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Gelman IH. Metastasis suppressor genes in clinical practice: are they druggable? Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:1169-1188. [PMID: 37749308 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10135-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Since the identification of NM23 (now called NME1) as the first metastasis suppressor gene (MSG), a small number of other gene products and non-coding RNAs have been identified that suppress specific parameters of the metastatic cascade, yet which have little or no ability to regulate primary tumor initiation or maintenance. MSG can regulate various pathways or cell biological functions such as those controlling mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway mediators, cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix protein adhesion, cytoskeletal architecture, G-protein-coupled receptors, apoptosis, and transcriptional complexes. One defining facet of this gene class is that their expression is typically downregulated, not mutated, in metastasis, such that any effective therapeutic intervention would involve their re-expression. This review will address the therapeutic targeting of MSG, once thought to be a daunting task only facilitated by ectopically re-expressing MSG in metastatic cells in vivo. Examples will be cited of attempts to identify actionable oncogenic pathways that might suppress the formation or progression of metastases through the re-expression of specific metastasis suppressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irwin H Gelman
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
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Duan H, Ding X, Luo H. KISS-1, Mediated by Promoter Methylation, Suppresses Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Metastasis via MMP2/9/MAPK Axis. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:4780-4796. [PMID: 34993679 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-021-07335-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS KISS-1 is an established tumor suppressor that inhibits metastases in various malignancies. However, little is known regarding its role in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The aim of the present study was to identify the possible mechanisms of KISS-1 in ESCC metastasis. METHODS The expression levels of KISS-1 mRNA and protein in ESCC samples and cell lines were analyzed by qRT-PCR, IHC, and western blotting. Bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP) and methylation-specific PCR (MSP) were used to analyze the methylation pattern of KISS-1 promoter in ESCC cells with or without 5-Aza-dC treatment. The role of KISS-1 in the progression and metastasis of ESCC was analyzed through in vitro functional assays. RESULTS KISS-1 mRNA and protein were markedly downregulated in ESCC tissues and cell lines compared to the respective controls. Hypermethylation of KISS-1 promoter correlated to its lower expression levels in ESCC, and KISS-1 demethylation inhibited tumor progression. Ectopic KISS-1 overexpression inhibited tumor cell metastasis in vitro. In addition, KISS-1 overexpression downregulated the matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9 (MMP2 and 9) and inhibited epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Finally, KISS-1 downregulated phosphorylated extracellular regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) without affecting their total expression levels in the ESCC cells. MAPK/ERK and p38 MAPK agonists reversed the suppressive effects of KISS-1. CONCLUSIONS The hypermethylation of KISS-1 promoter partly contributed to its downregulation in ESCC. KISS-1 inhibits the metastasis of ESCC cells by targeting the MMP2/9/ERK/p38 MAPK axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houyu Duan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hesheng Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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Jiang X, Wang J, Wang M, Xuan M, Han S, Li C, Li M, Sun XF, Yu W, Zhao Z. ITGB4 as a novel serum diagnosis biomarker and potential therapeutic target for colorectal cancer. Cancer Med 2021; 10:6823-6834. [PMID: 34414684 PMCID: PMC8495272 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To develop new and effective biomarkers for the diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Experimental design The serum expression of ITGB4 (49 CRC and 367 HC) was detected by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and its diagnostic value was analyzed using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The sensitivity and specificity of ITGB4 in CRC diagnosis were calculated through statistical analysis. The optimal clinical cutoff value was calculated using the Youden index, and diagnostic efficacy was analyzed in a larger serum sample (98 CRC and 1631 non‐CRC). The expression of ITGB4 was measured by CyTOF (cell experimental technology) at the single‐cell level, and characteristics were analyzed using viSNE and SPADE TREE. Results Serum ITGB4 and CEA levels were significantly higher in CRC patients than in HC and non‐CRC patients. The use of serum ITGB4 levels for the diagnosis of CRC has a high sensitivity (79%) but not high specificity when the clinical cutoff value was 0.70 ng/mL. However, the optimal cutoff value was 1.6 ng/mL with 86.2% specificity and 52.0% sensitivity, and the diagnostic efficacy was greatly improved with high specificity (82.0%) and sensitivity (71.4%) when combined with CEA. ITGB4 expression characteristics were measured and related to the expression of EpCAM, Ck8/18, and perforin at the single‐cell level. Single‐cell analysis showed that cell clusters with low expression of CK8/18 and ITGB4 were more sensitive to 5FU and radiotherapy (RT). Conclusions ITGB4 is an effective diagnostic serum biomarker and a potential therapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Jiang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China.,Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Mengyu Wang
- Department of Endoscopy Center, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Mingda Xuan
- Department of Endoscopy Center, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Shuangshuang Han
- Department of Endoscopy Center, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Endoscopy Center, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Meng Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China.,The First Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Sun
- Department of Oncology and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Weifang Yu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China.,Department of Endoscopy Center, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Zengren Zhao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China.,Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
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Wang Y, Jiang R, Wang Q, Li Y, Sun Z, Zhao H. Silencing LINC01021 inhibits gastric cancer through upregulation of KISS1 expression by blocking CDK2-dependent phosphorylation of CDX2. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 24:832-844. [PMID: 34026327 PMCID: PMC8121629 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer remains one of the most dangerous cancers, bringing suffering and economic burden to people worldwide. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) exhibit great potentials for targeted therapy of various cancers. In this investigation, we tested mechanisms by which LINC01021 may regulate gastric cancer progression. We collected gastric cancer tissues and procured cell lines to explore the potential factors by which LINC01021 had effects on angiogenesis, invasion, and migration, by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), Transwell assay, and western blot analysis. Relationships among LINC01021, Caudal-type homeobox 2 (CDX2), and KISS1 were validated by dual-luciferase gene reporter, RNA pull-down, and RNA immunoprecipitation assays. Additionally, a murine model was developed to further explore the impact of LINC01021 on tumors in vivo. LINC01021 was upregulated in gastric cancer tissues and cells. LINC01021 regulated KISS1 through CDK2, which promoted phosphorylation and nuclear export in CDX2. Inhibition of LINC01021 suppressed the tumorigenesis of gastric cancer. Further, silencing LINC01021 exerted an inhibitory effect on cancer cell migration, invasion, and angiogenesis by promoting the binding between CDX2 and KISS1, while inhibiting that between CDK2 and CDX2. Taken altogether, high LINC01021 expression in gastric cancer promotes malignant cell migration and angiogenesis by downregulation of KISS1 through CDK2-mediated CDX2 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xuzhou Cancer Hospital, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Rongke Jiang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Xuzhou Cancer Hospital, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Oncology, Xuzhou Cancer Hospital, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Yanfang Li
- Department of Oncology, Xuzhou Cancer Hospital, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Ziqian Sun
- Department of Oncology, Xuzhou Cancer Hospital, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Hongying Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Xuzhou Cancer Hospital, Xuzhou 221000, China
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