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Yang H, Tian Z. Analysis of mutation-originated gain-of-glycosylation using mass spectrometry-based N-glycoproteomics. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2024; 38:e9838. [PMID: 38924612 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE A general N-glycoproteomics analysis pipeline has been established for characterization of mutation-related gain-of-glycosylation (GoG) at intact N-glycopeptide molecular level, generating comprehensive site and structure information of N-glycosylation. METHODS This study focused on mutation-originated GoG using a mass spectrometry-based N-glycoproteomics analysis workflow. In brief, GoG intact N-glycopeptide databases were built, consisting of 2701 proteins (potential GoG N-glycosites and amino acids derived from MUTAGEN, VARIANT and VAR_SEQ in UniProt) and 6709 human N-glycans (≤50 sequence isomers per monosaccharide composition). We employed the site- and structure-specific N-glycoproteomics workflow utilizing intact N-glycopeptides search engine GPSeeker to identify GoG intact N-glycopeptides from parental breast cancer stem cells (MCF-7 CSCs) and adriamycin-resistant breast cancer stem cells (MCF-7/ADR CSCs). RESULTS With the criteria of spectrum-level false discovery rate control of ≤1%, we identified 87 and 94 GoG intact N-glycopeptides corresponding to 37 and 35 intact N-glycoproteins from MCF-7 CSCs and MCF-7/ADR CSCs, respectively. Micro-heterogeneity and macro-heterogeneity of N-glycosylation from GoG intact N-glycoproteins with VAR_SEQ and VARIANT were found in both MCF-7 CSCs and MCF-7/ADR CSCs systems. CONCLUSIONS The integration of site- and structure-specific N-glycoproteomics approach, conjugating with GoG characterization, provides a universal workflow for revealing comprehensive N-glycosite and N-glycan structure information of GoG. The analysis of mutation-originated GoG can be extended to GoG characterization of other N-glycoproteome systems including complex clinical tissues and body fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailun Yang
- School of Chemical Science & Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhixin Tian
- School of Chemical Science & Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Xu H, Zhang LB, Luo YY, Wang L, Zhang YP, Chen PQ, Ba XY, Han J, Luo H. Synaptotagmins family affect glucose transport in retinal pigment epithelial cells through their ubiquitination-mediated degradation and glucose transporter-1 regulation. World J Diabetes 2024; 15:958-976. [PMID: 38766439 PMCID: PMC11099358 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i5.958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synaptotagmins (SYTs) are a family of 17 membrane transporters that function as calcium ion sensors during the release of Ca2+-dependent neurotransmitters and hormones. However, few studies have reported whether members of the SYT family play a role in glucose uptake in diabetic retinopathy (DR) through Ca2+/glucose transporter-1 (GLUT1) and the possible regulatory mechanism of SYTs. AIM To elucidate the role of the SYT family in the regulation of glucose transport in retinal pigment epithelial cells and explore its potential as a therapeutic target for the clinical management of DR. METHODS DR was induced by streptozotocin in C57BL/6J mice and by high glucose medium in human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19). Bioinformatics analysis, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, flow cytometry, ELISA, HE staining, and TUNEL staining were used for analysis. RESULTS Six differentially expressed proteins (SYT2, SYT3, SYT4, SYT7, SYT11, and SYT13) were found between the DR and control groups, and SYT4 was highly expressed. Hyperglycemia induces SYT4 overexpression, manipulates Ca2+ influx to induce GLUT1 fusion with the plasma membrane, promotes abnormal expression of the glucose transporter GLUT1 and excessive glucose uptake, induces ARPE-19 cell apoptosis, and promotes DR progression. Parkin deficiency inhibits the proteasomal degradation of SYT4 in DR, resulting in SYT4 accumulation and enhanced GLUT1 fusion with the plasma membrane, and these effects were blocked by oe-Parkin treatment. Moreover, dysregulation of the myelin transcription factor 1 (Myt1)-induced transcription of SYT4 in DR further activated the SYT4-mediated stimulus-secretion coupling process, and this process was inhibited in the oe-MYT1-treated group. CONCLUSION Our study reveals the key role of SYT4 in regulating glucose transport in retinal pigment epithelial cells during the pathogenesis of DR and the underlying mechanism and suggests potential therapeutic targets for clinical DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The People’s Hospital of Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture & The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture 675000, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Li-Bo Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The People’s Hospital of Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture & The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture 675000, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yi-Yi Luo
- Precision Medicine Center of Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, The People’s Hospital of Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture & The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture 675000, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The People’s Hospital of Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture & The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture 675000, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Ye-Pin Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The People’s Hospital of Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture & The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture 675000, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Pei-Qi Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The People’s Hospital of Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture & The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture 675000, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xue-Ying Ba
- Precision Medicine Center of Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, The People’s Hospital of Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture & The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture 675000, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jian Han
- Precision Medicine Center of Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, The People’s Hospital of Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture & The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture 675000, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Heng Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, The People’s Hospital of Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture & The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture 675000, Yunnan Province, China
- Precision Medicine Center of Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, The People’s Hospital of Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture & The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Dali University, Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture 675000, Yunnan Province, China
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Asfa S, Toy HI, Arshinchi Bonab R, Chrousos GP, Pavlopoulou A, Geronikolou SA. Soft Tissue Ewing Sarcoma Cell Drug Resistance Revisited: A Systems Biology Approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6288. [PMID: 37444135 PMCID: PMC10341845 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20136288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is a rare type of cancer that develops in the bones and soft tissues. Drug therapy represents an extensively used modality for the treatment of sarcomas. However, cancer cells tend to develop resistance to antineoplastic agents, thereby posing a major barrier in treatment effectiveness. Thus, there is a need to uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying chemoresistance in sarcomas and, hence, to enhance the anticancer treatment outcome. In this study, a differential gene expression analysis was conducted on high-throughput transcriptomic data of chemoresistant versus chemoresponsive Ewing sarcoma cells. By applying functional enrichment analysis and protein-protein interactions on the differentially expressed genes and their corresponding products, we uncovered genes with a hub role in drug resistance. Granted that non-coding RNA epigenetic regulators play a pivotal role in chemotherapy by targeting genes associated with drug response, we investigated the non-coding RNA molecules that potentially regulate the expression of the detected chemoresistance genes. Of particular importance, some chemoresistance-relevant genes were associated with the autonomic nervous system, suggesting the involvement of the latter in the drug response. The findings of this study could be taken into consideration in the clinical setting for the accurate assessment of drug response in sarcoma patients and the application of tailored therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedehsadaf Asfa
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), 35340 Izmir, Turkey; (S.A.); (H.I.T.); (R.A.B.)
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, 35340 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Halil Ibrahim Toy
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), 35340 Izmir, Turkey; (S.A.); (H.I.T.); (R.A.B.)
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, 35340 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Reza Arshinchi Bonab
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), 35340 Izmir, Turkey; (S.A.); (H.I.T.); (R.A.B.)
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, 35340 Izmir, Turkey
| | - George P. Chrousos
- Clinical, Translational and Experimental Surgery Research Centre, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Soranou Ephessiou 4, 11527 Athens, Greece;
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children’s Hospital, Levadeias 8, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasia Pavlopoulou
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), 35340 Izmir, Turkey; (S.A.); (H.I.T.); (R.A.B.)
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, 35340 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Styliani A. Geronikolou
- Clinical, Translational and Experimental Surgery Research Centre, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Soranou Ephessiou 4, 11527 Athens, Greece;
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children’s Hospital, Levadeias 8, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Li Z, Tao Y, Gao Z, Peng S, Lai Y, Li K, Chen X, Huang H. SYTL2 promotes metastasis of prostate cancer cells by enhancing FSCN1-mediated pseudopodia formation and invasion. J Transl Med 2023; 21:303. [PMID: 37147713 PMCID: PMC10161564 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04146-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa) has a poor prognosis with limited treatment options. The high mobility of tumor cells is the key driving characteristic of metastasis. However, the mechanism is complex and far from clarified in PCa. Therefore, it is essential to explore the mechanism of metastasis and discover an intrinsic biomarker for mPCa. METHODS Transcriptome sequencing data and clinicopathologic features of PCa from multifarious public databases were used to identify novel metastatic genes in PCa. The PCa tissue cohort containing 102 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples was used to evaluate the clinicopathologic features of synaptotagmin-like 2 (SYTL2) in PCa. The function of SYTL2 was investigated by migration and invasion assays and a 3D migration model in vitro and a popliteal lymph node metastasis model in vivo. We performed coimmunoprecipitation and protein stability assays to clarify the mechanism of SYTL2. RESULTS We discovered a pseudopodia regulator, SYTL2, which correlated with a higher Gleason score, worse prognosis and higher risk of metastasis. Functional experiments revealed that SYTL2 promoted migration, invasion and lymph node metastasis by increasing pseudopodia formation in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, SYTL2 induced pseudopodia formation by enhancing the stability of fascin actin-bundling protein 1 (FSCN1) by binding and inhibiting the proteasome degradation pathway. Targeting FSCN1 enabled rescue and reversal of the oncogenic effect of SYTL2. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our study established an FSCN1-dependent mechanism by which SYTL2 regulates the mobility of PCa cells. We also found that the SYTL2-FSCN1-pseudopodia axis may serve as a pharmacological and novel target for treating mPCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zean Li
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107. W. Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yiran Tao
- Department of Urology, The Six Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Ze Gao
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Shirong Peng
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107. W. Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yiming Lai
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107. W. Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Kaiwen Li
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107. W. Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107. W. Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Urological Diseases, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Hai Huang
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107. W. Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Urological Diseases, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
- Department of Urology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, 511518, Guangdong, China.
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Kharrati-Koopaee H, Ebrahimie E, Dadpasand M, Niazi A, Tian R, Esmailizadeh A. Gene network analysis to determine the effect of hypoxia-associated genes on brain damages and tumorigenesis using an avian model. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:100. [PMID: 34236536 PMCID: PMC8266987 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00184-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia refers to the condition of low oxygen pressure in the atmosphere and characterization of response to hypoxia as a biological complex puzzle, is challenging. Previously, we carried out a comparative genomic study by whole genome resequencing of highland and lowland Iranian native chickens to identify genomic variants associated with hypoxia conditions. Based on our previous findings, we used chicken as a model and the identified hypoxia-associated genes were converted to human's orthologs genes to construct the informative gene network. The main goal of this study was to visualize the features of diseases due to hypoxia-associated genes by gene network analysis. RESULTS It was found that hypoxia-associated genes contained several gene networks of disorders such as Parkinson, Alzheimer, cardiomyopathy, drug toxicity, and cancers. We found that biological pathways are involved in mitochondrion dysfunctions including peroxynitrous acid production denoted in brain injuries. Lewy body and neuromelanin were reported as key symptoms in Parkinson disease. Furthermore, calmodulin, and amyloid precursor protein were detected as leader proteins in Alzheimer's diseases. Dexamethasone was reported as the candidate toxic drug under the hypoxia condition that implicates diabetes, osteoporosis, and neurotoxicity. Our results suggested DNA damages caused by the high doses of UV radiation in high-altitude conditions, were associated with breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and colorectal cancer. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that hypoxia-associated genes were enriched in several gene networks of disorders including Parkinson, Alzheimer, cardiomyopathy, drug toxicity, and different types of cancers. Furthermore, we suggested, UV radiation and low oxygen conditions in high-altitude regions may be responsible for the variety of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Kharrati-Koopaee
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Esmaeil Ebrahimie
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Genomics Research Platform, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mohammad Dadpasand
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Ali Niazi
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Rugang Tian
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, 010031, China
| | - Ali Esmailizadeh
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
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Yang MF, Long XX, Hu HS, Bin YL, Chen XM, Wu BH, Peng QZ, Wang LS, Yao J, Li DF. Comprehensive analysis on the expression profile and prognostic values of Synaptotagmins (SYTs) family members and their methylation levels in gastric cancer. Bioengineered 2021; 12:3550-3565. [PMID: 34229539 PMCID: PMC8806422 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1951059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptotagmins (SYTs), constitute a family of 17 membrane-trafficking protein, palying crucial roles in the development and progression of human cancers. However, only very few studies have investigated the expression profile and prognostic values of SYTs family members in gastric cancer (GC). Therefore, we comprehensively evaluated the expression, methylation, prognosis and immune significance of SYTs family members through bioinformatics analysis from the online databases in GC. The expressions of SYT4, SYT9, and SYT14 were up-regulated, and negatively associated with their methylation levels in GC. Both the over-expression of SYT4, SYT9 and SYT14 and their hypomethylation levels contributed to an unsatisfactory overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in GC. Moreover, the low expressions of several methylation cg sites (cg02795029, cg07581146, cg15149095, cg19922137, cg25371503, cg26158959, cg02269161, cg03226737, cg08185661, cg16437728, cg22723056 and cg24678137) were significantly correlated with an unfavorable OS and PFS in GC. Furthermore, the expression of SYT4, SYT9 and SYT14 played a pivotal role in immune cells infiltration in GC. Collectively, our current finding suggested that SYT4, SYT9 and SYT14 might be potent prognostic indictors and promising immunotherapeutic targets for GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Feng Yang
- Department of Hematology, Yantian District People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xing-Xing Long
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of South China of University, South China of University, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Hong-Sai Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Yu-Ling Bin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Xuan-Ming Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of South China of University, South China of University, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Ben-Hua Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Quan-Zhou Peng
- Department of Pathology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Li-Sheng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - De-Feng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Shi JY, Bi YY, Yu BF, Wang QF, Teng D, Wu DN. Alternative Splicing Events in Tumor Immune Infiltration in Colorectal Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:583547. [PMID: 33996533 PMCID: PMC8117221 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.583547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research, the exact mechanisms involved in colorectal cancer (CRC) etiology and pathogenesis remain unclear. This study aimed to examine the correlation between tumor-associated alternative splicing (AS) events and tumor immune infiltration (TII) in CRC. We analyzed transcriptome profiling and clinical CRC data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and lists of AS-related and immune-related signatures from the SpliceSeq and Innate databases, respectively to develop and validate a risk model of differential AS events and subsequently a TII risk model. We then conducted a two-factor survival analysis to study the association between TII and AS risk and evaluated the associations between immune signatures and six types of immune cells based on the TIMER database. Subsequently, we studied the distribution of six types of TII cells in high- and low-risk groups for seven AS events and in total. We obtained the profiles of AS events/genes for 484 patients, which included 473 CRC tumor samples and 41 corresponding normal samples, and detected 22581 AS events in 8122 genes. Exon Skip (ES) (8446) and Mutually Exclusive Exons (ME) (74) exhibited the most and fewest AS events, respectively. We then classified the 433 patients with CRC into low-risk (n = 217) and high-risk (n = 216) groups based on the median risk score in different AS events. Compared with patients with low-risk scores (mortality = 11.8%), patients with high-risk scores were associated with poor overall survival (mortality = 27.6%). The risk score, cancer stage, and pathological stage (T, M, and N) were closely correlated with prognosis in patients with CRC (P < 0.001). We identified 6479 differentially expressed genes from the transcriptome profiles of CRC and intersected 468 differential immune-related signatures. High-AS-risk and high-TII-risk predicted a poor prognosis in CRC. Different AS types were associated with different TII risk characteristics. Alternate Acceptor site (AA) and Alternate Promoter (AP) events directly affected the concentration of CD4T cells, and the level of CD8T cells was closely correlated with Alternate Terminator (AT) and Exon Skip (ES) events. Thus, the concentration of CD4T and CD8T cells in the CRC immune microenvironment was not specifically modulated by AS. However, B cell, dendritic cell, macrophage, and neutrophilic cell levels were strongly correlated with AS events. These results indicate adverse associations between AS event risk levels and immune cell infiltration density. Taken together, our findings show a clear association between tumor-associated alternative splicing and immune cell infiltration events and patient outcome and could form a basis for the identification of novel markers and therapeutic targets for CRC and other cancers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Yu Shi
- Department of Proctology, Ping Yi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Yan-Yan Bi
- Department of Proctology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji Nan, China
| | - Bian-Fang Yu
- Department of Proctology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji Nan, China
| | - Qing-Feng Wang
- Department of Basic Pharmacology, College of Integration of Traditional and Western Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Dan Teng
- Artificial Intelligence and Big Data College, HE University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dong-Ning Wu
- Clinical Evaluation Center, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Zhou X, Li J, Teng J, Liu Y, Zhang D, Liu L, Zhang W. Long noncoding RNA BSN-AS2 induced by E2F1 promotes spinal osteosarcoma progression by targeting miR-654-3p/SYTL2 axis. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:133. [PMID: 32351327 PMCID: PMC7183609 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01205-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal osteosarcoma (OS) is a rare and aggressive malignancy. Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) BSN-AS2 has been shown to be an oncogenic gene in several cancers. However, the role and function of BSN-AS2 in spinal OS were unfamiliar. Our study identified that BSN-AS2 expression was boosted in spinal OS tissues and cell lines. Transcription factor E2F1 induced the upregulation of BSN-AS2 expression in spinal OS cells. Afterwards, loss-of-function assays indicated that BSN-AS2 depletion reduced cell proliferation, migration and invasion as well as promoted cell apoptosis in spinal OS. Thereafter, RIP, RNA pull down and luciferase reporter assays manifested BSN-AS2 could sponge miR-654-3p in spinal OS. After that, the binding effect of between miR-654-3p and SYTL2 was proved. Finally, rescue experiments illustrated that miR-654-3p inhibition or SYTL2 overexpression could counteract the inhibitory effect caused by BSN-AS2 deficiency on spinal OS progression. In conclusion, the availability of miR-654-3p was antagonized by E2F1-induced BSN-AS2 for SYTL2-meidated spinal OS progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwei Zhou
- Spine Surgery, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, No. 100 Yongping Road, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan China
| | - Jitian Li
- Laboratory of Bone Tumor, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan China
| | - Junyan Teng
- Department of Osteoarthrosis & Health Management Center, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan China
| | - Yufeng Liu
- Spine Surgery, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, No. 100 Yongping Road, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan China
| | - Di Zhang
- Spine Surgery, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, No. 100 Yongping Road, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan China
| | - Linyun Liu
- Department of Osteoarthrosis & Health Management Center, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan China
| | - Wenming Zhang
- Spine Surgery, Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, No. 100 Yongping Road, Zhengzhou, 450000 Henan China
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Eizuka K, Nakashima D, Oka N, Wagai S, Takahara T, Saito T, Koike K, Kasamatsu A, Shiiba M, Tanzawa H, Uzawa K. SYT12 plays a critical role in oral cancer and may be a novel therapeutic target. J Cancer 2019; 10:4913-4920. [PMID: 31598163 PMCID: PMC6775516 DOI: 10.7150/jca.32582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptotagmin12 (SYT12) has been well characterized as the regulator of transmitter release in the nervous system, however the relevance and molecular mechanisms of SYT12 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) are not understood. In the current study, we investigated the expression of SYT12 and its molecular biological functions in OSCC by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, immunoblot analysis, and immunohistochemistry. SYT12 were up-regulated significantly in OSCC-derived cell lines and primary OSCC tissue compared with the normal counterparts (P<0.05) and the SYT12 expression levels were correlated significantly with clinical indicators, such as the primary tumoral size, lymph node metastasis, and TNM stage (P<0.05). SYT12 knockdown OSCC cells showed depressed cellular proliferation, migration, and invasion with cell cycle arrest at G1 phase. Surprisingly, we found increased calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 2 (CAMK2) inhibitor 1 (CAMK2N1) and decreased CAMK2-phosphorylation in the knockdown cells. Furthermore, treatment with L-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa), a drug approved for Parkinson's disease, led to down-regulation of SYT12 and similar phenotypes to SYT12 knockdown cells. Taken together, we concluded that SYT12 plays a significant role in OSCC progression via CAMK2N1 and CAMK2, and that L-dopa would be a new drug for OSCC treatment through the SYT12 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Eizuka
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Dai Nakashima
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Noritoshi Oka
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sho Wagai
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Takahara
- Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Saito
- Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Koike
- Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kasamatsu
- Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masashi Shiiba
- Department of Medical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideki Tanzawa
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Uzawa
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
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10
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Xie F, Dong D, Du N, Guo L, Ni W, Yuan H, Zhang N, Jie J, Liu G, Tai G. An 8‑gene signature predicts the prognosis of cervical cancer following radiotherapy. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:2990-3002. [PMID: 31432147 PMCID: PMC6755236 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene expression and DNA methylation levels affect the outcomes of patients with cancer. The present study aimed to establish a multigene risk model for predicting the outcomes of patients with cervical cancer (CerC) treated with or without radiotherapy. RNA sequencing training data with matched DNA methylation profiles were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Patients were divided into radiotherapy and non‑radiotherapy groups according to the treatment strategy. Differently expressed and methylated genes between the two groups were identified, and 8 prognostic genes were identified using Cox regression analysis. The optimized risk model based on the 8‑gene signature was defined using the Cox's proportional hazards model. Kaplan‑Meier survival analysis indicated that patients with higher risk scores exhibited poorer survival compared with patients with lower risk scores (log‑rank test, P=3.22x10‑7). Validation using the GSE44001 gene set demonstrated that patients in the high‑risk group exhibited a shorter survival time comprared with the low‑risk group (log‑rank test, P=3.01x10‑3). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values for the training and validation sets were 0.951 and 0.929, respectively. Cox regression analyses indicated that recurrence and risk status were risk factors for poor outcomes in patients with CerC treated with or without radiotherapy. The present study defined that the 8‑gene signature was an independent risk factor for the prognosis of patients with CerC. The 8‑gene prognostic model had predictive power for CerC prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xie
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Dan Dong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Na Du
- Department of Infections, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Liang Guo
- Department of Pathology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Weihua Ni
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Hongyan Yuan
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Nannan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Jie
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Guomu Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Guixiang Tai
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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11
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Zhu Q, Tian G, Gao J. Construction of prognostic risk prediction model of oral squamous cell carcinoma based on co-methylated genes. Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:787-796. [PMID: 31198983 PMCID: PMC6657967 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify DNA methylation markers in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and to construct a prognostic prediction model of OSCC. For this purpose, the methylation data of patients with OSCC downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas were considered as a training dataset. The methylation profiles of GSE37745 for OSCC samples were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus and considered as validation dataset. Differentially methylated genes (DMGs) were screened from the TCGA training dataset, followed by co-methylation analysis using weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA). Subsequently, the methylation and gene expression levels of DMGs involved in key modules were extracted for correlation analysis. Prognosis-related methylated genes were screened using the univariate Cox regression analysis. Finally, the risk prediction model was constructed and validated through GSE52793. The results revealed that a total of 948 DMGs with CpGs were screened out. Co-methylation gene analysis obtained 2 (brown and turquoise) modules involving 380 DMGs. Correlation analysis revealed that the methylation levels of 132 genes negatively correlated with the gene expression levels. By combining with the clinical survival prognosis of samples, 5 optimized prognostic genes [centromere protein V (CENPV), Tubby bipartite transcription factor (TUB), synaptotagmin like 2 (SYTL2), occludin (OCLN) and CAS1 domain containing 1 (CASD1)] were selected for constructing a risk prediction model. It was consistent in the training dataset and GSE52793 that low-risk samples had a better survival prognosis. On the whole, this study indicates that the constructed risk prediction model based on CENPV, SYTL2, OCLN, CASD1, and TUB may have the potential to be used for predicting the survival prognosis of patients with OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhu
- Department of Stomatolgy, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Gang Tian
- Department of Stomatolgy, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Jianyong Gao
- Department of Stomatolgy, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
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12
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Niu X, Li J, Zhao X, Wang Q, Wang G, Hou R, Li X, An P, Yin G, Zhang K. Dermal mesenchymal stem cells: a resource of migration-associated function in psoriasis? Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:54. [PMID: 30760317 PMCID: PMC6375130 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1159-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis is a chronic and systemic, immune-mediated, inflammatory disease. Mesenchymal stem cells have effects on the inflammatory microenvironment, including regulating the proliferation, differentiation, recruitment, and migration of immunocytes. METHODS To investigate whether dermal mesenchymal stem cells (DMSCs) may act on migration of immunocytes in psoriasis patients, 22 patients with psoriasis and 22 matching healthy controls (age and sex in this study) were recruited. Seven migration-associated genes including chemokine like receptor-1 (CMKLR-1), collagen type VIII alpha1 (COL8A-1), neuropilin and tolloid-like 2 (NETO-2), nik-related kinase (NRK), secreted frizzled-related protein (SFRP), sulfate 6-O-endosulfatase 2 (SULF-2), and synaptotagmin-like protein 2 (SYTL-2) were analyzed by quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR and western blot. Peripheral blood-derived mononuclear cells (PBMCs) migration to MSCs was measured using a Thanswell chamber system. RESULTS We observed the upregulation of CMKLR-1, COL8A-1, NETO-2, NRK, SYTL-2, and SULF-2 in dermal mesenchymal stem cells derived from patients with psoriasis at both mRNA and protein level, however, a significant downregulation of SFRP-2 between two groups. By contrast, there were no significant between-group differences at the mRNA and protein expression level of NETO-2 and SULF-2. The migration assay showed that in vitro the normal PBMC migration to psoriatic DMSC group was a 6.3 ± 0.7-fold increase compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS The results may suggest a potential pathogenetic involvement of DMSCs on migration of monocytes in psoriasis. Immune responses are regulated at the level of DMSCs, which probably represent the cells primarily involved in the "psoriatic march."
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuping Niu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cell for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan City Centre Hospital, No. 1 Dong San Dao Xiang, Jiefang Road, Taiyuan, 030009, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Junqing Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cell for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan City Centre Hospital, No. 1 Dong San Dao Xiang, Jiefang Road, Taiyuan, 030009, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Xincheng Zhao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cell for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan City Centre Hospital, No. 1 Dong San Dao Xiang, Jiefang Road, Taiyuan, 030009, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cell for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan City Centre Hospital, No. 1 Dong San Dao Xiang, Jiefang Road, Taiyuan, 030009, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, No. 15 Changle Road West, Xi'an, 710032, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Ruixia Hou
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cell for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan City Centre Hospital, No. 1 Dong San Dao Xiang, Jiefang Road, Taiyuan, 030009, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Xinhua Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cell for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan City Centre Hospital, No. 1 Dong San Dao Xiang, Jiefang Road, Taiyuan, 030009, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Peng An
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cell for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan City Centre Hospital, No. 1 Dong San Dao Xiang, Jiefang Road, Taiyuan, 030009, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Guohua Yin
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cell for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan City Centre Hospital, No. 1 Dong San Dao Xiang, Jiefang Road, Taiyuan, 030009, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Kaiming Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Stem Cell for Immunological Dermatosis, Institute of Dermatology, Taiyuan City Centre Hospital, No. 1 Dong San Dao Xiang, Jiefang Road, Taiyuan, 030009, Shanxi Province, China.
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13
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Soini T, Eloranta K, Pihlajoki M, Kyrönlahti A, Akinrinade O, Andersson N, Lohi J, Pakarinen MP, Wilson DB, Heikinheimo M. Transcription factor GATA4 associates with mesenchymal-like gene expression in human hepatoblastoma cells. Tumour Biol 2018; 40:1010428318785498. [PMID: 30074440 DOI: 10.1177/1010428318785498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
GATA4, a transcription factor crucial for early liver development, has been implicated in the pathophysiology of hepatoblastoma, an embryonal tumor of childhood. However, the molecular and phenotypic consequences of GATA4 expression in hepatoblastoma are not fully understood. We surveyed GATA4 expression in 24 hepatoblastomas using RNA in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. RNA interference was used to inhibit GATA4 in human HUH6 hepatoblastoma cells, and changes in cell migration were measured with wound healing and transwell assays. RNA microarray hybridization was performed on control and GATA4 knockdown HUH6 cells, and differentially expressed genes were validated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction or immunostaining. Plasmid transfection was used to overexpress GATA4 in primary human hepatocytes and ensuring changes in gene expression were measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. We found that GATA4 expression was high in most hepatoblastomas but weak or negligible in normal hepatocytes. GATA4 gene silencing impaired HUH6 cell migration. We identified 106 differentially expressed genes (72 downregulated, 34 upregulated) in knockdown versus control HUH6 cells. GATA4 silencing altered the expression of genes associated with cytoskeleton organization, cell-to-cell adhesion, and extracellular matrix dynamics (e.g. ADD3, AHNAK, DOCK8, RHOU, MSF, IGFBP1, COL4A2). These changes in gene expression reflected a more epithelial (less malignant) phenotype. Consistent with this notion, there was reduced F-actin stress fiber formation in knockdown HUH6 cells. Forced expression of GATA4 in primary human hepatocytes triggered opposite changes in the expression of genes identified by GATA4 silencing in HUH6 cells. In conclusion, GATA4 is highly expressed in most hepatoblastomas and correlates with a mesenchymal, migratory phenotype of hepatoblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tea Soini
- 1 Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katja Eloranta
- 1 Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjut Pihlajoki
- 1 Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- 2 Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Antti Kyrönlahti
- 1 Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- 2 Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Oyediran Akinrinade
- 1 Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Noora Andersson
- 1 Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouko Lohi
- 3 Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko P Pakarinen
- 1 Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- 4 Unit of Pediatric Surgery and Pediatric Liver and Gut Research Group, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David B Wilson
- 2 Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- 5 Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Markku Heikinheimo
- 1 Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- 2 Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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