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Moretti Iniesta LF, Enghoff H, Bouzan RS, Brescovit AD. Comparative morphological study of the gnathochilarium of millipedes of the suborder Cambalidea (Juliformia: Spirostreptida) assessed by discrete and morphometric character approaches. Zool J Linn Soc 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Phylogenetic relationships of the suborder Cambalidea have been a well-known focus of discussion over the past 100 years. The most recent approach to the suborder is based on the morphology of the sexual structure of males and of the gnathochilarium. The phylogenetic interpretation of the gnathochilarium has been especially criticized due to the poorly understood evolution of its components since no hypothesis of homology has been put forward. This work provides a comparative study of characters of the gnathochilarium. Twenty-one characters are proposed and optimized for 34 terminals from the orders Julida and Spirostreptida. Two datasets were analysed on the basis of whether the sclerite duplomentum corresponds to a mentum fused to a promentum or only to an elongated mentum (promentum being absent). Concatenated analyses were performed with both discrete and morphometric characters to verify the variation in shape of the mentum. In all topologies obtained, Cambalidea were recovered as paraphyletic in terms of the suborder Spirostreptidea. Through constrained searches, Cambalidae, Cambalopsidae and Iulomorphidae were not recovered, while Pseudonannolenidae were recovered only when Physiostreptinae were excluded. The morphological evidence indicates the convergence of the gnathochilarium in Spirostreptidea and in some members of Cambalidea, with independent reversions of the promentum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Felipe Moretti Iniesta
- Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan , Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500 05503-090, São Paulo , Brazil
- Pós-graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Henrik Enghoff
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 København Ø , Denmark
| | - Rodrigo S Bouzan
- Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan , Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500 05503-090, São Paulo , Brazil
- Pós-graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Antonio D Brescovit
- Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan , Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500 05503-090, São Paulo , Brazil
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Iniesta LFM, Enghoff H, Brescovit AD, Bouzan RS. Phylogenetic placement of the monotypic genus Holopodostreptus Carl, 1913 and notes on the systematics of Pseudonannolenidae (Spirostreptida : Cambalidea). INVERTEBR SYST 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/is20012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The genus Holopodostreptus Carl, 1913 is a poorly known monotypic genus endemic to Ecuador. It differs from most other Pseudonannolenidae by a set of characteristics of the gnathochilarium and gonopods. Herein, we provide descriptive notes of males of H. braueri Carl, 1913 based on recently collected material. Females of the species are described for the first time, and images of the vulvae are provided. In addition, we attempt for the first time to place Holopodostreptus in a phylogenetic context. With a total of 14 taxa and 41 morphological characters, and under implied weighting (k = 6), a single most-parsimonious tree is recovered (total fit = 35.86). The genus is recovered as sister-group of Physiostreptus Silvestri, 1903. The clade Holopodostreptus + Physiostreptus is supported by one synapomorphy (absence of setae on the prefemoral process of leg-pair 1 in males) and one homoplastic transformation (narrow telopodite). Based on the phylogenetic results, notes on the subfamilies Pseudonannoleninae, Cambalomminae and Physiostreptinae and a key for all pseudonannolenid genera are provided.
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