MAPK1 mRNA by targeting miR-1258 and miR-622. Knocking down hsa_circ_0101432 or overexpressing miR-1258 and miR-622 inhibited proliferation and invasive ability of HCC cell and promoted cell apoptosis. Hsa_circ_0101432 was confirmed to promote tumor growth via inhibiting miR-1258 and miR-622 expression and promoting MAPK1 mRNA expression by in vivo experiment. Hsa_circ_0101432 inhibited HCC cell apoptosis, promoted cell proliferation, invasive ability and HCC tumor growth by targeting miR-1258 and miR-622 and upregulating MAPK1 mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Zou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
| | - Xiangang Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital , Guiyang , Guizhou , China
| | - Lanyun Luo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Graduate School, Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
| | - Le Luo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
| | - Yutong Yao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
| | - Guangming Xiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
| | - Xiaolun Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
| | - Guan Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
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4
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Wang Y, Yang JX, Yu M, Cao DY, Shen K. Malignant mixed ovarian germ cell tumor composed of immature teratoma, yolk sac tumor and embryonal carcinoma harboring an EGFR mutation: a case report. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:6853-6862. [PMID: 30349318 PMCID: PMC6190639 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s176854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant mixed ovarian germ cell tumors are very rare, accounting for ~5.3% of all malignant ovarian germ cell tumors (MOGCTs), with a very high degree of malignancy. The treatment of patients with persistent, refractory, or platinum-resistant MOGCT is not well defined. The objective of this case report was to analyze the importance of chemotherapy, salvage surgery and target therapy in the treatment of a patient with refractory OGCT after first-line chemotherapy failure. We reported a 34 year-old woman suffered from advanced refractory MOGCT after first-line chemotherapy, cytoreductive surgery, and a series of chemotherapy. The genetic test shows she is a carrier of EGFR: p.L858R mutation. Based on genetic testing result, she received icotinib which targeted for EGFR mutation, but the tumor progressed. After a secondary cytoreductive surgery, she exhibited a partial response and continued to receive chemotherapy. This suggests that salvage surgery may be considered for patients with persistent or refractory MOGCTs when no effective systemic treatment option is available. Targeted therapies based on gene sequencing may provide a new option; however, its efficacy and related resistance mechanisms still need to be verified by further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China,
| | - Jia-Xin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China,
| | - Mei Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China,
| | - Dong-Yan Cao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China,
| | - Keng Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China,
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5
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Activating MAPK1 (ERK2) mutation in an aggressive case of disseminated juvenile xanthogranuloma. Oncotarget 2018; 8:46065-46070. [PMID: 28512266 PMCID: PMC5542249 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) is a rare histiocytic disorder that is usually benign and self-limiting. We present a case of atypical, aggressive JXG harboring a novel mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway mutation in the MAPK1 gene, which encodes mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 or extracellular signal-regulated 2 (ERK2). Our analysis revealed that the mutation results in constitutive ERK activation that is resistant to BRAF or MEK inhibitors but susceptible to an ERK inhibitor. These data highlight the importance of identifying specific MAPK pathway alterations as part of the diagnostic workup for patients with histiocytic disorders rather than initiating empiric treatment with MEK inhibitors.
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6
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Li YH, Yang Y, Yan YT, Xu LW, Ma HY, Shao YX, Cao CJ, Wu X, Qi MJ, Wu YY, Chen R, Hong Y, Tan XH, Yang L. Analysis of serum microRNA expression in male workers with occupational noise-induced hearing loss. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 51:e6426. [PMID: 29340520 PMCID: PMC5769754 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20176426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Occupational noise-induced hearing loss (ONIHL) is a prevalent occupational disorder that impairs auditory function in workers exposed to prolonged noise. However, serum microRNA expression in ONIHL subjects has not yet been studied. We aimed to compare the serum microRNA expression profiles in male workers of ONIHL subjects and controls. MicroRNA microarray analysis revealed that four serum microRNAs were differentially expressed between controls (n=3) and ONIHL subjects (n=3). Among these microRNAs, three were upregulated (hsa-miR-3162-5p, hsa-miR-4484, hsa-miR-1229-5p) and one was downregulated (hsa-miR-4652-3p) in the ONIHL group (fold change >1.5 and Pbon value <0.05). Real time quantitative PCR was conducted for validation of the microRNA expression. Significantly increased serum levels of miR-1229-5p were found in ONIHL subjects compared to controls (n=10 for each group; P<0.05). A total of 659 (27.0%) genes were predicted as the target genes of miR-1229-5p. These genes were involved in various pathways, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Overexpression of miR-1229-5p dramatically inhibited the luciferase activity of 3′ UTR segment of MAPK1 (P<0.01). Compared to the negative control, HEK293T cells expressing miR-1229-5p mimics showed a significant decline in mRNA levels of MAPK1 (P<0.05). This preliminary study indicated that serum miR-1229-5p was significantly elevated in ONIHL subjects. Increased miR-1229-5p may participate in the pathogenesis of ONIHL through repressing MAPK1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Li
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Y Yang
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Y T Yan
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - L W Xu
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - H Y Ma
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Y X Shao
- Hangzhou Hospital for the Prevention and Treatment of Occupational Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - C J Cao
- Hangzhou Hospital for the Prevention and Treatment of Occupational Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - X Wu
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - M J Qi
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Y Y Wu
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - R Chen
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Y Hong
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - X H Tan
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - L Yang
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
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7
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Marcotte EL, Pankratz N, Amatruda JF, Frazier AL, Krailo M, Davies S, Starr JR, Lau CC, Roesler M, Langer E, Hallstrom C, Hooten AJ, Poynter JN. Variants in BAK1, SPRY4, and GAB2 are associated with pediatric germ cell tumors: A report from the children's oncology group. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2017; 56:548-558. [PMID: 28295819 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Germ cell tumors (GCT) are a rare form of childhood cancer that originate from the primordial germ cell. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified susceptibility alleles for adult testicular GCT (TGCT). We test whether these SNPs are associated with GCT in pediatric and adolescent populations. This case-parent triad study includes individuals with GCT diagnosed between ages 0 and 19. We evaluated 26 SNPs from GWAS of adult TGCT and estimated main effects for pediatric GCT within complete trios (N = 366) using the transmission disequilibrium test. We used Estimation of Maternal, Imprinting and interaction effects using Multinomial modelling to evaluate maternal effects in non-Hispanic white trios and dyads (N = 244). We accounted for multiple comparisons using a Bonferroni correction. A variant in SPRY4 (rs4624820) was associated with reduced risk of GCT (OR [95% CI]: 0.70 [0.57, 0.86]). A variant in BAK1 (rs210138) was positively associated with GCT (OR [95% CI]: 1.70 [1.32, 2.18]), with a strong estimated effect for testis tumors (OR [95% CI]: 3.31 [1.89, 5.79]). Finally, a SNP in GAB2 (rs948662) was associated with increased risk for GCT (OR [95% CI]: 1.56 [1.20, 2.03]). Nominal associations (P < 0.05) were noted for eight additional loci. A maternal effect was observed for KITLG SNP rs4474514 (OR [95% CI]: 1.66 [1.21, 2.28]) and a paternal parent-of-origin effect was observed for rs7221274 (P = 0.00007), near TEX14, RAD51C, and PPM1E. We observed associations between SNPs in SPRY4, BAK1, and GAB2 and GCTs. This analysis suggests there may be common genetic risk factors for GCT in all age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Marcotte
- Division of Epidemiology & Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Nathan Pankratz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - James F Amatruda
- Departments of Pediatrics, Molecular Biology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - Mark Krailo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Stella Davies
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - Ching C Lau
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Michelle Roesler
- Division of Epidemiology & Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Erica Langer
- Division of Epidemiology & Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Caroline Hallstrom
- Division of Epidemiology & Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Anthony J Hooten
- Division of Epidemiology & Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jenny N Poynter
- Division of Epidemiology & Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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8
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Bi B, Li F, Guo J, Li C, Jing R, Lv X, Chen X, Wang F, Azadzoi KM, Wang L, Liu Y, Yang JH. Label-free quantitative proteomics unravels the importance of RNA processing in glioma malignancy. Neuroscience 2017; 351:84-95. [PMID: 28341197 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glioma, one of the most common cancers in human, is classified to different grades according to the degrees of malignancy. Glioblastoma (GBM) is known to be the most malignant (Grade IV) whereas low-grade astrocytoma (LGA, Grade II) is relatively benign. The mechanism underlying the pathogenesis and progression of glioma malignancy remains unclear. Here we report a quantitative proteomic study to elucidate the differences between GBM and LGA using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry followed by label-free quantification. A total of 136 proteins were differentially expressed in GBM for at least five folds in comparison with LGA. Ontological analysis revealed a close correlation between GBM-associated proteins and RNA processing. Interaction network analysis indicated that the GBM-associated proteins in the RNA processing were linked to crucial signaling transduction modulators including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), and mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1), which were further connected to the proteins important for neuronal structural integrity, development and functions. Upregulation of 40S ribosomal protein S5 (RPS5), Ferritin Heavy chain (FTH1) and STAT1, and downregulation of tenascin R (TNR) were validated as representatives by immune assays. In summary, we revealed a panel of GBM-associated proteins and the important modulators centered at the RNA-processing network in glioma malignancy that may become novel biomarkers and help elucidate the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baibin Bi
- Cancer Research Center, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China; Departments of Neurosurgery and Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; Brain Science Research Institute of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Feng Li
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; Brain Science Research Institute of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Jisheng Guo
- Cancer Research Center, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Cuiling Li
- Cancer Research Center, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Ruirui Jing
- Cancer Research Center, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Xin Lv
- Cancer Research Center, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Xinjun Chen
- Cancer Research Center, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Fengqin Wang
- Cancer Research Center, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Kazem M Azadzoi
- Departments of Surgery and Urology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02130, USA.
| | - Lin Wang
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Yuguang Liu
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; Brain Science Research Institute of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Jing-Hua Yang
- Cancer Research Center, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China; Departments of Surgery and Urology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02130, USA.
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