1
|
McLaren E, Sommer B, Pandolfi JM, Beger M, Byrne M. Taxa-dependent temporal trends in the abundance and size of sea urchins in subtropical eastern Australia. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11412. [PMID: 38770118 PMCID: PMC11103280 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Subtropical reefs host a dynamic mix of tropical, subtropical, and temperate species that is changing due to shifts in the abundance and distribution of species in response to ocean warming. In these transitional communities, biogeographic affinity is expected to predict changes in species composition, with projected increases of tropical species and declines in cool-affinity temperate species. Understanding population dynamics of species along biogeographic transition zones is critical, especially for habitat engineers such as sea urchins that can facilitate ecosystem shifts through grazing. We investigated the population dynamics of sea urchins on coral-associated subtropical reefs at 7 sites in eastern Australia (28.196° S to 30.95° S) over 9 years (2010-2019), a period impacted by warming and heatwaves. Specifically, we investigated the density and population size structure of taxa with temperate (Centrostephanus rodgersii, Phyllacanthus parvispinus), subtropical (Tripneustes australiae) and tropical (Diadema spp.) affinities. Counter to expectation, biogeographic affinity did not explain shifts in species abundances in this region. Although we expected the abundance of tropical species to increase at their cold range boundaries, tropical Diadema species declined across all sites. The subtropical T. australiae also showed declines, while populations of the temperate C. rodgersii were remarkably stable throughout our study period. Our results show that temporal patterns of sea urchin populations in this region cannot be predicted by bio-geographic affinity alone and contribute critical information about the population dynamics of these important herbivores along this biogeographic transition zone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily McLaren
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Coastal and Marine Ecosystems GroupThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Brigitte Sommer
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Coastal and Marine Ecosystems GroupThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - John M. Pandolfi
- School of the EnvironmentThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Maria Beger
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological SciencesUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, School of the EnvironmentThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Maria Byrne
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Coastal and Marine Ecosystems GroupThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Campoy AN, Rivadeneira MM, Hernández CE, Meade A, Venditti C. Deep-sea origin and depth colonization associated with phenotypic innovations in scleractinian corals. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7458. [PMID: 37978188 PMCID: PMC10656505 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43287-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The deep sea (>200 m) is home to a surprisingly rich biota, which in some cases compares to that found in shallow areas. Scleractinian corals are an example of this - they are key species in both shallow and deep ecosystems. However, what evolutionary processes resulted in current depth distribution of the marine fauna is a long-standing question. Various conflicting hypotheses have been proposed, but few formal tests have been conducted. Here, we use global spatial distribution data to test the bathymetric origin and colonization trends across the depth gradient in scleractinian corals. Using a phylogenetic approach, we infer the origin and historical trends in directionality and speed of colonization during the diversification in depth. We also examine how the emergence of photo-symbiosis and coloniality, scleractinian corals' most conspicuous phenotypic innovations, have influenced this process. Our results strongly support an offshore-onshore pattern of evolution and varying dispersion capacities along depth associated with trait-defined lineages. These results highlight the relevance of the evolutionary processes occurring at different depths to explain the origin of extant marine biodiversity and the consequences of altering these processes by human impact, highlighting the need to include this overlooked evolutionary history in conservation plans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana N Campoy
- Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile.
- Laboratorio de Paleobiología, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile.
- Millennium Nucleus for the Ecology and Conservation of Temperate Mesophotic Reef Ecosystems (NUTME), Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas (ECIM), Las Cruces, Chile.
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of the Algarve, Faro, Portugal.
| | - Marcelo M Rivadeneira
- Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
- Laboratorio de Paleobiología, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Cristián E Hernández
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Filoinformática, Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa, Perú
| | - Andrew Meade
- The School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Chris Venditti
- The School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chukaew T, Isomura N, Mezaki T, Matsumoto H, Kitano YF, Nozawa Y, Tachikawa H, Fukami H. Molecular Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Coral Genus Cyphastrea (Cnidaria, Scleractinia, Merulinidae) in Japan, With the First Records of Two Species. Zoolog Sci 2023; 40:326-340. [PMID: 37522604 DOI: 10.2108/zs230009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The scleractinian coral genus Cyphastrea is widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific region and is common from the subtropical to the warm-temperate regions in Japan. Three new species in this genus have recently been reported from south-eastern Australia or the Red Sea. However, taxonomic and species diversity have been little studied so far in Japan. In this study, we analyzed 112 specimens of Cyphastrea collected from the subtropical to the warm-temperate regions in Japan to clarify the species diversity in the country. This analysis was based on skeletal morphological and molecular analyses using three genetic markers of the nuclear 28S rDNA, histone H3 gene, and the mitochondrial noncoding intergenic region between COI and tRNAmet. The molecular phylogenetic trees showed that our specimens are separated mainly into four clades. Considering the morphological data with the molecular phylogenetic relationships, we confirmed a total of nine species, including two species, C. magna and C. salae, recorded for the first time in Japan. Although eight out of nine species were genetically included within Cyphastrea, one species, C. agassizi, was genetically distant from all other species and was closely related to the genus Leptastrea, suggesting the return of this species to the genus to which it was originally ascribed. Two newly recorded species were reciprocally monophyletic, while the other six species (excluding C. agassizi) clustered in two clades without forming species-specific lineages, including three polyphyletic species. Thus, the species boundary between species in Cyphastrea remains unclear in most species using these three sequenced loci.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thanapat Chukaew
- Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2155, Japan
| | - Naoko Isomura
- Bioresources Engineering, Institute of Technology, Okinawa College, Nago-city, Okinawa 905-2192, Japan
| | - Takuma Mezaki
- Kuroshio Biological Research Foundation, Otsuki, Kochi 788-0333, Japan
| | | | - Yuko F Kitano
- Japan Wildlife Research Center, Sumida-ku, Tokyo 130-8606, Japan
| | - Yoko Nozawa
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Hiroyuki Tachikawa
- Coastal Branch of Natural History Museum and Institute, Katsuura, Chiba 299-5242, Japan
| | - Hironobu Fukami
- Department of Marine Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University, Miyazaki 889-2155, Japan,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kim SW, Sommer B, Beger M, Pandolfi JM. Regional and global climate risks for reef corals: Incorporating species-specific vulnerability and exposure to climate hazards. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:4140-4151. [PMID: 37148129 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is driving rapid and widespread erosion of the environmental conditions that formerly supported species persistence. Existing projections of climate change typically focus on forecasts of acute environmental anomalies and global extinction risks. The current projections also frequently consider all species within a broad taxonomic group together without differentiating species-specific patterns. Consequently, we still know little about the explicit dimensions of climate risk (i.e., species-specific vulnerability, exposure and hazard) that are vital for predicting future biodiversity responses (e.g., adaptation, migration) and developing management and conservation strategies. Here, we use reef corals as model organisms (n = 741 species) to project the extent of regional and global climate risks of marine organisms into the future. We characterise species-specific vulnerability based on the global geographic range and historical environmental conditions (1900-1994) of each coral species within their ranges, and quantify the projected exposure to climate hazard beyond the historical conditions as climate risk. We show that many coral species will experience a complete loss of pre-modern climate analogs at the regional scale and across their entire distributional ranges, and such exposure to hazardous conditions are predicted to pose substantial regional and global climate risks to reef corals. Although high-latitude regions may provide climate refugia for some tropical corals until the mid-21st century, they will not become a universal haven for all corals. Notably, high-latitude specialists and species with small geographic ranges remain particularly vulnerable as they tend to possess limited capacities to avoid climate risks (e.g., via adaptive and migratory responses). Predicted climate risks are amplified substantially under the SSP5-8.5 compared with the SSP1-2.6 scenario, highlighting the need for stringent emission controls. Our projections of both regional and global climate risks offer unique opportunities to facilitate climate action at spatial scales relevant to conservation and management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun W Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brigitte Sommer
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Maria Beger
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - John M Pandolfi
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Juszkiewicz DJ, White NE, Stolarski J, Benzoni F, Arrigoni R, Baird AH, Hoeksema BW, Wilson NG, Bunce M, Richards ZT. Full Title: Phylogeography of recent Plesiastrea (Scleractinia: Plesiastreidae) based on an integrated taxonomic approach. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2022; 172:107469. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
6
|
Alidoost Salimi P, Ghavam Mostafavi P, Chen CA, Pichon M, Alidoost Salimi M. Molecular phylogeny of some coral species from the Persian Gulf. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:2993-2999. [PMID: 33675466 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06251-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
As evolutionary relationships among some coral species still remain unclear, studies on unstudied area such as the Persian Gulf (PG), as part of the western Indo-Pacific, may reveal a better understanding of phylogenetic positions and relationships of corals. In the present study, the phylogenetic relationships of eight common coral species (Favites pentagona, Platygyra daedalea, Cyphastrea microphthalma, Siderastrea savignyana, Pavona decussata, Pavona cactus, Goniopora columna, and Goniopora djiboutiensis) collected from two Iranian Islands were compared with the congeneric sequences from the Indo-Pacific (IP) using rDNA region. The result shows that some coral species which were hitherto considered as representatives of widespread species from IP are related to distinct lineages. Further, it appears that morphological convergence between the taxa leads to an underestimation of the real coral species diversity in the PG. The current study is the first attempt to investigate the phylogenetic position of coral species from the PG in comparison to their counterparts from the IP. As conservation planning hinges on the identification of species, taxonomic revisions have to be undertaken in order to obtain a more reliable picture of coral species diversity in the PG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Alidoost Salimi
- Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Pargol Ghavam Mostafavi
- Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Chaolun Allen Chen
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Michel Pichon
- Biodiversity and Geosciences, Queensland Museum, Townsville, QLD, 4810, Australia
| | - Mahsa Alidoost Salimi
- Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dalton SJ, Carroll AG, Sampayo E, Roff G, Harrison PL, Entwistle K, Huang Z, Salih A, Diamond SL. Successive marine heatwaves cause disproportionate coral bleaching during a fast phase transition from El Niño to La Niña. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 715:136951. [PMID: 32014776 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The frequency and intensity of marine heatwaves that result in coral bleaching events have increased over recent decades and led to catastrophic losses of reef-building corals in many regions. The high-latitude coral assemblages at Lord Howe Island, which is a UNESCO listed site is the world southernmost coral community, were exposed to successive thermal anomalies following a fast phase-transition of the record-breaking 2009 to 2010 warm pool El Niño in the Central Pacific to a strong La Niña event in late 2010. The coral community experienced severe and unprecedented consecutive bleaching in both 2010 and 2011. Coral health surveys completed between March 2010 and September 2012 quantified the response and recovery of approximately 43,700 coral colonies to these successive marine heatwaves. In March 2010, coral bleaching ranged from severe, with 99% of colonies bleached at some shallow lagoon sites, to mild at deeper reef slope sites, with only 17% of individuals affected. Significant immediate mortality from thermal stress was evident during the peak of the bleaching event. Overall, species in the genera Pocillopora, Stylophora, Seriatopora and Porites were the most affected, while minimal bleaching and mortality was recorded among members of other coral families (e.g. Acroporidae, Dendrophyllidae & Merulinidae). Surviving corals underwent a subsequent, but much less intense, thermal anomaly in 2011 that led to a disproportionate bleaching response among susceptible taxa. While this observation indicates that the capacity of thermally susceptible high-latitude corals to acclimatize to future ocean warming may be limited, particularly if bleaching events occur annually, our long-term survey data shows that coral cover at most sites recovered to pre-bleaching levels within three years in the absence of further thermal anomalies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Dalton
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, PO Box 4321, Coffs Harbour, NSW 2450, Australia.
| | - Andrew G Carroll
- Marine Ecology Research Centre, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia; National Earth and Marine Observations Branch, Geoscience Australia, GPO Box 378, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Eugenia Sampayo
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - George Roff
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Peter L Harrison
- Marine Ecology Research Centre, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Kristina Entwistle
- Marine Ecology Research Centre, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
| | - Zhi Huang
- National Earth and Marine Observations Branch, Geoscience Australia, GPO Box 378, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Anya Salih
- Western Sydney University, Confocal Bio-Imaging Facility, Hawkesbury Campus, PO Box 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Sandra L Diamond
- Western Sydney University, School of Science and Health, Hawkesbury Campus, Box 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kim SW, Sampayo EM, Sommer B, Sims CA, Gómez-Cabrera MDC, Dalton SJ, Beger M, Malcolm HA, Ferrari R, Fraser N, Figueira WF, Smith SDA, Heron SF, Baird AH, Byrne M, Eakin CM, Edgar R, Hughes TP, Kyriacou N, Liu G, Matis PA, Skirving WJ, Pandolfi JM. Refugia under threat: Mass bleaching of coral assemblages in high-latitude eastern Australia. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:3918-3931. [PMID: 31472029 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Environmental anomalies that trigger adverse physiological responses and mortality are occurring with increasing frequency due to climate change. At species' range peripheries, environmental anomalies are particularly concerning because species often exist at their environmental tolerance limits and may not be able to migrate to escape unfavourable conditions. Here, we investigated the bleaching response and mortality of 14 coral genera across high-latitude eastern Australia during a global heat stress event in 2016. We evaluated whether the severity of assemblage-scale and genus-level bleaching responses was associated with cumulative heat stress and/or local environmental history, including long-term mean temperatures during the hottest month of each year (SSTLTMAX ), and annual fluctuations in water temperature (SSTVAR ) and solar irradiance (PARZVAR ). The most severely-bleached genera included species that were either endemic to the region (Pocillopora aliciae) or rare in the tropics (e.g. Porites heronensis). Pocillopora spp., in particular, showed high rates of immediate mortality. Bleaching severity of Pocillopora was high where SSTLTMAX was low or PARZVAR was high, whereas bleaching severity of Porites was directly associated with cumulative heat stress. While many tropical Acropora species are extremely vulnerable to bleaching, the Acropora species common at high latitudes, such as A. glauca and A. solitaryensis, showed little incidence of bleaching and immediate mortality. Two other regionally-abundant genera, Goniastrea and Turbinaria, were also largely unaffected by the thermal anomaly. The severity of assemblage-scale bleaching responses was poorly explained by the environmental parameters we examined. Instead, the severity of assemblage-scale bleaching was associated with local differences in species abundance and taxon-specific bleaching responses. The marked taxonomic disparity in bleaching severity, coupled with high mortality of high-latitude endemics, point to climate-driven simplification of assemblage structures and progressive homogenisation of reef functions at these high-latitude locations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun W Kim
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Eugenia M Sampayo
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Brigitte Sommer
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carrie A Sims
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Maria Del C Gómez-Cabrera
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Steve J Dalton
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Maria Beger
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Hamish A Malcolm
- Fisheries Research, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Coffs Harbour, NSW, Australia
| | - Renata Ferrari
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Sciences, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicola Fraser
- Solitary Islands Underwater Research Group, Coffs Harbour, NSW, Australia
| | - Will F Figueira
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen D A Smith
- National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, NSW, Australia
| | - Scott F Heron
- Marine Geophysical Laboratory, Physics Department, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Coral Reef Watch, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Andrew H Baird
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Maria Byrne
- Anatomy and Histology, Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - C Mark Eakin
- Coral Reef Watch, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Robert Edgar
- Solitary Islands Underwater Research Group, Coffs Harbour, NSW, Australia
| | - Terry P Hughes
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicole Kyriacou
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Gang Liu
- Coral Reef Watch, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD, USA
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Paloma A Matis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, Australia
| | - William J Skirving
- Coral Reef Watch, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - John M Pandolfi
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|