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Wang X, Zhu Y, Xie Q. The promising role and prognostic value of miR-198 in human diseases. Am J Transl Res 2022; 14:2749-2766. [PMID: 35559396 PMCID: PMC9091110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The importance of microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) has attracted more and more attention. MiRNA is an approximately 22-nucleotide, single-stranded, non-coding RNA molecule that affects the expression of downstream target genes. MiRNAs regulate the occurrence and development of human diseases. The objective of this article is to explore the abnormal expression of miR-198 in a variety of human diseases. The relationships between abnormally expressed miR-198 and clinicopathological characteristics are also summarized. Its roles in various diseases and potential molecular mechanisms include involvement in many biological processes, such as cell cycle regulation, proliferation, invasion, migration, apoptosis, and drug resistance. The potential value of miR-198 for disease diagnosis, treatment, and especially, prognosis, are discussed. More in-depth research on miRNA will support the conversion from basic research to clinical applications of this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Yanxia Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Qiuli Xie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, P. R. China
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2
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Li Y, Yang X, Xiong X. Circ_0004015 silencing represses cisplatin chemoresistance and tumor progression by reducing KLF8 in a miR-198-dependent manner in non-small cell lung cancer. Genomics 2022; 114:110294. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kaushik P, Kumar A. Emerging role and function of miR-198 in human health and diseases. Pathol Res Pract 2021; 229:153741. [PMID: 34952425 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2021.153741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ever since their discovery, microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) have astonished us by the plethora of processes they regulate, and thus adding another dimension to the gene regulation. They have been implicated in several diseases affecting cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, hepatic, autoimmune and inflammatory functions. A primate specific exonic miRNA, miR-198 has been vastly studied during the past decade, and shown to have a critical role in wound healing. The aberrant expression of miR-198 was first reported in schizophrenia, linking it to neural development. Later, its dysregulation and tumor suppressive role was reported in hepatocellular carcinoma. However, this was just a beginning, and after which there was an explosion of reports linking miR-198 deregulation to cancers and other ailments. The first target to be identified for miR-198 was Cyclin T1 in monocytes affecting HIV1 replication. Depending on the type of cancer, miR-198 has been shown to function either as a tumor suppressor or an oncomir. Interestingly, miR-198 is not only known to regulate multiple targets and pathways, but also is itself regulated by several circular RNAs and long-non-coding RNAs, highlighting a complex regulatory network. This review highlights the currently understood mechanism and regulation of miR-198 in different diseases, and its possible diagnostic and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankhuri Kaushik
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Arun Kumar
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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Guo CR, Mao Y, Jiang F, Juan CX, Zhou GP, Li N. Computational detection of a genome instability-derived lncRNA signature for predicting the clinical outcome of lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Med 2021; 11:864-879. [PMID: 34866362 PMCID: PMC8817082 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence has been emerging of the importance of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in genome instability. However, no study has established how to classify such lncRNAs linked to genomic instability, and whether that connection poses a therapeutic significance. Here, we established a computational frame derived from mutator hypothesis by combining profiles of lncRNA expression and those of somatic mutations in a tumor genome, and identified 185 candidate lncRNAs associated with genomic instability in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Through further studies, we established a six lncRNA-based signature, which assigned patients to the high- and low-risk groups with different prognosis. Further validation of this signature was performed in a number of separate cohorts of LUAD patients. In addition, the signature was found closely linked to genomic mutation rates in patients, indicating it could be a useful way to quantify genomic instability. In summary, this research offered a novel method by through which more studies may explore the function of lncRNAs and presented a possible new way for detecting biomarkers associated with genomic instability in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Rui Guo
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yan Mao
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Department of Neonatology,, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen-Xia Juan
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Guo-Ping Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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Su L, Zhao J, Su H, Wang Y, Huang W, Jiang X, Gao S. CircRNAs in lung adenocarcinoma: diagnosis and therapy. Curr Gene Ther 2021; 22:15-22. [PMID: 34856899 DOI: 10.2174/1566523221666211202095258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the common histological subtype of non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Circular RNAs (circRNAs) represent a new class of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) involved in the development of cancer. Accumulating evidence indicated that a large number of circular RNAs were found to be involved in many biological processes, including tumor initiation, proliferation and progression. These circRNAs present great potentials as new biomarkers and vital targets for disease diagnosis and prognosis. In this review, we mainly focus on the differentially expressed circRNAs and their functions in the pathogenesis of LUAD, which makes it possible for the utility of circRNAs as novel biomarkers for early diagnosis and therapy. Especially, it is helpful to develop circRNAs as crucial therapeutic targets, thus providing a promising biomedical application in the field of cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Su
- The Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang. China
| | - Jinying Zhao
- The Third-Grade Pharmacological Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Approved by State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine), China Three Gorges University, Yichang. China
| | - Huahua Su
- Department of Morphology, Medical Science College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang. China
| | - Yanhua Wang
- Department of Morphology, Medical Science College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang. China
| | - Wenfeng Huang
- Department of Morphology, Medical Science College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang. China
| | - Xuemei Jiang
- Department of Morphology, Medical Science College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang. China
| | - Shiyao Gao
- The Hubei provincial hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan. China
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Clinicopathological and Prognostic Significance of Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein (IAP) Family Members in Lung Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13164098. [PMID: 34439255 PMCID: PMC8392569 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Approximately 85% is non-small-cell and 15% is small-cell lung cancer. The inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) represent a heterogeneous family of anti-apoptotic proteins, some members of which have been reported to correlate with clinical outcome in lung cancer. We screened PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus for studies that investigated the prognostic value and clinicopathological features of IAPs in lung cancer. Forty-five eligible studies with 4428 patients assessed the expression of the IAPs survivin, XIAP, livin, and BRUCE. The pooled hazard ratio (HR) of 33 studies that analyzed overall survival (OS) revealed a positive correlation between survivin expression and poor prognosis. Seven studies displayed a strong association between survivin and disease recurrence. Two studies that assessed the expression of XIAP and livin, respectively, proved a significant relationship of these IAPs with poor OS. Meta-analyses of clinicopathological variables revealed a significant association between survivin and T stage, UICC stage, the presence of lymph node metastasis, and grade of differentiation. In conclusion, high expression of distinct IAPs significantly correlates with prognosis in lung cancer. Therefore, lung cancer patients might benefit from a targeted therapy against specific IAPs.
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Yuan C, Su Z, Liao S, Li D, Zhou Z, Wang Y, Quan M, Zeng L, Lv C, Shen C, Gong W, Wu J, Chen X, Hu W, Lv X, Si W, Yu X. miR-198 inhibits the progression of renal cell carcinoma by targeting BIRC5. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:390. [PMID: 34289837 PMCID: PMC8296723 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02092-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND miR-198 is involved in the formation, migration, invasion, and metastasis of various malignant cancers. However, the function and mechanism of action of miR-198 in the tumorigenesis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remain elusive. Here, we aimed to explore the role of miR198 in RCC. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was performed to estimate the level of survivin in RCC sections. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to determine the expression level of miR-198 in fresh RCC tissues. Furthermore, the target relationship between miR-198 and BIRC5 was predicted using the TargetScanHuman 7.2 database and verified via dual-luciferase reporter assay and western blotting. The effects of miR-198 on the viability, apoptosis, invasion, and migration of A498 and ACHN cells were studied using Cell Counting Kit-8, flow cytometry, transwell migration assay, and wound healing assay, respectively. Additionally, a xenograft nude mouse model was established to evaluate the effect of miR-198 on RCC tumorigenesis. RESULTS The expression levels of BIRC5 and miR-198 were respectively higher and lower in RCC tissues than those in normal adjacent tissues. Furthermore, miR-198 could inhibit luciferase activity and reduce the protein level of survivin without affecting the BIRC5 mRNA levels. miR-198 inhibited cell viability, migration, and invasion and promoted cell apoptosis; co-transfection with BIRC5 could rescue these effects. Moreover, miR-198 could repress tumor growth in the xenograft nude mouse model of RCC. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that miR-198 suppresses RCC progression by targeting BIRC5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yuan
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Kidney Disease Pathogenesis and Intervention, Hubei Polytechnic University School of Medicine, Xialu District guilin north, road no. 16, Huangshi, 435003, Hubei, China
| | - Zhenhong Su
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Kidney Disease Pathogenesis and Intervention, Hubei Polytechnic University School of Medicine, Xialu District guilin north, road no. 16, Huangshi, 435003, Hubei, China
| | - Shengjie Liao
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Kidney Disease Pathogenesis and Intervention, Hubei Polytechnic University School of Medicine, Xialu District guilin north, road no. 16, Huangshi, 435003, Hubei, China
| | - Duanzhuo Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Kidney Disease Pathogenesis and Intervention, Hubei Polytechnic University School of Medicine, Xialu District guilin north, road no. 16, Huangshi, 435003, Hubei, China
| | - Zhiwen Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Kidney Disease Pathogenesis and Intervention, Hubei Polytechnic University School of Medicine, Xialu District guilin north, road no. 16, Huangshi, 435003, Hubei, China
| | - Yawen Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Kidney Disease Pathogenesis and Intervention, Hubei Polytechnic University School of Medicine, Xialu District guilin north, road no. 16, Huangshi, 435003, Hubei, China
| | - Mingchun Quan
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Kidney Disease Pathogenesis and Intervention, Hubei Polytechnic University School of Medicine, Xialu District guilin north, road no. 16, Huangshi, 435003, Hubei, China
| | - Lingling Zeng
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Kidney Disease Pathogenesis and Intervention, Hubei Polytechnic University School of Medicine, Xialu District guilin north, road no. 16, Huangshi, 435003, Hubei, China
| | - Cai Lv
- Department of Urology, Haikou Municipal Hospital, Haikou, 570208, Hainan, China
| | - Chenyi Shen
- Yixing Cancer Hospital, Dongshan Dong Lu No. 45, Yixing, 214200, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weida Gong
- Yixing Cancer Hospital, Dongshan Dong Lu No. 45, Yixing, 214200, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- Yixing Cancer Hospital, Dongshan Dong Lu No. 45, Yixing, 214200, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaogang Chen
- Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435000, Hubei, China
| | - Wenbing Hu
- Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435000, Hubei, China
| | - Xu Lv
- Yixing Cancer Hospital, Dongshan Dong Lu No. 45, Yixing, 214200, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Wenxia Si
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Kidney Disease Pathogenesis and Intervention, Hubei Polytechnic University School of Medicine, Xialu District guilin north, road no. 16, Huangshi, 435003, Hubei, China.
| | - Xin Yu
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Kidney Disease Pathogenesis and Intervention, Hubei Polytechnic University School of Medicine, Xialu District guilin north, road no. 16, Huangshi, 435003, Hubei, China. .,Zhaoqing Medical College, Zhaoqing, 526020, Guangdong, China.
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Ashrafizadeh M, Zarrabi A, Hushmandi K, Hashemi F, Moghadam ER, Owrang M, Hashemi F, Makvandi P, Goharrizi MASB, Najafi M, Khan H. Lung cancer cells and their sensitivity/resistance to cisplatin chemotherapy: Role of microRNAs and upstream mediators. Cell Signal 2021; 78:109871. [PMID: 33279671 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cisplatin (CP) is a well-known chemotherapeutic agent with excellent clinical effects. The anti-tumor activity of CP has been demonstrated in different cancers such as breast, cervical, reproductive, lung, brain, and prostate cancers. However, resistance of cancer cells to CP chemotherapy has led to its failure in eradication of cancer cells, and subsequent death of patients with cancer. Fortunately, much effort has been put to identify molecular pathways and mechanisms involved in CP resistance/sensitivity. It seems that microRNAs (miRs) are promising candidates in mediating CP resistance/sensitivity, since they participate in different biological aspects of cells such as proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, and differentiation. In this review, we focus on miRs and their regulation in CP chemotherapy of lung cancer, as the most malignant tumor worldwide. Oncogenic miRs trigger CP resistance in lung cancer cells via targeting various pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin, Rab6, CASP2, PTEN, and Apaf-1. In contrast, onco-suppressor miRs inhibit oncogene pathways such as STAT3 to suppress CP resistance. These topics are discussed to determine the role of miRs in CP resistance/sensitivity. We also describe the upstream modulators of miRs such as lncRNAs, circRNAs, NF-κB, SOX2 and TRIM65 and their association with CP resistance/sensitivity in lung cancer cells. Finally, the effect of anti-tumor plant-derived natural compounds on miR expression during CP sensitivity of lung cancer cells is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey; Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology & Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farid Hashemi
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Rahmani Moghadam
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Marzieh Owrang
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fardin Hashemi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Pooyan Makvandi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Centre for Micro-BioRobotics, viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Masoud Najafi
- Medical Technology Research Center, Institute of Health Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Pakistan.
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Wang S, Zhang X, Yang C, Xu S. Micro
RNA
‐198‐5p inhibits the migration and invasion of non‐small lung cancer cells by targeting fucosyltransferase 8. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2019; 46:955-967. [PMID: 31381176 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siyao Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery The First Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang Liaoning China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery The First Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang Liaoning China
| | - Chunlu Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery The First Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang Liaoning China
| | - Shun Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery The First Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang Liaoning China
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Wu S, Li H, Lu C, Zhang F, Wang H, Lu X, Zhang G. Aberrant expression of hsa_circ_0025036 in lung adenocarcinoma and its potential roles in regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis. Biol Chem 2019; 399:1457-1467. [PMID: 30138108 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As the most common histological subtype of lung cancer, lung adenocarcinoma remains a tremendous risk to public health, which requires ceaseless efforts to elucidate the potential diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been identified with emerging roles in tumorigenesis and development. Our preliminary work noticed that hsa_circ_0025036 was significantly upregulated in lung adenocarcinoma tissues. However, its specific roles in lung adenocarcinoma remain unclear. The results in this study revealed that hsa_circ_0025036 existed as a circular form and was aberrantly upregulated in lung adenocarcinoma tissues via quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Its expression level exhibited a close link with aggressive clinicopathological parameters including cancer differentiation, TNM stage and lymph node metastasis. hsa_circ_0025036 knockdown significantly suppressed cell proliferation and promoted cell apoptosis in A549 and Calu-3 cells. Moreover, hsa_circ_0025036/miR-198/SHMT1&TGF-α axis was identified via bioinformatics analysis and Dual-Luciferase Reporter assays. miR-198 inhibitors reversed the function of hsa_circ_0025036 knockdown. hsa_circ_0025036 knockdown exerted similar effects with miR-198 upregulation on cell proliferation and apoptosis. In conclusion, we demonstrate that hsa_circ_0025036 regulates cell proliferation and apoptosis in lung adenocarcinoma cells probably via hsa_circ_0025036/miR-198/SHMT1&TGF-α axis. hsa_circ_0025036 may serve as a potential prognostic biomarker and a therapeutic target for lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Chunya Lu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Furui Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Huaqi Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Xinhua Lu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Guojun Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
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