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Singh VK, Rajak N, Singh Y, Singh AK, Giri R, Garg N. Role of MicroRNA-21 in Prostate Cancer Progression and Metastasis: Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Targets. Ann Surg Oncol 2024; 31:4795-4808. [PMID: 38758485 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-024-15453-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The role of noncoding RNA has made remarkable progress in understanding progression, metastasis, and metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). A better understanding of the miRNAs has enhanced our knowledge of their targeting mainly at the therapy level in solid tumors, such as prostate cancer (PCa). microRNAs (miRNAs) belong to a class of endogenous RNA that deficit encoded proteins. Therefore, the role of miRNAs has been well-coined in the progression and development of PCa. miR-21 has a dual nature in its work both as a tumor suppressor and oncogenic role, but most of the recent studies showed that miR-21 is a tumor promoter and also is involved in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Upregulation of miR-21 suppresses programmed cell death and inducing metastasis and castration resistant in PCa. miR-21 is involved in the different stages, such as proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, and invasion, and plays an important role in the progression, metastasis, and advanced stages of PCa. Recently, various studies directly linked the role of high levels of miR-21 with a poor therapeutic response in the patient of PCa. In the present review, we have explained the molecular mechanisms/pathways of miR-21 in PCa progression, metastasis, and castration resistant and summarized the role of miR-21 in diagnosis and therapeutic levels in PCa. In addition, we have spotlighted the recent therapeutic strategies for targeting different stages of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipendra Kumar Singh
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, VPO Kamand, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., DC, USA
| | - Naina Rajak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, India
| | - Yashasvi Singh
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, India
| | - Ankit Kumar Singh
- University Department of Botany Lalit Narayan Mithila University, Darbhanga, Bihar, India
| | - Rajanish Giri
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, VPO Kamand, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Neha Garg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, India.
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Sadat Kalaki N, Ahmadzadeh M, Najafi M, Mobasheri M, Ajdarkosh H, Karbalaie Niya MH. Systems biology approach to identify biomarkers and therapeutic targets for colorectal cancer. Biochem Biophys Rep 2024; 37:101633. [PMID: 38283191 PMCID: PMC10821538 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2023.101633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC), is the third most prevalent cancer across the globe, and is often detected at advanced stage. Late diagnosis of CRC, leave the chemotherapy and radiotherapy as the main options for the possible treatment of the disease which are associated with severe side effects. In the present study, we seek to explore CRC gene expression data using a systems biology framework to identify potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for earlier diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Methods The expression data was retrieved from the gene expression omnibus (GEO). Differential gene expression analysis was conducted using R/Bioconductor package. The PPI network was reconstructed by the STRING. Cystoscope and Gephi software packages were used for visualization and centrality analysis of the PPI network. Clustering analysis of the PPI network was carried out using k-mean algorithm. Gene-set enrichment based on Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway databases was carried out to identify the biological functions and pathways associated with gene groups. Prognostic value of the selected identified hub genes was examined by survival analysis, using GEPIA. Results A total of 848 differentially expressed genes were identified. Centrality analysis of the PPI network resulted in identification of 99 hubs genes. Clustering analysis dissected the PPI network into seven interactive modules. While several DEGs and the central genes in each module have already reported to contribute to CRC progression, survival analysis confirmed high expression of central genes, CCNA2, CD44, and ACAN contribute to poor prognosis of CRC patients. In addition, high expression of TUBA8, AMPD3, TRPC1, ARHGAP6, JPH3, DYRK1A and ACTA1 was found to associate with decreased survival rate. Conclusion Our results identified several genes with high centrality in PPI network that contribute to progression of CRC. The fact that several of the identified genes have already been reported to be relevant to diagnosis and treatment of CRC, other highlighted genes with limited literature information may hold potential to be explored in the context of CRC biomarker and drug target discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Sadat Kalaki
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
- International Institute of New Sciences (IINS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mozhgan Ahmadzadeh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Najafi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Meysam Mobasheri
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- International Institute of New Sciences (IINS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Ajdarkosh
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hadi Karbalaie Niya
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Lodewijk I, Dueñas M, Paramio JM, Rubio C. CD44v6, STn & O-GD2: promising tumor associated antigens paving the way for new targeted cancer therapies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1272681. [PMID: 37854601 PMCID: PMC10579806 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1272681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapies are the state of the art in oncology today, and every year new Tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) are developed for preclinical research and clinical trials, but few of them really change the therapeutic scenario. Difficulties, either to find antigens that are solely expressed in tumors or the generation of good binders to these antigens, represent a major bottleneck. Specialized cellular mechanisms, such as differential splicing and glycosylation processes, are a good source of neo-antigen expression. Changes in these processes generate surface proteins that, instead of showing decreased or increased antigen expression driven by enhanced mRNA processing, are aberrant in nature and therefore more specific targets to elicit a precise anti-tumor therapy. Here, we present promising TAAs demonstrated to be potential targets for cancer monitoring, targeted therapy and the generation of new immunotherapy tools, such as recombinant antibodies and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell (CAR-T) or Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Engineered Natural Killer (CAR-NK) for specific tumor killing, in a wide variety of tumor types. Specifically, this review is a detailed update on TAAs CD44v6, STn and O-GD2, describing their origin as well as their current and potential use as disease biomarker and therapeutic target in a diversity of tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Lodewijk
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, Madrid, Spain
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center on Oncology-CIBERONC, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Dueñas
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, Madrid, Spain
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center on Oncology-CIBERONC, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesus M. Paramio
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, Madrid, Spain
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center on Oncology-CIBERONC, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Rubio
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, Madrid, Spain
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT (Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center on Oncology-CIBERONC, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
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Jian FX, Bao PX, Li WF, Cui YH, Hong HG. Negative regulation of CD44st by miR-138-5p affects the invasive ability of breast cancer cells and patient prognosis after breast cancer surgery. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:269. [PMID: 36964570 PMCID: PMC10037889 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10738-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate how the negative regulation of CD44st by miR-138-5p affects the invasive ability of breast cancer cell lines and prognosis in postoperative breast cancer patients. METHODS RT-PCR, qRT-PCR, and western blot assays were used to detect the expression of CD44s, CD44v6, and CD44st at both mRNA and protein levels. The expression of miR-138-5p in breast cancer cell lines was also evaluated. The binding ability of miR-138-5p to CD44st was determined via a dual-luciferase assay. The CD44 protein expression in breast cancer tissues was detected using immunohistochemistry. A Transwell assay was used to detect the invasive ability of tumor cells. The correlation between CD44st and miR-138-5p mRNA expression in breast cancer tissues was evaluated using qRT-PCR, and the relationship between clinicopathological features was statistically analyzed. RESULTS CD44s and CD44v6 were highly expressed in MDAMB-231 cell line, while CD44st was highly expressed in MCF-7/Adr and Skbr-3 cells. None of the CD44 isoforms were expressed in MCF-7 cells. The miR-138-5p was highly expressed in MCF-7 cells, but not in MCF-7/Adr, Skbr-3, and MDAMB-231 cells. The dual-luciferase assay suggested that miR-138-5p could bind to wild-type CD44st 3'-UTR, miR-138-5p overexpression significantly inhibited the expression level of CD44 protein in MCF-7/Adr cells, and miR-138-5p + CD44st (3'-UTR)-treated MCF-7/Adr and Skbr-3 cells were significantly less invasive than those in the control group (P < 0.05). RT-PCR results for 80 postoperative breast cancer patients showed that the mRNA expression rate for CD44st was higher in cancer tissues than in paracancerous tissues, and the expression rate of miR-138-5p was higher in paracancerous tissues than in cancerous tissues (P < 0.01). In cancer tissues, CD44st was negatively correlated with miR-138-5p expression, with correlation coefficient r = -0.76 (Pearson's correlation), coefficient of determination R2 = 0.573, F = 106.89, and P < 0.001. The median overall survival value for patients in the low miR-138-5p expression group was 40.39 months [95% confidence interval (CI): 35.59-45.18 months] and 56.30 months (95% CI: 54.38-58.21 months) for patients in the high-expression group, with a log rank (Mantel-Cox) of 13.120, one degree of freedom, and P < 0.001. CONCLUSION In breast cancer cell lines, miR-138-5p negatively regulated expression of CD44st and affected the invasive ability of tumor cells and patient prognosis after breast cancer surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Xin Jian
- Department of Oncology, Gaochun Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Oncology, Lianyungang Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, No.41, Hailian East Road, Lianyungang, 222000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng Xiao Bao
- Department of Oncology, Gaochun Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Yan Hai Cui
- Department of Oncology, Lianyungang Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, No.41, Hailian East Road, Lianyungang, 222000, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hang Guan Hong
- Department of Oncology, Lianyungang Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, No.41, Hailian East Road, Lianyungang, 222000, Jiangsu, China.
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Sun G, Chen C, Li X, Hong S, Gu C, Shi X. Rapid microRNA detection method based on DNA strand displacement for ovarian cancer cells. J Cancer 2023; 14:707-716. [PMID: 37056384 PMCID: PMC10088887 DOI: 10.7150/jca.81050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The current cancer detection methods are heavily dependent on the component analysis of corresponding cancer antigens. There is a lack of effective and simple clinical methods of ovarian cancer screening, which hinders the early identification for ovarian cancer and its treatment. To develop a simple and rapid method for quantitative analysis of ovarian cancer, we developed a DNA strand displacement-based method and finished the rapid detection of miR-21 in ovarian cancer cells within 5 min by a one-step isothermal reaction. The fluorescence intensity trajectory had a good linear relationship with miR-21 concentrations in the range of 100 fM-100 nM, with a lower limit of 6.05 pM. This detection method is simple, faster, and accurate. Besides, it can be applied to detect the miRNA biomarkers of other cancers by changing the preset sequences of toehold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gege Sun
- Department of Gynecology 2, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Congzhou Chen
- School of Computer Science, Beijing University of Technology, 100124, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Gynecology 2, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China
- ✉ Corresponding author: Tel: [+8615307198388];
| | - Shangwei Hong
- Institute of Computing Science & Technology, Guangzhou University, 510006, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuanqi Gu
- Department of Gynecology 2, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolong Shi
- Institute of Computing Science & Technology, Guangzhou University, 510006, Guangzhou, China
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Circular Sponge against miR-21 Enhances the Antitumor Activity of Doxorubicin against Breast Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314803. [PMID: 36499129 PMCID: PMC9736351 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women, with chemotherapy being the main strategy. However, its effectiveness is reduced by drug resistance mechanisms. miR-21 is upregulated in breast cancer that has been linked to drug resistance and carcinogenic processes. Our aim was to capture miR-21 with a circular sponge (Circ-21) and thus inhibit the carcinogenic processes and drug resistance mechanisms in which it participates. Proliferation, migration, colony formation, cell cycle, and poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 (PARP-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) detection assays were performed with MCF7 breast cancer cells and MCF10A non-tumor cells. In addition, doxorubicin resistance tests and detection of drug resistance gene expression were performed in MCF7 cells. Reduction in proliferation, as well as migration and colony formation, increased PARP-1 expression, inhibition of VEGF expression and cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase were displayed in the Circ-21 MCF7, which were not observed in the MCF10A cells. Furthermore, in the MCF7 cells, the Circ-21 enhanced the antitumor activity of doxorubicin and decreased the expression of resistance genes: ABCA1, ABCC4, and ABCC5. Based on these results, the use of Circ-21 can be considered a first step for the establishment of an effective gene therapy in the treatment of breast cancer.
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Peluso JJ, Pru JK. Progesterone Receptor Membrane Component (PGRMC)1 and PGRMC2 and Their Roles in Ovarian and Endometrial Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13235953. [PMID: 34885064 PMCID: PMC8656518 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13235953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancers of the female reproductive tract are both lethal and highly prevalent. For example, the five-year survival rate of women diagnosed with ovarian cancer is still less than 50%, and endometrial cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women with > 65,000 new cases in the United States in 2020. Among the many genes already established as key participants in ovarian and endometrial oncogenesis, progesterone receptor membrane component (PGRMC)1 and PGRMC2 have gained recent attention given that there is now solid correlative information supporting a role for at least PGRMC1 in enhancing tumor growth and chemoresistance. The expression of PGRMC1 is significantly increased in both ovarian and endometrial cancers, similar to that reported in other cancer types. Xenograft studies using human ovarian and endometrial cancer cell lines in immunocompromised mice demonstrate that reduced expression of PGRMC1 results in tumors that grow substantially slower. While the molecular underpinnings of PGRMCs' mechanisms of action are not clearly established, it is known that PGRMCs regulate survival pathways that attenuate stress-induced cell death. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of what is known about the roles that PGRMC1 and PGRMC2 play in ovarian and endometrial cancers, particularly as related to the mechanisms through which they regulate mitosis, apoptosis, chemoresistance, and cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J. Peluso
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Correspondence: ; +1-860-679-2860
| | - James K. Pru
- Department of Animal Science, Program in Reproductive Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA;
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Xu H, Niu M, Yuan X, Wu K, Liu A. CD44 as a tumor biomarker and therapeutic target. Exp Hematol Oncol 2020; 9:36. [PMID: 33303029 PMCID: PMC7727191 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-020-00192-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CD44, a complex transmembrane glycoprotein, exists in multiple molecular forms, including the standard isoform CD44s and CD44 variant isoforms. CD44 participates in multiple physiological processes, and aberrant expression and dysregulation of CD44 contribute to tumor initiation and progression. CD44 represents a common biomarker of cancer stem cells, and promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition. CD44 is involved in the regulation of diverse vital signaling pathways that modulate cancer proliferation, invasion, metastasis and therapy-resistance, and it is also modulated by a variety of molecules in cancer cells. In addition, CD44 can serve as an adverse prognostic marker among cancer population. The pleiotropic roles of CD44 in carcinoma potentially offering new molecular target for therapeutic intervention. Preclinical and clinical trials for evaluating the pharmacokinetics, efficacy and drug-related toxicity of CD44 monoclonal antibody have been carried out among tumors with CD44 expression. In this review, we focus on current data relevant to CD44, and outline CD44 structure, the regulation of CD44, functional properties of CD44 in carcinogenesis and cancer progression as well as the potential CD44-targeting therapy for cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxiao Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Mengke Niu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University: Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Xun Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University: Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, China. .,Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Aiguo Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Downstream Effectors of ILK in Cisplatin-Resistant Ovarian Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040880. [PMID: 32260415 PMCID: PMC7226328 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite good responses to first-line treatment with platinum-based combination chemotherapy, most ovarian cancer patients will relapse and eventually develop platinum-resistant disease with poor prognosis. Although reports suggest that integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is a potential target for ovarian cancer treatment, identification of ILK downstream effectors has not been fully explored. The purpose of this study was to investigate the molecular and biological effects of targeting ILK in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer. Western blot analysis showed that phosphorylation levels of ILK were higher in cisplatin-resistant compared with cisplatin-sensitive ovarian cancer cells. Further immunohistochemical analysis of ovarian cancer patient samples showed a significant increase in phosphorylated ILK levels in the tumor tissue when compared to normal ovarian epithelium. Targeting ILK by small-interfering RNA (siRNA) treatment reduced cisplatin-resistant cell growth and invasion ability, and increased apoptosis. Differential gene expression analysis by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) upon ILK-siRNA transfection followed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) and survival analysis using the Kaplan-Meier plotter database identified multiple target genes involved in cell growth, apoptosis, invasion, and metastasis, including several non-coding RNAs. Taken together, results from this study support ILK as an attractive target for ovarian cancer and provide potential ILK downstream effectors with prognostic and therapeutic value.
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Wnt Signaling in Ovarian Cancer Stemness, EMT, and Therapy Resistance. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8101658. [PMID: 31614568 PMCID: PMC6832489 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8101658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancers represent the deadliest among gynecologic malignancies and are characterized by a hierarchical structure with cancer stem cells (CSCs) endowed with self-renewal and the capacity to differentiate. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, known to regulate stemness in a broad spectrum of stem cell niches including the ovary, is thought to play an important role in ovarian cancer. Importantly, Wnt activity was shown to correlate with grade, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, chemotherapy resistance, and poor prognosis in ovarian cancer. This review will discuss the current knowledge of the role of Wnt signaling in ovarian cancer stemness, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), and therapy resistance. In addition, the alleged role of exosomes in the paracrine activation of Wnt signaling and pre-metastatic niche formation will be reviewed. Finally, novel potential treatment options based on Wnt inhibition will be highlighted.
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