Knockdown of tripartite motif-59 inhibits the malignant processes in human colorectal cancer cells

TRIM59 deficiency promotes M1 macrophage activation and inhibits colorectal cancer through the STAT1 signaling pathway

Tumor-associated macrophages play a crucial role in the tumor microenvironment. Tripartite motif 59 (TRIM59), a member of the tripartite motif (TRIM) family, is known to be associated with immunological diseases and macrophage activation. The functional and molecular mechanisms by which TRIM59 affects the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer (CRC) through macrophages are still not well understood. To address this, we generated macrophage-specific TRIM59 conditional knockout mice and utilized these mice to establish colitis-associated cancer and MC38 transplanted CRC models for further investigation. We found that the deficiency of TRIM59 in macrophages inhibited colorectal tumorigenesis in mice. This tumor-suppressive effect was achieved by promoting the activation of M1 macrophages via STAT1 signaling pathway. Further mechanistic studies revealed that TRIM59 could regulate macrophage polarization by ubiquitinating and degrading STAT1. These findings provide evidence that TRIM59 deficiency promotes M1 macrophage activation and inhibits CRC through the STAT1 signaling pathway, suggesting that the TRIM59/STAT1 signaling pathway may be a promising target for CRC.

Tripartite motif family - its role in tumor progression and therapy resistance: a review

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

In this review, we summarized published articles on the role of tripartite motif (TRIM) family members in the initiation and development of human malignancies.

RECENT FINDINGS

The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UP-S) plays a critical role in cellular activities, and UP-S dysregulation contributes to tumorigenesis. One of the key regulators of the UP-S is the tripartite motif TRIM protein family, most of which are active E3 ubiquitin ligases. TRIM proteins are critical for the biological functions of cancer cells, including migration, invasion, metastasis, and therapy resistance. Therefore, it is important to understand how TRIM proteins function at the molecular level in cancer cells.

SUMMARY

We provide a comprehensive and up-to-date overview about the role TRIMs play in cancer progression and therapy resistance. We propose TRIM family members as potential new markers and targets to overcome therapy failure.

Intricate confrontation: Research progress and application potential of TRIM family proteins in tumor immune escape

BACKGROUND

Tripartite motif (TRIM) family proteins have more than 80 members and are widely found in various eukaryotic cells. Most TRIM family proteins participate in the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation system as E3-ubiquitin ligases; therefore, they play pivotal regulatory roles in the occurrence and development of tumors, including tumor immune escape. Due to the diversity of functional domains of TRIM family proteins, they can extensively participate in multiple signaling pathways of tumor immune escape through different substrates. In current research and clinical contexts, immune escape has become an urgent problem. The extensive participation of TRIM family proteins in curing tumors or preventing postoperative recurrence and metastasis makes them promising targets.

AIM OF REVIEW

The aim of the review is to make up for the gap in the current research on TRIM family proteins and tumor immune escape and propose future development directions according to the current progress and problems.

KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW

This up-to-date review summarizes the characteristics and biological functions of TRIM family proteins, discusses the mechanisms of TRIM family proteins involved in tumor immune escape, and highlights the specific mechanism from the level of structure-function-molecule-pathway-phenotype, including mechanisms at the level of protein domains and functions, at the level of molecules and signaling pathways, and at the level of cells and microenvironments. We also discuss the application potential of TRIM family proteins in tumor immunotherapy, such as possible treatment strategies for combination targeting TRIM family protein drugs and checkpoint inhibitors for improving cancer treatment.

TRIM59: A potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in human tumors

TRIM59 is a protein that is highly expressed in a variety of tumors and promotes tumor development. However, the use of TRIM59 as tumor diagnosis and prognosis biomarker has not been fully explored. We collected datasets from the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) and gene expression omnibus (GEO) to investigate its potential as a biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis. A total of 46 studies, including 11,558 patients were included in this study. Here, we showed that TRIM59 was significantly upregulated in 15 type of human solid tumors in comparison to their adjacent tissues. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) results provided further evidence for the use of TRIM59 as a potential tumor diagnosis biomarker. Overall survival (OS) was compared between TRIM59 high expression and low expression groups. High expression of TRIM59 indicated a poor prognosis in multiple solid tumors. Taken together, these analyses showed that TRIM59 was upregulated in various types of tumors and had the potential to be used as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in human solid tumors.

The translational values of TRIM family in pan-cancers: From functions and mechanisms to clinics

Cancer is the second leading cause of human death across the world. Tripartite motif (TRIM) family, with E3 ubiquitin ligase activities in majority of its members, is reported to be involved in multiple cellular processes and signaling pathways. TRIM proteins have critical effects in the regulation of biological behaviors of cancer cells. Here, we discussed the current understanding of the molecular mechanism of TRIM proteins regulation of cancer cells. We also comprehensively reviewed published studies on TRIM family members as oncogenes or tumor suppressors in the oncogenesis, development, and progression of a variety of types of human cancers. Finally, we highlighted that certain TRIM family members are potential molecular biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis, and potential therapeutic targets.

TRIM Proteins in Colorectal Cancer: TRIM8 as a Promising Therapeutic Target in Chemo Resistance

Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents one of the most widespread forms of cancer in the population and, as all malignant tumors, often develops resistance to chemotherapies with consequent tumor growth and spreading leading to the patient’s premature death. For this reason, a great challenge is to identify new therapeutic targets, able to restore the drugs sensitivity of cancer cells. In this review, we discuss the role of TRIpartite Motifs (TRIM) proteins in cancers and in CRC chemoresistance, focusing on the tumor-suppressor role of TRIM8 protein in the reactivation of the CRC cells sensitivity to drugs currently used in the clinical practice. Since the restoration of TRIM8 protein levels in CRC cells recovers chemotherapy response, it may represent a new promising therapeutic target in the treatment of CRC.

Blockade of TRIM59 enhances esophageal cancer cell chemosensitivity to cisplatin by upregulating p53

Human esophageal cancer (hESC) cell motility adopts various modes, resulting in hESC progression and poor survival. However, how tripartite motif 59 (TRIM59), as the ubiquitination machinery, participates in hESC metastasis is not completely understood. The results indicated that TRIM59 was aberrantly upregulated in hESC tissues compared with adjacent healthy esophageal tissues, which was associated with poor survival and advanced TNM state among patients with hESC. Moreover, patients with hESC with higher TRIM59 expression displayed undetectable p53 expression, which contributed to enhanced progression and motility of hESC. At the molecular level, TRIM59 was indicated to be an E3 putative ubiquitin ligase that targeted the p53 protein, leading to increased degradation of p53, which resulted in decreased chemosensitivity to cisplatin. TRIM59 knockdown reduced TRIM59 expression, increased p53 protein expression, and decreased hESC cell viability, clone formation and migration compared with the small interfering RNA negative control (siNC) group. Furthermore, hESC cell lines were more sensitive to cisplatin in the TRIM59-knockdown group compared with the siNC group. The results indicated a relationship between TRIM59, p53 and the chemosensitivity of cisplatin. The present study suggested that TRIM59 may serve as a promising prognostic indicator for patients with hESC.

Multifaceted Roles of TRIM Proteins in Colorectal Carcinoma

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequently diagnosed tumor in humans and one of the most common causes of cancer-related death worldwide. The pathogenesis of CRC follows a multistage process which together with somatic gene mutations is mainly attributed to the dysregulation of signaling pathways critically involved in the maintenance of homeostasis of epithelial integrity in the intestine. A growing number of studies has highlighted the critical impact of members of the tripartite motif (TRIM) protein family on most types of human malignancies including CRC. In accordance, abundant expression of many TRIM proteins has been observed in CRC tissues and is frequently correlating with poor survival of patients. Notably, some TRIM members can act as tumor suppressors depending on the context and the type of cancer which has been assessed. Mechanistically, most cancer-related TRIMs have a critical impact on cell cycle control, apoptosis, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), metastasis, and inflammation mainly through directly interfering with diverse oncogenic signaling pathways. In addition, some recent publications have emphasized the emerging role of some TRIM members to act as transcription factors and RNA-stabilizing factors thus adding a further level of complexity to the pleiotropic biological activities of TRIM proteins. The current review focuses on oncogenic signaling processes targeted by different TRIMs and their particular role in the development of CRC. A better understanding of the crosstalk of TRIMs with these signaling pathways relevant for CRC development is an important prerequisite for the validation of TRIM proteins as novel biomarkers and as potential targets of future therapies for CRC.

The Tripartite Nexus: Autophagy, Cancer, and Tripartite Motif-Containing Protein Family Members

Autophagy is a cellular degradative process that has multiple important actions in cancer. Autophagy modulation is under consideration as a promising new approach to cancer therapy. However, complete autophagy dysregulation is likely to have substantial undesirable side effects. Thus, more targeted approaches to autophagy modulation may prove clinically beneficial. One potential avenue to achieving this goal is to focus on the actions of tripartite motif-containing protein family members (TRIMs). TRIMs have key roles in an array of cellular processes, and their dysregulation has been extensively linked to cancer risk and prognosis. As detailed here, emerging data shows that TRIMs can play important yet context-dependent roles in controlling autophagy and in the selective targeting of autophagic substrates. This review covers how the autophagy-related actions of TRIM proteins contribute to cancer and the possibility of targeting TRIM-directed autophagy in cancer therapy.

TRIM59 inhibits porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-2 replication in vitro

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV), has ranked among the major economically significant pathogen in the global swine industry. The PRRSV nonstructural protein (nsp)11 possesses nidovirus endoribonuclease (NendoU) activity, which is important for virus replication and suppression of the host innate immunity system. Recent proteomic study found that TRIM59 (tripartite motif-containing 59) interacted with the nsp11, albeit the exact role it plays in PRRSV infection remains enigmatic. Herein, we first confirmed the interaction between nsp11 and TRIM59 in co-transfected HEK293T cells and PRRSV-infected pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs). The interacting domains between TRIM59 and nsp11 were further determined to be the N-terminal RING domain in TRIM59 and the C-terminal NendoU domain in nsp11, respectively. Moreover, we reported that overexpression of TRIM59 inhibited PRRSV infection in Marc-145 cells. Conversely, small interfering RNA (siRNA) depletion of TRIM59 resulted in enhanced production of PRRSV in PAMs. Together, these data add TRIM59 as a crucial antiviral component against PRRSV and provide new insights for development of new compounds to reduce PRRSV infection.

Modified aging of elite athletes revealed by analysis of epigenetic age markers

Recent progress in epigenomics has led to the development of prediction systems that enable accurate age estimation from DNA methylation data. Our objective was to track responses to intense physical exercise of individual age-correlated DNA methylation markers and to infer their potential impact on the aging processes. The study showed accelerated DNA hypermethylation for two CpG sites in TRIM59 and KLF14. Both markers predicted the investigated elite athletes to be several years older than controls and this effect was more substantial in subjects involved in power sports. Accordingly, the complete 5-CpG model revealed age acceleration of elite athletes (P=1.503x10^-7) and the result was more significant amongst power athletes (P=1.051x10^-9). The modified methylation of TRIM59 and KLF14 in top athletes may be accounted for by the biological roles played by these genes. Their known anti-tumour and anti-inflammatory activities suggests that intense physical training has a complex influence on aging and potentially launches signalling networks that contribute to the observed lower risk of elite athletes to develop cardiovascular disease and cancer.

PI3K/ Akt/ mTOR Pathway as a Therapeutic Target for Colorectal Cancer: A Review of Preclinical and Clinical Evidence

Background:

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3Ks) is a member of intracellular lipid kinases and involved in the regulation of cellular proliferation, differentiation and survival. Overexpression of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling has been reported in various forms of cancers, especially in colorectal cancers (CRC). Due to their significant roles in the initiation and progression events of colorectal cancer, they are recognized as a striking therapeutic target.

Objective:

The present review is aimed to provide a detailed outline on the role of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in the initiation and progression events of colorectal cancers as well as its function in drug resistance. Further, the role of PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors alone and in combination with other chemotherapeutic drugs, in alleviating colorectal cancer is also discussed. The review contains preclinical and clinical evidence as well as patent literature of the pathway inhibitors which are natural and synthetic in origin.

Methods:

The data were obtained from PubMed/Medline databases, Scopus and Google patent literature.

Results:

PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling is an important event in colorectal carcinogenesis. In addition, it plays significant roles in acquiring drug resistance as well as metastatic initiation events of CRCs. Several small molecules of natural and synthetic origin have been found to be potent inhibitors of CRCs by effectively downregulating the pathway. Data from various clinical studies also support these pathway inhibitors and several among them are patented.

Conclusion:

Inhibitors of the PI3K/mTOR pathway have been successful for the treatment of primary and metastatic colorectal cancers, rendering the pathway as a promising clinical cancer therapeutic target.