1
|
Zou Y, Xu L, Wang W, Zhu X, Lin J, Li H, Chen J, Xu W, Gao H, Wu X, Yin Z, Wang Q. Muscone restores anoikis sensitivity in TMZ-resistant glioblastoma cells by suppressing TOP2A via the EGFR/Integrin β1/FAK signaling pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 129:155714. [PMID: 38723526 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Temozolomide (TMZ) resistance is the main obstacle faced by glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) treatment. Muscone, one of the primary active pharmacological ingredients of Shexiang (Moschus), can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and is being investigated as an antineoplastic medication. However, muscone treatment for GBM has received little research, and its possible mechanisms are still unclear. PURPOSE This study aims to evaluate the effect and the potential molecular mechanism of muscone on TMZ-resistant GBM cells. METHODS The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between TMZ-resistant GBM cells and TMZ-sensitive GBM cells were screened using GEO2R. By progressively raising the TMZ concentration, a relatively stable TMZ-resistant human GBM cell line was established. The drug-resistance traits of U251-TR cells were assessed via the CCK-8 assay and Western Blot analysis of MGMT and TOP2A expression. Cell viability, cell proliferation, cell migration ability, and drug synergism were detected by the CCK-8 assay, colony formation assay, wound healing assay, and drug interaction relationship test, respectively. Anoikis was quantified by Calcein-AM/EthD-1 staining, MTT assay, and flow cytometry. Measurements of cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were performed using cell cycle staining, Annexin V-FITC/PI labeling, JC-1 assay, and ROS assay, respectively. DNA damage was measured by TUNEL assay, alkaline comet assay, and γ-H2AX foci assay. GEPIA was used to investigate the link between the anoikis marker (FAK)/drug resistance gene and critical proteins in the EGFR/Integrin β1 signaling pathway. Molecular docking was used to anticipate the probable targets of muscone. The intracellular co-localization and expression of EGFR and FAK were shown using immunofluorescence. The U251-TR cell line stably overexpressing EGFR was constructed using lentiviral transduction to assess the involvement of EGFR-related signaling in anoikis resistance. Western Blot was employed to detect the expression of migration-related proteins, cyclins, anoikis-related proteins, DNA damage/repair-related proteins, and associated pathway proteins. RESULTS DEGs analysis identified 97 deregulated chemotherapy-resistant genes and 3779 upregulated genes in TMZ-resistant GBM cells. Subsequent experiments verified TMZ resistance and the hyper-expression of DNA repair-related genes (TOP2A and MGMT) in continuously low-dose TMZ-induced U251-TR cells. Muscone exhibited dose-dependent inhibition of U251-TR cell migration and proliferation, and its co-administration with TMZ showed the potential for enhanced therapeutic efficacy. By downregulating FAK, muscone reduced anoikis resistance in anchorage-independent U251-TR cells. It also caused cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase by upregulating p21 and downregulating CDK1, CDK2, and Cyclin E1. Muscone-induced anoikis was accompanied by mitochondrial membrane potential collapse, ROS production, an increase in the BAX/Bcl-2 ratio, as well as elevated levels of Cytochrome c (Cyt c), cleaved caspase-9, and cleaved caspase-3. These findings indicated that muscone might trigger mitochondrial-dependent anoikis via ROS generation. Moreover, significant DNA damage, DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), the formation of γ-H2AX foci, and a reduction in TOP2A expression are also associated with muscone-induced anoikis. Overexpression of EGFR in U251-TR cells boosted the expression of Integrin β1, FAK, β-Catenin, and TOP2A, whereas muscone suppressed the expression levels of EGFR, Integrin β1, β-Catenin, FAK, and TOP2A. Muscone may influence the expression of the key DNA repair enzyme, TOP2A, by suppressing the EGFR/Integrin β1/FAK pathway. CONCLUSION We first demonstrated that muscone suppressed TOP2A expression through the EGFR/Integrin β1/FAK pathway, hence restoring anoikis sensitivity in TMZ-resistant GBM cells. These data suggest that muscone may be a promising co-therapeutic agent for enhancing GBM treatment, particularly in cases of TMZ-resistant GBM with elevated TOP2A expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuheng Zou
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, China; Department of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Lanyang Xu
- Department of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Wanyu Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Xiao Zhu
- Department of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Jiaqi Lin
- Department of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Huazhao Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Jiali Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Haiqiong Gao
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Xianghui Wu
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Zhixin Yin
- Department of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Qirui Wang
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510282, China; Department of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Golonko A, Olichwier AJ, Szklaruk A, Paszko A, Świsłocka R, Szczerbiński Ł, Lewandowski W. Apigenin's Modulation of Doxorubicin Efficacy in Breast Cancer. Molecules 2024; 29:2603. [PMID: 38893482 PMCID: PMC11174085 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Apigenin, a naturally derived flavonoid, is increasingly being acknowledged for its potential therapeutic applications, especially in oncology. This research explores apigenin's capacity to modulate cancer cell viability, emphasizing its roles beyond its minimal antioxidant activity attributed to its basic molecular structure devoid of hydroxyl groups. We investigated apigenin's effects on two breast cancer cell lines, estrogen-dependent MCF-7 and non-estrogen-dependent MDA-MB-231 cells. Our findings reveal that apigenin exerts a dose-dependent cytotoxic and anti-migratory impact on these cells. Interestingly, both apigenin and doxorubicin-a standard chemotherapeutic agent-induced lipid droplet accumulation in a dose-dependent manner in MDA-MB-231 cells. This phenomenon was absent in MCF-7 cells and not evident when doxorubicin and apigenin were used concurrently, suggesting distinct cellular responses to these treatments that imply that their synergistic effects might be mediated through mechanisms unrelated to lipid metabolism. A further chemoinformatics analysis indicated that apigenin and doxorubicin might interact primarily at the level of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter proteins, with potential indirect influences from the AKT and MYC signaling pathways. These results highlight the importance of understanding the nuanced interactions between apigenin and conventional chemotherapeutic drugs, as they could lead to more effective strategies for cancer treatment. This study underscores apigenin's potential as a modulator of cancer cell dynamics through mechanisms independent of its direct antioxidant effects, thereby contributing to the development of flavonoid-based adjunct therapies in cancer management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Golonko
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adam Jan Olichwier
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Agata Szklaruk
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adam Paszko
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Renata Świsłocka
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Bialystok University of Technology, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Łukasz Szczerbiński
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Włodzimierz Lewandowski
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Bialystok University of Technology, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shan Y, Zheng L, Zhang S, Qian B. Abnormal expression of FOXM1 in carcinogenesis of renal cell carcinoma: From experimental findings to clinical applications. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 692:149251. [PMID: 38056162 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a prevalent malignancy within the genitourinary system. At present, patients with high-grade or advanced RCC continue to have a bleak prognosis. Mounting research have emphasized the significant involvement of Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) in RCC development and progression. Therefore, it is imperative to consolidate the existing evidence regarding the contributions of FOXM1 to RCC tumorigenesis through a comprehensive review. This study elucidated the essential functions of FOXM1 in promoting RCC growth, invasion, and metastasis by regulating cell cycle progression, DNA repair, angiogenesis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Also, FOXM1 might serve as a novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarker as well as a therapeutic target for RCC. Clinical findings demonstrated that the expression of FOXM1 was markedly upregulated in RCC samples, while a high level of FOXM1 was found to be associated with a poor overall survival rate of RCC. Furthermore, it is worth noting that FOXM1 may have a significant impact on the resistance of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) to radiotherapy. This observation suggests that inhibiting FOXM1 could be a promising strategy to impede the progression of RCC and enhance its sensitivity to radiotherapy. The present review highlighted the pivotal role of FOXM1 in RCC development. FOXM1 has the capacity to emerge as not only a valuable diagnostic and prognostic tool but also a viable therapeutic option for unresectable RCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Shan
- Department of Nephrology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, 318000, China
| | - Liying Zheng
- Postgraduate Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical College, Ganzhou, China
| | - Shilong Zhang
- Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Biao Qian
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China; Key Laboratory of Urology and Andrology of Ganzhou, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Islam F, Nath N, Zehravi M, Khan J, Jashim SBT, Charde MS, Chakole RD, Kumar KP, Babu AK, Nainu F, Khan SL, Rab SO, Emran TB, Wilairatana P. Exploring the role of natural bioactive molecules in genitourinary cancers: how far has research progressed? NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2023; 13:39. [PMID: 37843642 PMCID: PMC10579213 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-023-00400-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The primary approaches to treat cancerous diseases include drug treatment, surgical procedures, biotherapy, and radiation therapy. Chemotherapy has been the primary treatment for cancer for a long time, but its main drawback is that it kills cancerous cells along with healthy ones, leading to deadly adverse health effects. However, genitourinary cancer has become a concern in recent years as it is more common in middle-aged people. So, researchers are trying to find possible therapeutic options from natural small molecules due to the many drawbacks associated with chemotherapy and other radiation-based therapies. Plenty of research was conducted regarding genitourinary cancer to determine the promising role of natural small molecules. So, this review focused on natural small molecules along with their potential therapeutic targets in the case of genitourinary cancers such as prostate cancer, renal cancer, bladder cancer, testicular cancer, and so on. Also, this review states some ongoing or completed clinical evidence in this regard.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fahadul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Nikhil Nath
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Kumira, Chittagong, 4318, Bangladesh
| | - Mehrukh Zehravi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Dentistry & Pharmacy, Buraydah Private Colleges, Buraydah, 51418, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Jishan Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Kumira, Chittagong, 4318, Bangladesh
| | - Sumiya Ben-Ta Jashim
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Kumira, Chittagong, 4318, Bangladesh
| | - Manoj Shrawan Charde
- Government College of Pharmacy, Vidyanagar, Karad, Satara, 415124, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rita Dadarao Chakole
- Government College of Pharmacy, Vidyanagar, Karad, Satara, 415124, Maharashtra, India
| | - K Praveen Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Govt. of NCT of Delhi, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), Mehrauli-Badarpur Road, PushpVihar, Sector 3, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - A Kishore Babu
- Ratnadeep College of Pharmacy, Ratnapur, Jamkhed, Ahmednagar, 413206, Maharashtra, India
| | - Firzan Nainu
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Sharuk L Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, N.B.S. Institute of Pharmacy, Ausa, 413520, Maharashtra, India
| | - Safia Obaidur Rab
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School & Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
| | - Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu Y, Zhang X, Ren X, Sun J, Wen Y, Guo Z, Ma Q. Tandem mass tag (TMT) quantitative protein analysis-based proteomics and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) validation revealed that MST4 accelerates osteosarcoma proliferation by increasing MRC2 activity. Mol Carcinog 2023; 62:1338-1354. [PMID: 37378424 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is one of the most common orthopedic malignancies and is characterized by rapid disease progression and a poor prognosis. Currently, research on methods to inhibit osteosarcoma proliferation is still limited. In this study, we found that MST4 levels were significantly increased in osteosarcoma cell lines and tumor tissues compared to normal controls and demonstrated that MST4 is an influential factor in promoting osteosarcoma proliferation both in vivo and in vitro. Proteomic analysis was performed on osteosarcoma cells in the MST4 overexpression and vector expression groups, and 545 significantly differentially expressed proteins were identified and quantified. The candidate differentially expressed protein MRC2 was then identified using parallel reaction monitoring validation. Subsequently, MRC2 expression was silenced with small interfering RNA (siRNA), and we were surprised to find that this alteration affected the cell cycle of MST4-overexpressing osteosarcoma cells, promoted apoptosis and impaired the positive regulation of osteosarcoma growth by MST4. In conclusion, this study identified a novel approach for suppressing osteosarcoma proliferation. Reduction of MRC2 activity inhibits osteosarcoma proliferation in patients with high MST4 expression by altering the cell cycle, which may be valuable for treating osteosarcoma and improving patient prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunyan Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Oncology Institute, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Oncology Institute, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xingguang Ren
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Oncology Institute, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Oncology Institute, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanhua Wen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Oncology Institute, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zheng Guo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Oncology Institute, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiong Ma
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Oncology Institute, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wen SY, Wei BY, Ma JQ, Wang L, Chen YY. Phytochemicals, Biological Activities, Molecular Mechanisms, and Future Prospects of Plantago asiatica L. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:143-173. [PMID: 36545763 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plantago asiatica L. has been used as a vegetable and nutritious food in Asia for thousands of years. According to recent phytochemical and pharmacological research, the active compositions of the plant contribute to various health benefits, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, and anticancer. This article reviews the 87 components of the plant and their structures, as well as their biological activities and molecular research progress, in detail. This review provides valuable reference material for further study, production, and application of P. asiatica, as well as its components in functional foods and therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yuan Wen
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - Bing-Yan Wei
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - Jie-Qiong Ma
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030000, China
| | - Yan-Yan Chen
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ning S, He C, Guo Z, Zhang H, Mo Z. [VIPR1 promoter methylation promotes transcription factor AP-2 α binding to inhibit VIPR1 expression and promote hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth in vitro]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2022; 42:957-965. [PMID: 35869757 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2022.07.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the transcriptional regulation mechanism and biological function of low expression of vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 1 (VIPR1) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS We constructed plasmids carrying wild-type VIPR1 promoter or two mutant VIPR1 promoter sequences for transfection of the HCC cell lines Hep3B and Huh7, and examined the effect of AP-2α expression on VIPR1 promoter activity using dual-luciferase reporter assay. Pyrosequencing was performed to detect the changes in VIPR1 promoter methylation level in HCC cells treated with a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor (DAC). Chromatin immunoprecipitation was used to evaluate the binding ability of AP-2α to VIPR1 promoter. Western blotting was used to assess the effect of AP-2α knockdown on VIPR1 expression and examine the differential expression of VIPR1 in the two cell lines. The effects of VIPR1 overexpression and knockdown on the proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis of HCC cells were analyzed using CCK8 assay and flow cytometry. We also observed the growth of HCC xenograft with lentivirus-mediated over-expression of VIPR1 in nude mice. RESULTS Compared with the wild-type VIPR1 promoter group, co-transfection with the vector carrying two promoter mutations and the AP-2α-over-expressing plasmid obviously restored the luciferase activity in HCC cells (P < 0.05). DAC treatment of the cells significantly decreased the methylation level of VIPR1 promoter and inhibited the binding of AP-2α to VIPR1 promoter (P < 0.01). The HCC cells with AP-2α knockdown showed increased VIPR1 expression, which was lower in Huh7 cells than in Hep3B cells. VIPR1 overexpression in HCC cells caused significant cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase (P < 0.01), promoted cell apoptosis (P < 0.001), and inhibited cell proliferation (P < 0.001), while VIPR1 knockdown produced the opposite effects. In the tumor-bearing nude mice, VIPR1 overexpression in the HCC cells significantly suppressed the increase of tumor volume (P < 0.001) and weight (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION VIPR1 promoter methylation in HCC promotes the binding of AP-2α and inhibits VIPR1 expression, while VIPR1 overexpression causes cell cycle arrest, promotes cell apoptosis, and inhibits cell proliferation and tumor growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Ning
- School of Intelligent Medicine and Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - C He
- Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Z Guo
- School of Intelligent Medicine and Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - H Zhang
- School of Intelligent Medicine and Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Z Mo
- School of Intelligent Medicine and Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| |
Collapse
|