Architrypethelium murisporum (Ascomycota, Trypetheliaceae), a remarkable new lichen species from Thailand challenging ascospore septation as an indicator of phylogenetic relationships

Architrypethelium barrerae sp. nov. from a cloud forest in Veracruz, Mexico

A new species of corticolous microlichen,Architrypethelium barrerae, is described from the cloud forest in the ecological park 'El Haya' in Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico. It is characterized by two-spored asci, cortex UV+ yellow, and an internal K+ pigment in its pseudostromata. Photographs of macro- and microscopic structures are presented.

Refined families of Dothideomycetes: orders and families incertae sedis in Dothideomycetes

Numerous new taxa and classifications of Dothideomycetes have been published following the last monograph of families of Dothideomycetes in 2013. A recent publication by Honsanan et al. in 2020 expanded information of families in Dothideomycetidae and Pleosporomycetidae with modern classifications. In this paper, we provide a refined updated document on orders and families incertae sedis of Dothideomycetes. Each family is provided with an updated description, notes, including figures to represent the morphology, a list of accepted genera, and economic and ecological significances. We also provide phylogenetic trees for each order. In this study, 31 orders which consist 50 families are assigned as orders incertae sedis in Dothideomycetes, and 41 families are treated as families incertae sedis due to lack of molecular or morphological evidence. The new order, Catinellales, and four new families, Catinellaceae, Morenoinaceae Neobuelliellaceae and Thyrinulaceae are introduced. Seven genera (Neobuelliella, Pseudomicrothyrium, Flagellostrigula, Swinscowia, Macroconstrictolumina, Pseudobogoriella, and Schummia) are introduced. Seven new species (Acrospermum urticae, Bogoriella complexoluminata, Dothiorella ostryae, Dyfrolomyces distoseptatus, Macroconstrictolumina megalateralis, Patellaria microspora, and Pseudomicrothyrium thailandicum) are introduced base on morphology and phylogeny, together with two new records/reports and five new collections from different families. Ninety new combinations are also provided in this paper.

Naphthoquinones From Cultured Mycobiont of Marcelaria cumingii (Mont.) and Their Cytotoxicity

Five naphthoquinones including 4 compounds with new absolute configurations, (–)-2' S-trypethelone methyl ether (1), (–)-2' S-8-methoxytrypethelone methyl ether (2), (–)-(2' S,3' S)-4'-hydroxytrypethelone (3), and (–)-(2' S,3' R)-4'-hydroxy-8-methoxy trypethelone methyl ether (5), together with a known compound, (–)-2' S-trypethelone (4), were isolated from cultured mycobiont of Marcelaria cumingii. These compounds were structurally elucidated by high-resolution mass spectra, nuclear magnetic resonance, circular dichroism, optical rotation, and single-crystal X-ray analysis. The cytotoxicity against several cancer cell lines of the isolated compounds were tested. (–)-2' S-Trypethelone methyl ether (1) showed selective inhibition of HCT116 and A549 cell lines with half-maximal inhibitory concentration values of 0.32 ± 0.03 and 1.05 ± 0.12 µM, respectively. The binding conformation and molecular interactions including the effect of substituent modification were also revealed.

Placement of Triblidiaceae in Rhytismatales and comments on unique ascospore morphologies in Leotiomycetes (Fungi, Ascomycota)

Triblidiaceae is a family of uncommonly encountered, non-lichenized discomycetes. A recent classification circumscribed the family to include Triblidium (4 spp. and 1 subsp.), Huangshania (2 spp.) and Pseudographis (2 spp. and 1 var.). The apothecia of these fungi are persistent and drought-tolerant; they possess stromatic, highly melanized covering layers that open and close with fluctuations of humidity. Triblidialean fungi occur primarily on the bark of Quercus, Pinaceae and Ericaceae, presumably as saprobes. Though the type species of Huangshania is from China, these fungi are mostly known from collections originating from Western Hemisphere temperate and boreal forests. The higher-rank classification of triblidialean fungi has been in flux due in part to an overemphasis on ascospore morphology. Muriform ascospores are observed in species of Triblidium and in Pseudographiselatina. An intense, dark blue/purple ascospore wall reaction in iodine-based reagents is observed in species of Pseudographis. These morphologies have led, in part, to these genera being shuffled among unrelated taxa in Hysteriaceae (Dothideomycetes, Hysteriales) and Graphidaceae (Lecanoromycetes, Ostropales). Triblidiaceae has been placed within the monofamilial order Triblidiales (affinity Lecanoromycetes). Here, we demonstrate with a three-gene phylogenetic approach that triblidialean fungi are related to taxa in Rhytismatales (Leotiomycetes). We synonymize Triblidiales under Rhytismatales and emend Triblidiaceae to include Triblidium and Huangshania, with Pseudographis placed within Rhytismataceae. A history of Triblidiaceae is provided along with a description of the emended family. We discuss how the inclusion of triblidialean fungi in Rhytismatales brings some rarely observed or even unique ascospore morphologies to the order and to Leotiomycetes.