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Kruk L, Mamtimin M, Braun A, Anders HJ, Andrassy J, Gudermann T, Mammadova-Bach E. Inflammatory Networks in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15082212. [PMID: 37190141 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15082212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated inflammation has been established as a hallmark feature of almost all solid cancers. Tumor-extrinsic and intrinsic signaling pathways regulate the process of cancer-associated inflammation. Tumor-extrinsic inflammation is triggered by many factors, including infection, obesity, autoimmune disorders, and exposure to toxic and radioactive substances. Intrinsic inflammation can be induced by genomic mutation, genome instability and epigenetic remodeling in cancer cells that promote immunosuppressive traits, inducing the recruitment and activation of inflammatory immune cells. In RCC, many cancer cell-intrinsic alterations are assembled, upregulating inflammatory pathways, which enhance chemokine release and neoantigen expression. Furthermore, immune cells activate the endothelium and induce metabolic shifts, thereby amplifying both the paracrine and autocrine inflammatory loops to promote RCC tumor growth and progression. Together with tumor-extrinsic inflammatory factors, tumor-intrinsic signaling pathways trigger a Janus-faced tumor microenvironment, thereby simultaneously promoting or inhibiting tumor growth. For therapeutic success, it is important to understand the pathomechanisms of cancer-associated inflammation, which promote cancer progression. In this review, we describe the molecular mechanisms of cancer-associated inflammation that influence cancer and immune cell functions, thereby increasing tumor malignancy and anti-cancer resistance. We also discuss the potential of anti-inflammatory treatments, which may provide clinical benefits in RCCs and possible avenues for therapy and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus Kruk
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilian-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Medina Mamtimin
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilian-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Attila Braun
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilian-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim Andrassy
- Division of General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplant Surgery, Hospital of LMU, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Gudermann
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Elmina Mammadova-Bach
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilian-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
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Acharya N, Singh KP. Recent advances in the molecular basis of chemotherapy resistance and potential application of epigenetic therapeutics in chemorefractory renal cell carcinoma. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1575. [DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Narayan Acharya
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH) Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas USA
| | - Kamaleshwar P. Singh
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH) Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas USA
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Yin J, Ouyang C, Shen S, Zhou Y, He G, Zhang H, Zhou K, Chen G, Ren L. A Redox-Activatable and Targeted Photosensitizing Agent to Deliver Doxorubicin for Combining Chemotherapy and Photodynamic Therapy. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:2441-2455. [PMID: 35616274 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Currently, tumors have become a serious disease threatening human health and life in modern society. Photo-chemo combination therapy is considered to be an important method to improving the efficiency of tumor treatment, especially in the treatment of multi-drug-resistant tumors. However, the application of photo-chemo combination therapy has been limited by the poor water solubility of photosensitizers, low tumor targeting, and high side effects of chemotherapy drugs. In order to solve these problems, a smart nano drug delivery platform FA-PEG-ss-PLL(-g-Ce6) designed and synthesized by us. The smart nano drug carrier uses folic acid (FA) as the targeting group, polyethylene glycol (PEG) as the hydrophilic end, Ce6-grafted polylysine (PLL(-g-Ce6)) as the hydrophobic end, and Chlorin e6 (Ce6) as the photosensitizer of photodynamic therapy, and it connects PEG to PLL by a redox-responsive cleavable disulfide linker (-ss-). Finally, the combination of tumor chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy (PDT) is realized by loading with anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) to the intelligent carrier. In vitro experiments showed that the drug loading content (DLC%) of DOX@FA-PEG-ss-PLL(-g-Ce6) nanoparticles (DOX@FPLC NPs) was as high as 14.83%, and the nanoparticles had good serum stability, reduction sensitivity and hemocompatibility. From the cytotoxicity assays in vitro, we found that under 664 nm laser irradiation DOX@FPLC NPs showed stronger toxicity to MCF-7 cells than did DOX, Ce6 + laser, and DOX + Ce6 + laser. Moreover, the antitumor efficiency in vivo and histopathological analysis showed that DOX@FPLC NPs under 664 nm laser irradiation exhibited higher antitumor activity and lower systemic toxicity than single chemotherapy. These results suggested that the FA-PEG-ss-PLL(-g-Ce6) nano drug delivery platform has considerable potential for the combination of chemotherapy and PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Tech University, 30th South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Chengcheng Ouyang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Tech University, 30th South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Shuwei Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Tech University, 30th South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yaxin Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Tech University, 30th South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Guoyi He
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Tech University, 30th South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Tech University, 30th South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Tech University, 30th South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Guoguang Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Tech University, 30th South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Lili Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Tech University, 30th South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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