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Blyth RRR, Birts CN, Beers SA. The role of three-dimensional in vitro models in modelling the inflammatory microenvironment associated with obesity in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2023; 25:104. [PMID: 37697381 PMCID: PMC10494415 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-023-01700-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an established risk factor for breast cancer in postmenopausal women. However, the underlying biological mechanisms of how obesity contributes to breast cancer remains unclear. The inflammatory adipose microenvironment is central to breast cancer progression and has been shown to favour breast cancer cell growth and to reduce efficacy of anti-cancer treatments. Thus, it is imperative to further our understanding of the inflammatory microenvironment seen in breast cancer patients with obesity. Three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models offer a key tool in increasing our understanding of such complex interactions within the adipose microenvironment. This review discusses some of the approaches utilised to recapitulate the breast tumour microenvironment, including various co-culture and 3D in vitro models. We consider how these model systems contribute to the understanding of breast cancer research, with particular focus on the inflammatory tumour microenvironment. This review aims to provide insight and prospective future directions on the utility of such model systems for breast cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhianna Rachael Romany Blyth
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Charles N Birts
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Stephen A Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
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2
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Tumor suppressor DEAR1 regulates mammary epithelial cell fate and predicts early onset and metastasis in triple negative breast cancer. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19504. [PMID: 36376460 PMCID: PMC9663828 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22417-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a disease of poor prognosis, with the majority classified as the basal-like subtype associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis. Because basal breast cancers originate from proliferative luminal progenitor-like cells upon dysregulation of proper luminal differentiation, genes regulating luminal-basal transition are critical to elucidate novel therapeutic targets to improve TNBC outcomes. Herein we demonstrate that the tumor suppressor DEAR1/TRIM62 is a critical regulator of luminal cell fate. DEAR1 loss in human mammary epithelial cells results in significantly enhanced mammosphere formation that is accelerated in the presence of TGF-β/SMAD3 signaling. Mammospheres formed following DEAR1 loss are enriched for ALDH1A1 and CK5 expression, EpCAM-/CD49f+ and CD44high/24low basal-like epithelial cells, indicating that DEAR1 regulates stem/progenitor cell properties and luminal-basal progenitor transition. We show that DEAR1 maintains luminal differentiation as a novel ubiquitin ligase for SNAI2/SLUG, a master regulator driving stemness and generation of basal-like progenitor populations. We also identify a significant inverse correlation between DEAR1 and SNAI2 expression in a 103 TNBC case cohort and show that low DEAR1 expression significantly correlates with young age of onset and shorter time to metastasis, suggesting DEAR1 could serve as a biomarker to stratify early onset TNBCs for targeted stem cell therapies.
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3
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Yu S, Lu Y, Su A, Chen J, Li J, Zhou B, Liu X, Xia Q, Li Y, Li J, Huang M, Ye Y, Zhao Q, Jiang S, Yan X, Wang X, Di C, Pan J, Su S. A CD10-OGP Membrane Peptolytic Signaling Axis in Fibroblasts Regulates Lipid Metabolism of Cancer Stem Cells via SCD1. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2101848. [PMID: 34363355 PMCID: PMC8498877 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) consist of heterogeneous subpopulations that play a critical role in the dynamics of the tumor microenvironment. The extracellular signals of CAFs have been attributed to the extracellular matrix, cytokines, cell surface checkpoints, and exosomes. In the present study, it is demonstrated that the CD10 transmembrane hydrolase expressed on a subset of CAFs supports tumor stemness and induces chemoresistance. Mechanistically, CD10 degenerates an antitumoral peptide termed osteogenic growth peptide (OGP). OGP restrains the expression of rate-limiting desaturase SCD1 and inhibits lipid desaturation, which is required for cancer stem cells (CSCs). Targeting CD10 significantly improves the efficacy of chemotherapy in vivo. Clinically, CD10-OGP signals are associated with the response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer. The collective data suggest that a nexus between the niche and lipid metabolism in CSCs is a promising therapeutic target for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubin Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene RegulationMedical Research CenterSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
- Breast Tumor CenterSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
| | - Yiwen Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene RegulationMedical Research CenterSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
- Breast Tumor CenterSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
| | - An Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene RegulationMedical Research CenterSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
- Breast Tumor CenterSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
| | - Jianing Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene RegulationMedical Research CenterSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
- Breast Tumor CenterSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
| | - Jiang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene RegulationMedical Research CenterSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
- Breast Tumor CenterSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
| | - Boxuan Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene RegulationMedical Research CenterSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
- Breast Tumor CenterSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
| | - Xinwei Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene RegulationMedical Research CenterSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
- Breast Tumor CenterSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
| | - Qidong Xia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene RegulationMedical Research CenterSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
- Breast Tumor CenterSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
| | - Yihong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene RegulationMedical Research CenterSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
- Breast Tumor CenterSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
| | - Jiaqian Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene RegulationMedical Research CenterSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
- Breast Tumor CenterSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
| | - Min Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene RegulationMedical Research CenterSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
- Breast Tumor CenterSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
| | - Yingying Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene RegulationMedical Research CenterSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
- Breast Tumor CenterSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
| | - Qiyi Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseasesthe Third Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510630China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Researchthe Third Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510630China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat‐sen University)Ministry of EducationGuangzhouGuangdong510080China
| | - Sushi Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene RegulationMedical Research CenterSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
| | - Xiaoqing Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene RegulationMedical Research CenterSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene RegulationMedical Research CenterSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
| | - Can Di
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene RegulationMedical Research CenterSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
- Breast Tumor CenterSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
| | - Jiayao Pan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene RegulationMedical Research CenterSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
- Breast Tumor CenterSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
| | - Shicheng Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene RegulationMedical Research CenterSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
- Breast Tumor CenterSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510120China
- Department of Infectious Diseasesthe Third Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510630China
- Department of ImmunologyZhongshan School of MedicineSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510080China
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Mantziou S, Markopoulos G, Thrasyvoulou S, Noutsopoulos D, Gkartziou F, Vartholomatos G, Tzavaras T. Tinzaparin inhibits VL30 retrotransposition induced by oxidative stress and/or VEGF in HC11 mouse progenitor mammary cells: Association between inhibition of cancer stem cell proliferation and mammosphere disaggregation. Oncol Rep 2021; 46:241. [PMID: 34558648 PMCID: PMC8485018 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.8192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tinzaparin is an anticoagulant and antiangiogenic drug with inhibitory properties against tumor growth. VEGF stimulates angiogenesis, while an association between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and angiogenesis is involved in tumor progression. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of tinzaparin on VL30 retrotransposition-positive mouse HC11 mammary stem-like epithelial cells, previously reported to be associated with induced mammosphere/cancer stem cell (CSC) generation and tumorigenesis. Under 24 h serum starvation, 15.2% nominal retrotransposition frequency was increased to 29%. Additionally, while treatment with 3–12 ng/ml VEGF further induced retrotransposition frequency in a dose-dependent manner (up to 40.3%), pre-incubation with tinzaparin (2 IU/ml) for 0.5–4 h reduced this frequency to 18.3% in a time-dependent manner, confirmed by analogous results in NIH3T3 fibroblasts. Treatment with 10–40 pg/ml glucose oxidase (GO) for 24 h induced HC11 cell retrotransposition in a dose-dependent manner (up to 82.5%), while a 3 h pre-incubation with tinzaparin (1 or 2 IU/ml) elicited a 13.5 or 25.5% reduction in retrotransposition, respectively. Regarding tumorigenic VL30 retrotransposition-positive HC11 cells, treatment with 2 IU/ml tinzaparin for 5 days reduced proliferation rate in a time-dependent manner (up to ~55%), and after 3 weeks, disaggregated soft agar-formed foci, as well as low-adherent mammospheres, producing single mesenchymal-like cells with a ~50% reduced retrotransposition. With respect to the VL30 retrotransposition mechanism: While 12 ng/ml VEGF increased the level of VL30 and endogenous reverse transcriptase (enRT) transcripts ~1.41- and ~1.16-fold, respectively, subsequent tinzaparin treatment reduced both endogenous/ROS- and VEGF-induced levels 1.15- and 0.40-fold (VL30) and 0.60- and 0.52-fold (enRT), respectively. To the best of our knowledge, these data demonstrate for the first time, the novel inhibition activity of tinzaparin against ROS- and VEGF-induced VL30 retrotransposition, and the proliferation and/or aggregation of mouse HC11 mammosphere/tumor-initiating CSCs, thus contributing to the inhibition of VL30 retrotransposition-induced primary tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Mantziou
- Laboratory of General Biology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Georgios Markopoulos
- Laboratory of General Biology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Soteroula Thrasyvoulou
- Laboratory of General Biology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Noutsopoulos
- Laboratory of General Biology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Foteini Gkartziou
- Laboratory of General Biology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Georgios Vartholomatos
- Molecular Biology Unit, Hematology Laboratory, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Theodore Tzavaras
- Laboratory of General Biology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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Bahmani A, Shokri E, Hosseini M, Hosseinkhani S. A fluorescent aptasensor based on copper nanoclusters for optical detection of CD44 exon v10, an important isoform in metastatic breast cancer. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:3837-3844. [PMID: 34378562 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01087e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that breast cancer cells express various CD44 isoforms. CD44 is an integral transmembrane protein encoded by a single 20-exon gene. Exon v10 of CD44 plays a critical role in promoting cancer metastasis, so sensitive detection of this isoform helps in early diagnosis of metastatic breast cancer and facilitates the treatment process. This study aimed to use v10-specific aptamers to set up an optical aptasensor based on fluorescent metal nanoclusters. For this purpose, nanoclusters of silver, gold, and copper were prepared by different CD44 v10 DNA aptamers as molecular templates. UV-vis, TEM, and fluorescence spectrometer results confirmed the accuracy and quality of the synthesized aptamer-templated nanoclusters (Apt-NCs). Finally, we compared the performance of the as-prepared Apt-NCs in response to different cultured cell lines. According to the results, the optical response of M-Apt4-CuNCs was more efficient and correlated well with the concentrations of CD44 v10-enriched cells. The detection limit of the aptasensor was 40 ± 5 cells per mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Bahmani
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences & Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ehsan Shokri
- Department of Nanotechnology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Morteza Hosseini
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences & Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials, Medical Biomaterials Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saman Hosseinkhani
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Nakhjavani M, Smith E, Palethorpe HM, Tomita Y, Yeo K, Price TJ, Townsend AR, Hardingham JE. Anti-Cancer Effects of an Optimised Combination of Ginsenoside Rg3 Epimers on Triple Negative Breast Cancer Models. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14070633. [PMID: 34208799 PMCID: PMC8308773 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Key problems of chemotherapies, as the mainstay of treatment for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), are toxicity and development of tumour resistance. Using response surface methodology, we previously optimised the combination of epimers of ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3) for anti-angiogenic action. Here, we show that the optimised combination of 50 µM SRg3 and 25 µM RRg3 (C3), derived from an RSM model of migration of TNBC cell line MDA-MB-231, inhibited migration of MDA-MB-231 and HCC1143, in 2D and 3D migration assays (p < 0.0001). C3 inhibited mammosphere formation efficiency in both cell lines and decreased the CD44+ stem cell marker in the mammospheres. Molecular docking predicted that Rg3 epimers had a better binding score with IGF-1R than with EGFR, HER-2 or PDGFR, and predicted an mTOR inhibitory function of Rg3. C3 affected the signalling of AKT in MDA-MB-231 and HCC1143 mammospheres. In a mouse model of metastatic TNBC, an equivalent dose of C3 (23 mg/kg SRg3 + 11 mg/kg RRg3) or an escalated dose of 46 mg/kg SRg3 + 23 mg/kg RRg3 was administered to NSG mice bearing MDA-MB-231-Luc cells. Calliper and IVIS spectrum measurement of the primary and secondary tumour showed that the treatment shrunk the primary tumour and decreased the load of metastasis in mice. In conclusion, this combination of Rg3 epimers showed promising results as a potential treatment option for TNBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Nakhjavani
- Molecular Oncology, Basil Hetzel Institute, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, SA 5011, Australia; (M.N.); (Y.T.); (K.Y.); (J.E.H.)
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (T.J.P.); (A.R.T.)
| | - Eric Smith
- Molecular Oncology, Basil Hetzel Institute, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, SA 5011, Australia; (M.N.); (Y.T.); (K.Y.); (J.E.H.)
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (T.J.P.); (A.R.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-8222-6142
| | - Helen M. Palethorpe
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia;
| | - Yoko Tomita
- Molecular Oncology, Basil Hetzel Institute, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, SA 5011, Australia; (M.N.); (Y.T.); (K.Y.); (J.E.H.)
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (T.J.P.); (A.R.T.)
- Oncology Unit, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, SA 5011, Australia
| | - Kenny Yeo
- Molecular Oncology, Basil Hetzel Institute, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, SA 5011, Australia; (M.N.); (Y.T.); (K.Y.); (J.E.H.)
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (T.J.P.); (A.R.T.)
| | - Tim J. Price
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (T.J.P.); (A.R.T.)
- Oncology Unit, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, SA 5011, Australia
| | - Amanda R. Townsend
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (T.J.P.); (A.R.T.)
- Oncology Unit, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, SA 5011, Australia
| | - Jennifer E. Hardingham
- Molecular Oncology, Basil Hetzel Institute, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, SA 5011, Australia; (M.N.); (Y.T.); (K.Y.); (J.E.H.)
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (T.J.P.); (A.R.T.)
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Kuijpers T, Blom B. Homo and heterobimetallic palladium and platinum complexes bearing μ-diphosphane bridges involved in biological studies. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 223:113651. [PMID: 34214843 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Given the increasing reports of well-defined bimetallic molecular complexes as potential anticancer agents in the last decades, along with the prevalence of platinum in anticancer therapy, we report here a detailed survey of bimetallic platinum and palladium complexes investigated as potential anticancer agents. Specifically, we will concentrate on the synthesis, characterisation and biological (anticancer) studies of a sub-class of these agents, namely homo and heterobimetallic complexes bearing a bridging phosphane ligand of the type: [LnM1(μ-R2P(CH2)nPR2)M2Lm] (where M1 is platinum or palladium, M2 is any other transition metal, R = alkyl or aryl substituents, Ln or Lm are co-ligands, n = 1-6). We will review the in vitro and in vivo activities and any mechanistic anticancer studies of these complexes with a view of trying to delineate patterns in biological activity and structure-activity relationships (SAR). We do not include the review of bimetallic complexes in this class that have not undergone any anticancer testing, nor those that have been involved in other biological investigations unrelated to cancer studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita Kuijpers
- Maastricht Science Programme, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Paul-Henri Spaaklaan, 1, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Burgert Blom
- Maastricht Science Programme, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Paul-Henri Spaaklaan, 1, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Jafarinejad-Farsangi S, Hashemi MS, Yazdi Rouholamini SE, Gharbi S, Ansari-Asl Z, Jafari E, Shiralizadeh Dezfuli A, Shahrokhi-Farjah M. Curcumin loaded on graphene nanosheets induced cell death in mammospheres from MCF-7 and primary breast tumor cells. Biomed Mater 2021; 16. [PMID: 34020433 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac0400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Elimination of tumor cells is still a therapeutic challenge for breast cancer (BC) in men and women. Mammospheres serve as valuablein vitrotools for evaluating tumor behavior and sensitivity to anticancer treatments. Graphene nanosheets with unique physicochemical properties have been considered as potential biomedical approaches for drug delivery, bioimaging, and therapy. Graphene oxide (GO) and graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are suitable nanocarriers for hydrophobic and low bioaccessible anti-tumor materials like curcumin. Despite extensive studies on the potential application of graphene nanosheets in medicine, our knowledge of how different cells function and respond to these nanoparticles remains limited. Here, we evaluated cell death in mammospheres from MCF-7 and primary tumor cells in response to curcumin loaded on graphene nanosheets. Mammospheres were exposed to graphene oxide-curcumin (GO-Cur) and graphene quantum dots-curcumin (GQDs-Cur), and the incidence of cell death was evaluated by Hoechst 33342/propidium iodide double staining and flow cytometry. Besides, the expression of miR-21, miR-29a, Bax, and Bcl-2 genes were assessed using RT-qPCR. We observed, GO, and GQDs had no cytotoxic effect on Kerman male breast cancer/71 (KMBC/71) and MCF-7 tumor cells, while curcumin induced death in more than 50% of tumor cells. GO-Cur and GQDs-Cur synergistically enhanced anti-tumor activity of curcumin. Moreover, GQDs-Cur induced cell death in almost all cells of KMBC/71 mammospheres (99%;p< 0.0001). In contrast, GO-Cur induced cell death in only 21% of MCF-7 mammosphere cells (p< 0.0001). Also, the expression pattern of miR-21, miR-29a, and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in KMBC/71 and MCF-7 mammospheres was different in response to GO-Cur and GQDs-Cur. Although KMBC/71 and MCF-7 tumor cells had similar clinical features and displayed similar responses to curcumin, more investigations are needed to clarify the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying observed differences in response to GO-Cur and GQDs-Cur.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahnaz Sadat Hashemi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran
| | - Seyede Elmira Yazdi Rouholamini
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Sdigheh Gharbi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zeinab Ansari-Asl
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Elham Jafari
- Pathology and Stem Cells Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Mariam Shahrokhi-Farjah
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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9
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Hermawan A, Ikawati M, Jenie RI, Khumaira A, Putri H, Nurhayati IP, Angraini SM, Muflikhasari HA. Identification of potential therapeutic target of naringenin in breast cancer stem cells inhibition by bioinformatics and in vitro studies. Saudi Pharm J 2021; 29:12-26. [PMID: 33603536 PMCID: PMC7873751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer therapy is a strategic measure in inhibiting breast cancer stem cell (BCSC) pathways. Naringenin, a citrus flavonoid, was found to increase breast cancer cells' sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents. Bioinformatics study and 3D tumorsphere in vitro modeling in breast cancer (mammosphere) were used in this study, which aims to explore the potential therapeutic targets of naringenin (PTTNs) in inhibiting BCSCs. Bioinformatic analyses identified direct target proteins (DTPs), indirect target proteins (ITPs), naringenin-mediated proteins (NMPs), BCSC regulatory genes, and PTTNs. The PTTNs were further analyzed for gene ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment, protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, and hub protein selection. Mammospheres were cultured in serum-free media. The effects of naringenin were measured by MTT-based cytotoxicity, mammosphere forming potential (MFP), colony formation, scratch wound-healing assay, and flow cytometry-based cell cycle analyses and apoptosis assays. Gene expression analysis was performed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-RT PCR). Bioinformatics analysis revealed p53 and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) as PTTNs, and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that TGF-ß and Wnt/ß-catenin pathways are regulated by PTTNs. Naringenin demonstrated cytotoxicity and inhibited mammosphere and colony formation, migration, and epithelial to mesenchymal transition in the mammosphere. The mRNA of tumor suppressors P53 and ERα were downregulated in the mammosphere, but were significantly upregulated upon naringenin treatment. By modulating the P53 and ERα mRNA, naringenin has the potential of inhibiting BCSCs. Further studies on the molecular mechanism and formulation of naringenin in BCSCs would be beneficial for its development as a BCSC-targeting drug.
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Key Words
- BCSCs, Breast cancer stem cells
- Bioinformatics
- Breast cancer stem cells
- CSC, Cancer stem cell
- DAVID, Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery
- DTPs, Direct target proteins
- DXR, Doxorubicin
- EGF, Epidermal growth factor
- EMT, Epithelial to mesenchymal transition
- ERα
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- GO, Gene ontology
- ITPs, Indirect target proteins
- KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
- MET, Metformin
- MFP, Mammosphere forming potential
- NAR, Naringenin
- NMPs, Naringenin-mediated proteins
- Naringenin
- P53
- PE, phycoerythrin
- PPI, Protein-protein interaction
- PTTN, Potential target of naringenin in inhibition of BCSCs
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- Targeted therapy
- q-RT PCR, Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hermawan
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, 55281 Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Muthi Ikawati
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, 55281 Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Riris Istighfari Jenie
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, 55281 Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Annisa Khumaira
- Cancer Chemoprevention Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, 55281 Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Herwandhani Putri
- Cancer Chemoprevention Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, 55281 Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ika Putri Nurhayati
- Cancer Chemoprevention Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, 55281 Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sonia Meta Angraini
- Cancer Chemoprevention Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, 55281 Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Haruma Anggraini Muflikhasari
- Cancer Chemoprevention Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, 55281 Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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10
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Ambreen G, Duse L, Tariq I, Ali U, Ali S, Pinnapireddy SR, Bette M, Bakowsky U, Mandic R. Sensitivity of Papilloma Virus-Associated Cell Lines to Photodynamic Therapy with Curcumin-Loaded Liposomes. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113278. [PMID: 33167593 PMCID: PMC7694491 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Globally, the burden of papilloma virus-associated cancers is high. About 5% of all cancers worldwide are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is considered as a useful therapeutic option to treat cancers, particularly those near the tissue surface, since it is typically well tolerated and less invasive with a lower risk of severe complications as compared to conventional treatment strategies. PDT requires the combination of a photosensitizer, light of a specific wavelength, and tissue oxygen. In the present study, we examined the effectiveness of PDT together with a curcumin (liposome)-based photosensitizer in three papilloma virus-associated cell lines. PDT with curcumin liposomes could inhibit proliferation, cell migration, and colony formation of the tested tumor cells. The results suggest that curcumin-encapsulated liposomes in conjunction with PDT could be a useful tool for the treatment of papilloma virus-associated tumors. Abstract Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive therapeutic approach used in the treatment of various medical conditions and cancerous diseases, involving light, a photosensitizing substance, and oxygen. Curcumin, a naturally occurring compound, carries antitumor activities and potentially could be exploited as a photosensitizer in PDT. Only little is known about liposomal-encapsulated curcumin that could help in increasing the efficacy, stability, and bioavailability of this compound. This study investigates the in vitro effects of curcumin-loaded liposomes in combination with PDT. Three papilloma virus-associated cell lines were treated with curcumin-loaded liposomes corresponding to a curcumin concentration of 0–100 µmol/L for 4 h followed by illumination at 457 nm (blue) for 45, 136, and 227 s at a fluence of 220.2 W/m2 (100 mA) corresponding to 1, 3 and 5 J·cm−2. After 24 h, the biological outcome of the treatment was assessed with the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide), SYTO9/PI (propidium iodide), Annexin V-FITC (fluorescein isothiocyanate)/PI, clonogenic survival, and scratch (wound closure) assays. Photoactivation of curcumin-loaded liposomes led to a significant reduction in colony formation and migratory abilities, as well as to an increase in tumor cell death. The results point to the combination of curcumin-loaded liposomes with PDT as a potentially useful tool for the treatment of papillomavirus-associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazala Ambreen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany; (G.A.); (L.D.); (I.T.); (U.A.); (S.A.); (S.R.P.)
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35033 Marburg, Germany
| | - Lili Duse
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany; (G.A.); (L.D.); (I.T.); (U.A.); (S.A.); (S.R.P.)
| | - Imran Tariq
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany; (G.A.); (L.D.); (I.T.); (U.A.); (S.A.); (S.R.P.)
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Allama Iqbal Campus, 54000 Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Uzma Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany; (G.A.); (L.D.); (I.T.); (U.A.); (S.A.); (S.R.P.)
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35033 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sajid Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany; (G.A.); (L.D.); (I.T.); (U.A.); (S.A.); (S.R.P.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, 54000 Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shashank R. Pinnapireddy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany; (G.A.); (L.D.); (I.T.); (U.A.); (S.A.); (S.R.P.)
- CSL Behring GmbH, 35041 Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Bette
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Udo Bakowsky
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany; (G.A.); (L.D.); (I.T.); (U.A.); (S.A.); (S.R.P.)
- Correspondence: (U.B.); (R.M.); Tel.: +4964212825884 (U.B.); +4964215861400 (R.M.)
| | - Robert Mandic
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35033 Marburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (U.B.); (R.M.); Tel.: +4964212825884 (U.B.); +4964215861400 (R.M.)
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11
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Walcher L, Kistenmacher AK, Suo H, Kitte R, Dluczek S, Strauß A, Blaudszun AR, Yevsa T, Fricke S, Kossatz-Boehlert U. Cancer Stem Cells-Origins and Biomarkers: Perspectives for Targeted Personalized Therapies. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1280. [PMID: 32849491 PMCID: PMC7426526 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 434] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of biomarkers in diagnosis, therapy and prognosis has gained increasing interest over the last decades. In particular, the analysis of biomarkers in cancer patients within the pre- and post-therapeutic period is required to identify several types of cells, which carry a risk for a disease progression and subsequent post-therapeutic relapse. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of tumor cells that can drive tumor initiation and can cause relapses. At the time point of tumor initiation, CSCs originate from either differentiated cells or adult tissue resident stem cells. Due to their importance, several biomarkers that characterize CSCs have been identified and correlated to diagnosis, therapy and prognosis. However, CSCs have been shown to display a high plasticity, which changes their phenotypic and functional appearance. Such changes are induced by chemo- and radiotherapeutics as well as senescent tumor cells, which cause alterations in the tumor microenvironment. Induction of senescence causes tumor shrinkage by modulating an anti-tumorigenic environment in which tumor cells undergo growth arrest and immune cells are attracted. Besides these positive effects after therapy, senescence can also have negative effects displayed post-therapeutically. These unfavorable effects can directly promote cancer stemness by increasing CSC plasticity phenotypes, by activating stemness pathways in non-CSCs, as well as by promoting senescence escape and subsequent activation of stemness pathways. At the end, all these effects can lead to tumor relapse and metastasis. This review provides an overview of the most frequently used CSC markers and their implementation as biomarkers by focussing on deadliest solid (lung, stomach, liver, breast and colorectal cancers) and hematological (acute myeloid leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia) cancers. Furthermore, it gives examples on how the CSC markers might be influenced by therapeutics, such as chemo- and radiotherapy, and the tumor microenvironment. It points out, that it is crucial to identify and monitor residual CSCs, senescent tumor cells, and the pro-tumorigenic senescence-associated secretory phenotype in a therapy follow-up using specific biomarkers. As a future perspective, a targeted immune-mediated strategy using chimeric antigen receptor based approaches for the removal of remaining chemotherapy-resistant cells as well as CSCs in a personalized therapeutic approach are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Walcher
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Kistenmacher
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Huizhen Suo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reni Kitte
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sarah Dluczek
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Strauß
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - André-René Blaudszun
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tetyana Yevsa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephan Fricke
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Uta Kossatz-Boehlert
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
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12
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Lazaro-Carrillo A, Calero M, Aires A, L. Cortajarena A, Simões BM, Latorre A, Somoza Á, Clarke RB, Miranda R, Villanueva A. Tailored Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles to Target Breast Cancer Cells Including Cancer Stem-Like Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061397. [PMID: 32485849 PMCID: PMC7352336 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology-based approaches hold substantial potential to avoid chemoresistance and minimize side effects. In this work, we have used biocompatible iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) called MF66 and functionalized with the antineoplastic drug doxorubicin (DOX) against MDA-MB-231 cells. Electrostatically functionalized MNPs showed effective uptake and DOX linked to MNPs was more efficiently retained inside the cells than free DOX, leading to cell inactivation by mitotic catastrophe, senescence and apoptosis. Both effects, uptake and cytotoxicity, were demonstrated by different assays and videomicroscopy techniques. Likewise, covalently functionalized MNPs using three different linkers—disulfide (DOX-S-S-Pyr, called MF66-S-S-DOX), imine (DOX-I-Mal, called MF66-I-DOX) or both (DOX-I-S-S-Pyr, called MF66-S-S-I-DOX)—were also analysed. The highest cell death was detected using a linker sensitive to both pH and reducing environment (DOX-I-S-S-Pyr). The greatest success of this study was to detect also their activity against breast cancer stem-like cells (CSC) from MDA-MB-231 and primary breast cancer cells derived from a patient with a similar genetic profile (triple-negative breast cancer). In summary, these nanoformulations are promising tools as therapeutic agent vehicles, due to their ability to produce efficient internalization, drug delivery, and cancer cell inactivation, even in cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) from patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lazaro-Carrillo
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (A.L.-C.); (M.C.)
| | - Macarena Calero
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (A.L.-C.); (M.C.)
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (A.A.); (A.L.C.); (A.L.); (Á.S.); (R.M.)
- Departamento Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Séneca 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Aires
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (A.A.); (A.L.C.); (A.L.); (Á.S.); (R.M.)
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 182, 20014 Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Aitziber L. Cortajarena
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (A.A.); (A.L.C.); (A.L.); (Á.S.); (R.M.)
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 182, 20014 Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Bruno M. Simões
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, 555 Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK; (B.M.S.); (R.B.C.)
| | - Alfonso Latorre
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (A.A.); (A.L.C.); (A.L.); (Á.S.); (R.M.)
| | - Álvaro Somoza
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (A.A.); (A.L.C.); (A.L.); (Á.S.); (R.M.)
| | - Robert B. Clarke
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, 555 Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK; (B.M.S.); (R.B.C.)
| | - Rodolfo Miranda
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (A.A.); (A.L.C.); (A.L.); (Á.S.); (R.M.)
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angeles Villanueva
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (A.L.-C.); (M.C.)
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (A.A.); (A.L.C.); (A.L.); (Á.S.); (R.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-914978236
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13
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Ma C, Zhuang Z, Su Q, He J, Li H. Curcumin Has Anti-Proliferative and Pro-Apoptotic Effects on Tongue Cancer in vitro: A Study with Bioinformatics Analysis and in vitro Experiments. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:509-518. [PMID: 32099333 PMCID: PMC7007779 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s237830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This study focused on the mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of curcumin against tongue cancer (TC). Methods Target genes of TC and curcumin were identified, respectively. Three datasets of TC from Gene Expression Omnibus were included, and then the differentially expressed genes were collected. After combing the data from The Cancer Genome Atlas, bioinformatics analyses were performed to investigate hub genes in terms of the functions and correlations. The proliferation and migration of TC cells were evaluated with CCK-8 assay and scratch wound healing assay, respectively. Cell apoptosis was evaluated by TUNEL assay, flow cytometry and Western blot. Cell cycle was determined by flow cytometry. Results In this study, 15 hub genes were identified (TK1, TDRD3, TAGLN2, RNASEH2A, PDE2A, NCF2, MAP3K3, GPX3, GPD1L, GBP1, ENO1, CAT, ALDH6A1, AGPS and ACACB). They were mainly enriched in oxygen-related processes, such as oxidation-reduction process, reactive oxygen species metabolic process, hydrogen peroxide catabolic process, oxidoreductase activity and Peroxisome-related pathway. The expression levels of hub gene mRNAs were positively correlated with each other's expression levels. None of the hub genes was correlated with prognosis (P > 0.05). Curcumin significantly inhibited CAL 27 cell proliferation and migration (P < 0.05), but significantly promoted cell apoptosis (P < 0.05). Conclusion Curcumin has potential therapeutic effect on treating TC by suppressing cell proliferation and migration, as well as promoting apoptosis through modulating oxygen-related signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongming Zhuang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Qisheng Su
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng He
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoyu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
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14
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García-Venzor A, Mandujano-Tinoco EA, Lizarraga F, Zampedri C, Krötzsch E, Salgado RM, Dávila-Borja VM, Encarnación-Guevara S, Melendez-Zajgla J, Maldonado V. Microenvironment-regulated lncRNA-HAL is able to promote stemness in breast cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:118523. [PMID: 31401107 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multicellular Tumor Spheroids culture (MCTS) is an in vitro model mimicking the characteristics of the tumor microenvironment, such as hypoxia and acidosis, resulting in the presence of both proliferating and quiescent cell populations. lncRNA's is a novel group of regulatory molecules that participates in the acquisition of tumorigenic phenotypes. In the present work we evaluated the oncogenic association of an uncharacterized lncRNA (lncRNA-HAL) in the tumorigenic phenotype induced by the MCTS microenvironment. We measured lncRNA-HAL expression level in MCF-7-MCTS populations and under different hypoxic conditions by RT-qPCR. Afterwards, we silenced lncRNA-HAL expression by shRNAs and evaluated its effect in MCF-7 transcriptome (by RNAseq) and validated the modified cellular processes by proliferation, migration, and stem cells assays. Finally, we analyzed which proteins interacts with lncRNA-HAL by ChIRP assay, to propose a possible molecular mechanism for this lncRNA. We found that lncRNA-HAL is overexpressed in the internal quiescent populations (p27 positive populations) of MCF-7-MCTS, mainly in the quiescent stem cell population, being hypoxia one of the microenvironmental cues responsible of its overexpression. Transcriptome analysis of lncRNA-HAL knockdown MCF7 cells revealed that lncRNA-HAL effect is associated with proliferation, migration and cell survival mechanisms; moreover, lncRNA-HAL silencing increased cell proliferation and impaired cancer stem cell proportion and function, resulting in decreased tumor grafting in vivo. In addition, we found that this lncRNA was overexpressed in triple-negative breast cancer patients. Analysis by ChIRP assay showed that this nuclear lncRNA binds to histones and hnRNPs suggesting a participation at the chromatin level and transcriptional regulation. The results obtained in the present work suggest that the function of lncRNA-HAL is associated with quiescent stem cell populations, which in turn is relevant due to its implications in cancer cell survival and resistance against treatment in vivo. Altogether, our data highlights a new lncRNA whose expression is regulated by the tumor microenvironment and associated to stemness in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo García-Venzor
- Epigenetics, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genomica, Periferico Sur No.4809, Col Arenal Tepepan, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14610, Mexico
| | - Edna Ayerim Mandujano-Tinoco
- Epigenetics, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genomica, Periferico Sur No.4809, Col Arenal Tepepan, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14610, Mexico; Laboratory of Connective Tissue, Centro Nacional de Investigación y Atención de Quemados, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Floria Lizarraga
- Epigenetics, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genomica, Periferico Sur No.4809, Col Arenal Tepepan, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14610, Mexico
| | - Cecilia Zampedri
- Epigenetics, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genomica, Periferico Sur No.4809, Col Arenal Tepepan, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14610, Mexico
| | - Edgar Krötzsch
- Laboratory of Connective Tissue, Centro Nacional de Investigación y Atención de Quemados, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosa María Salgado
- Laboratory of Connective Tissue, Centro Nacional de Investigación y Atención de Quemados, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra", Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Sergio Encarnación-Guevara
- Programa de Genómica Funcional de Procariontes, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 62210 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Jorge Melendez-Zajgla
- Functional Genomics Laboratories, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genomica, Periferico Sur No.4809, Col Arenal Tepepan, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14610, Mexico
| | - Vilma Maldonado
- Epigenetics, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genomica, Periferico Sur No.4809, Col Arenal Tepepan, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14610, Mexico.
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15
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Park HB, Kim YJ, Lee SM, Park JS, Kim KS. Dual Drug-Loaded Liposomes for Synergistic Efficacy in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells and Cancer Stem Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.15616/bsl.2019.25.2.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Bin Park
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea
| | - Yun-Ji Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea
| | - Seong-Min Lee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea
| | | | - Keun-Sik Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea
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Gu J, Xu T, Huang QH, Zhang CM, Chen HY. HMGB3 silence inhibits breast cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth by interacting with hypoxia-inducible factor 1α. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:5075-5089. [PMID: 31213919 PMCID: PMC6549700 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s204357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor that affects women with higher incidence. High-mobility group box 3 (HMGB3) plays critical functions in DNA repair, recombination, transcription and replication. This study aimed to investigate the effects of HMGB3 silence on mammosphere formation and tumor growth of breast cancer. Methods: LV5-HMGB3 and LV3-siHMGB3 vectors were transfected into MCF10A, MDA-MB-231, HCC1937, ZR-75-1 and MCF7 cells. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was used to evaluate cell proliferation. Xenograft tumor mice model was established by injection of MDA-MB-231. qRT-PCR and western blot were used to examine the expression of Nanog, Sox2 and OCT-4. Mammosphere forming assay was employed to evaluate mammosphere formation both in vivo and in vitro. Dual luciferase assay was utilized to verify the interaction between HMGB3 and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α). CD44+/CD24− was assessed with flow cytometry. Results: HMGB3 expression was higher significantly (p<0.05) in cancer cells compared to normal cells. HMGB3 overexpression significantly (p<0.05) enhanced and HMGB3 silence reduced cell proliferative mice compared to MCF10A and MDA-MB-231, respectively. HMGB3 overexpression enhanced and HMGB3 silence inhibited mammosphere formation. HMGB3 overexpression upregulated and HMGB3 silence downregulated Nanog, SOX2 and OCT-4 genes/proteins in MCF10A and MDA-MB-231 cells, respectively. HMGB3 silence reduced CD44+/CD24− levels in cancer cells. Silence of HMGB3 strengthened reductive effects of PTX on tumor sizes, iPSC biomarkers and mammosphere amounts in xenograft tumor mouse models. HMGB3 silence inhibited mammoshpere formation, cell proliferation and CD44+CD24− by interacting with HIF1α. Conclusion: HMGB3 silence could inhibit the cell proliferation in vitro and suppress tumor growth in vivo levels. The antitumor effects of HMGB3 silence were mediated by interacting with the HIF1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gu
- Department of Health Check-Up Center, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Health Check-Up Center, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin-Hua Huang
- Department of Health Check-Up Center, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, People's Republic of China
| | - Chu-Miao Zhang
- Department of Health Check-Up Center, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Yan Chen
- Department of Health Check-Up Center, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, People's Republic of China
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17
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Komemi O, Shochet GE, Pomeranz M, Fishman A, Pasmanik-Chor M, Drucker L, Matalon ST, Lishner M. Placenta-conditioned extracellular matrix (ECM) activates breast cancer cell survival mechanisms: A key for future distant metastases. Int J Cancer 2019; 144:1633-1644. [PMID: 30194759 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) affects cancer cell characteristics. Inability of normal epithelial cells to attach to the ECM induces apoptosis (anoikis). Cancer cells are often anoikis resistant, a prerequisite for their metastatic spread. Previously we demonstrated that the placenta manipulates its surrounding ECM in a way that prevents breast cancer cells (BCCL) attachment and induces their motility and aggregation. This fits with the fact that although breast cancer during pregnancy is often advanced, metastasis to the placenta is rarely observed. Placental intervillous space provides suitable conditions for cancer cell arrival. Yet, the outcome of the short communication between the placental ECM to the BCCL and its effect on BCCL malignant potential are unknown, and are the focus of our study. In the current study we analyzed the effect of placental ECM on BCCL survival pathways and drug resistance. Microarray analysis suggested activation of the NF-κB and stress response pathways. Indeed, the placenta-conditioned ECM induced autophagy in ERα + BCCL, inactivated the NF-κB inhibitor (IκB) and increased integrin α5 in the BCCL. The autophagy mediated MCF-7 and T47D migration and the placental ECM-BCCL interactions reduced the BCCL sensitivity to Taxol. We also demonstrated by using siRNA that integrin α5 was responsible for the MCF-7 autophagy and suggest this molecule as a suitable target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oded Komemi
- Oncogenetic Laboratory, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Meir Pomeranz
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Ami Fishman
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Metsada Pasmanik-Chor
- Bioinformatics Unit, Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Liat Drucker
- Oncogenetic Laboratory, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shelly Tartakover Matalon
- Oncogenetic Laboratory, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michael Lishner
- Oncogenetic Laboratory, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Internal Medicine A, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
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Bailey PC, Lee RM, Vitolo MI, Pratt SJP, Ory E, Chakrabarti K, Lee CJ, Thompson KN, Martin SS. Single-Cell Tracking of Breast Cancer Cells Enables Prediction of Sphere Formation from Early Cell Divisions. iScience 2018; 8:29-39. [PMID: 30268511 PMCID: PMC6170521 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammosphere assay has become widely employed to quantify stem-like cells in a population. However, the problem is there is no standard protocol employed by the field. Cell seeding densities of 1,000 to 100,000 cells/mL have been reported. These high densities lead to cellular aggregation. To address this, we have individually tracked 1,127 single MCF-7 and 696 single T47D human breast tumor cells by eye over the course of 14 days. This tracking has given us detailed information for the commonly used endpoints of 5, 7, and 14 days that is unclouded by cellular aggregation. This includes mean sphere sizes, sphere-forming efficiencies, and a well-defined minimum size for both lines. Importantly, we have correlated early cell division with eventual sphere formation. At 24 hr post seeding, we can predict the total spheres on day 14 with 98% accuracy in both lines. This approach removes cell aggregation and potentially shortens a 5- to 14-day assay to a 24 hours. Single-cell tracking removes confounding aggregation from the mammosphere assay Tracking reveals sphere-forming efficiencies much higher than commonly reported True clonal spheres are smaller than commonly reported At 24 hours, tracking can predict total day 14 spheres with 98% accuracy
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Bailey
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 800 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Rachel M Lee
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Bressler Research Building Rm 10-29, 655 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Michele I Vitolo
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Bressler Research Building Rm 10-29, 655 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Stephen J P Pratt
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 800 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Eleanor Ory
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Bressler Research Building Rm 10-29, 655 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Kristi Chakrabarti
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Bressler Research Building Rm 10-29, 655 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Cornell J Lee
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Bressler Research Building Rm 10-29, 655 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Keyata N Thompson
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Stuart S Martin
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 800 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Bressler Research Building Rm 10-29, 655 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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19
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miR-140-5p inhibits the proliferation and enhances the efficacy of doxorubicin to breast cancer stem cells by targeting Wnt1. Cancer Gene Ther 2018; 26:74-82. [PMID: 30032164 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-018-0035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small non-coding single-stranded RNAs molecules, the dysregulation of which plays a critical role in the initiation and biological progression of malignancies. The current study demonstrated that miR-140-5p was frequently downregulated in breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs), and miR-140-5p mimics could inhibit the proliferation of BCSCs. Moreover, Wnt1 was a direct target of miR-140-5p, as was proved by luciferase reporter assays. miR-140-5p mimics could downregulate the wnt1 mRNA and protein levels in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Furthermore, miR-140 mimics could enhance the sensitivity of BCSCs to doxorubicin (Dox) through the Wnt1/ABCB1 pathway both in vitro and vivo. Our findings have presented a novel miRNA-mediated regulatory network for BCSCs, which may provide a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer.
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Abstract
Curcumin (CUR) is a yellow polyphenolic compound derived from the plant turmeric. It is widely used to treat many types of diseases, including cancers such as those of lung, cervices, prostate, breast, bone and liver. However, its effectiveness has been limited due to poor aqueous solubility, low bioavailability and rapid metabolism and systemic elimination. To solve these problems, researchers have tried to explore novel drug delivery systems such as liposomes, solid dispersion, microemulsion, micelles, nanogels and dendrimers. Among these, liposomes have been the most extensively studied. Liposomal CUR formulation has greater growth inhibitory and pro-apoptotic effects on cancer cells. This review mainly focuses on the preparation of liposomes containing CUR and its use in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yumeng Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Robert J Lee
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
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21
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Agliano A, Calvo A, Box C. The challenge of targeting cancer stem cells to halt metastasis. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 44:25-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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