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Murayama MA, Shimizu J, Miyabe C, Yudo K, Miyabe Y. Chemokines and chemokine receptors as promising targets in rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1100869. [PMID: 36860872 PMCID: PMC9968812 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1100869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that commonly causes inflammation and bone destruction in multiple joints. Inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-α, play important roles in RA development and pathogenesis. Biological therapies targeting these cytokines have revolutionized RA therapy. However, approximately 50% of the patients are non-responders to these therapies. Therefore, there is an ongoing need to identify new therapeutic targets and therapies for patients with RA. In this review, we focus on the pathogenic roles of chemokines and their G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in RA. Inflamed tissues in RA, such as the synovium, highly express various chemokines to promote leukocyte migration, tightly controlled by chemokine ligand-receptor interactions. Because the inhibition of these signaling pathways results in inflammatory response regulation, chemokines and their receptors could be promising targets for RA therapy. The blockade of various chemokines and/or their receptors has yielded prospective results in preclinical trials using animal models of inflammatory arthritis. However, some of these strategies have failed in clinical trials. Nonetheless, some blockades showed promising results in early-phase clinical trials, suggesting that chemokine ligand-receptor interactions remain a promising therapeutic target for RA and other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori A Murayama
- Department of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Shimizu
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Chie Miyabe
- Department of Frontier Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yudo
- Department of Frontier Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshishige Miyabe
- Department of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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2
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Chan HC, Wang SC, Lin CH, Lin YZ, Li RN, Yen JH. A novel CD209 polymorphism is associated with rheumatoid arthritis patients in Taiwan. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 35:e23751. [PMID: 33792986 PMCID: PMC8128313 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter region of CD209 (cluster of differentiation 209) may influence expression levels, and higher expression of CD209 on immune cells correlate with severity of cartilage destruction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Due to the lack of a comprehensive study, this study aimed to investigate the CD209 promoter variants and haplotypes in a Taiwanese population and the association with RA development. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 126 RA patients and 124 healthy controls was purified, and the CD209 gene promoter was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and analyzed by Sanger sequencing. Results showed that a novel variant −96C>A polymorphism in CD209 promoter was identified in the Taiwanese population, and the frequency was significantly higher in RA patients than in controls (11.51% vs. 2.42%, P < .0001). The odds ratio (OR) for the development of RA was 5.88 (95% CI 2.35–14.74, P < .0001). Other known variants were also evaluated; for instance, −1180 T/T (rs7359874) was increased in RA patients, and the OR for the development of RA was 3.26, 95% CI 0.85–12.52, P = .07). Besides, the haplotype frequencies were calculated; −1180A‐939C‐871 T‐336 T‐139 T‐96A and −1180 T‐939 T‐871C‐336 T‐139C‐96A were increased in RA patients (P = .004 and 0.05, respectively). In summary, CD209‐96A variant could be an important factor for the development of RA in the Taiwanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Chen Chan
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chen Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hui Lin
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Zhao Lin
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Ruei-Nian Li
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Hsien Yen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.,Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.,Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
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Association between the functional MHC2TA −168 A/G polymorphism and susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis. Clin Rheumatol 2015; 35:901-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10067-015-3089-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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MHC2TA and FCRL3 genes are not associated with rheumatoid arthritis in Mexican patients. Rheumatol Int 2015; 36:249-54. [PMID: 26350270 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-015-3358-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a multifactorial disease. A combination of genetic and environmental risk factors contributes to its etiology. Several genes have been reported to be associated with susceptibility to the development of RA. The MHC2TA and FCRL3 genes have been associated previously with RA in Swedish and Japanese populations, respectively. In two recent reports, we show an association between FCRL3 and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), and MHC2TA and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in Mexican population. We assessed the association between three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the MHC2TA (-168G/A; rs3087456, and +16G/C; rs4774) and FCRL3 (-169T/C; rs7528684) genes and rheumatoid arthritis in Mexican population through a genotyping method using allelic discrimination assays with TaqMan probes. Our case-control study included 249 patients with RA and 314 controls. We found no evidence of an association between the MHC2TA -168G/A and +1614G/C or FCRL3 -169T/C polymorphisms and RA in this Mexican population. In this cohort of Mexican patients with RA, we observed no association between the MHC2TA or FCRL3 genes and this autoimmune disease.
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Cáliz R, Canet LM, Lupiañez CB, Canhão H, Escudero A, Filipescu I, Segura-Catena J, Soto-Pino MJ, Expósito-Ruiz M, Ferrer MÁ, García A, Romani L, González-Utrilla A, Vallejo T, Pérez-Pampin E, Hemminki K, Försti A, Collantes E, Fonseca JE, Sainz J. Gender-specific effects of genetic variants within Th1 and Th17 cell-mediated immune response genes on the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72732. [PMID: 24023637 PMCID: PMC3758336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to explore whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Th1 and Th17 cell-mediated immune response genes differentially influence the risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in women and men. In phase one, 27 functional/tagging polymorphisms in C-type lectins and MCP-1/CCR2 axis were genotyped in 458 RA patients and 512 controls. Carriers of Dectin-2 rs4264222T allele had an increased risk of RA (OR = 1.47, 95%CI 1.10-1.96) whereas patients harboring the DC-SIGN rs4804803G, MCP-1 rs1024611G, MCP-1 rs13900T and MCP-1 rs4586C alleles had a decreased risk of developing the disease (OR = 0.66, 95%CI 0.49-0.88; OR = 0.66, 95%CI 0.50-0.89; OR = 0.73, 95%CI 0.55-0.97 and OR = 0.68, 95%CI 0.51-0.91). Interestingly, significant gender-specific differences were observed for Dectin-2 rs4264222 and Dectin-2 rs7134303: women carrying the Dectin-2 rs4264222T and Dectin-2 rs7134303G alleles had an increased risk of RA (OR = 1.93, 95%CI 1.34-2.79 and OR = 1.90, 95%CI 1.29-2.80). Also five other SNPs showed significant associations only with one gender: women carrying the MCP-1 rs1024611G, MCP-1 rs13900T and MCP-1 rs4586C alleles had a decreased risk of RA (OR = 0.61, 95%CI 0.43-0.87; OR = 0.67, 95%CI 0.47-0.95 and OR = 0.60, 95%CI 0.42-0.86). In men, carriers of the DC-SIGN rs2287886A allele had an increased risk of RA (OR = 1.70, 95%CI 1.03-2.78), whereas carriers of the DC-SIGN rs4804803G had a decreased risk of developing the disease (OR = 0.53, 95%CI 0.32-0.89). In phase 2, we genotyped these SNPs in 754 RA patients and 519 controls, leading to consistent gender-specific associations for Dectin-2 rs4264222, MCP-1 rs1024611, MCP-1 rs13900 and DC-SIGN rs4804803 polymorphisms in the pooled sample (OR = 1.38, 95%CI 1.08-1.77; OR = 0.74, 95%CI 0.58-0.94; OR = 0.76, 95%CI 0.59-0.97 and OR = 0.56, 95%CI 0.34-0.93). SNP-SNP interaction analysis of significant SNPs also showed a significant two-locus interaction model in women that was not seen in men. This model consisted of Dectin-2 rs4264222 and Dectin-2 rs7134303 SNPs and suggested a synergistic effect between the variants. These findings suggest that Dectin-2, MCP-1 and DC-SIGN polymorphisms may, at least in part, account for gender-associated differences in susceptibility to RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Cáliz
- Rheumatology Department, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | - Luz María Canet
- Genomic Oncology Area, GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain
| | - Carmen Belén Lupiañez
- Genomic Oncology Area, GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain
| | - Helena Canhão
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Rheumatology Department, Santa Maria Hospital–CHLN, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | - Juana Segura-Catena
- Genomic Oncology Area, GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain
| | - María José Soto-Pino
- Rheumatology Department, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Ángel Ferrer
- Rheumatology Department, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio García
- Rheumatology Department, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | - Lurdes Romani
- Rheumatology Department, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Teresa Vallejo
- Rheumatology Department, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | - Eva Pérez-Pampin
- Rheumtology Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria-Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Kari Hemminki
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Clinical Research Center, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Asta Försti
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Clinical Research Center, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - João Eurico Fonseca
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Rheumatology Department, Santa Maria Hospital–CHLN, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Juan Sainz
- Genomic Oncology Area, GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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CIITA gene variants are associated with rheumatoid arthritis in Scandinavian populations. Genes Immun 2012; 13:431-6. [DOI: 10.1038/gene.2012.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Trouw LA, Böhringer S, Daha NA, Stahl EA, Raychaudhuri S, Kurreeman FA, Stoeken-Rijsbergen G, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Huizinga TW, Toes RE. The major risk alleles of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in CFH do not play a major role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 166:333-7. [PMID: 22059990 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04482.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Because activation of the alternative pathway (AP) of the complement system is an important aspect of both age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), we wished to address the question whether genetic risk factors of the AP inhibitor complement factor H (CFH) for AMD would also be risk factors for RA. For this purpose we genotyped single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a Dutch set of RA patients and controls. Similarly, a meta-analysis using a Spanish cohort of RA as well as six large genome-wide association studies (GWAS) studies was performed. For these SNPs we analysed more than 6000 patients and 20,000 controls. The CFH variants, I62V, Y402H, IVS1 and IVS10, known to associate strongly with AMD, did not show a significant association with the risk of developing RA despite a strong statistical power to detect such differences. In conclusion, the major risk alleles of AMD in CFH do not have a similar effect on developing RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Trouw
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Jönsen A, Nilsson SC, Ahlqvist E, Svenungsson E, Gunnarsson I, Eriksson KG, Bengtsson A, Zickert A, Eloranta ML, Truedsson L, Rönnblom L, Nordmark G, Sturfelt G, Blom AM. Mutations in genes encoding complement inhibitors CD46 and CFH affect the age at nephritis onset in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther 2011; 13:R206. [PMID: 22171659 PMCID: PMC3334659 DOI: 10.1186/ar3539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Inherited deficiencies of several complement components strongly predispose to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) while deficiencies of complement inhibitors are found in kidney diseases such as atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS). Methods The exons of complement inhibitor genes CD46 and CFH (factor H) were fully sequenced using the Sanger method in SLE patients with nephritis originating from two cohorts from southern and mid Sweden (n = 196). All identified mutations and polymorphisms were then analyzed in SLE patients without nephritis (n = 326) and in healthy controls (n = 523). Results We found nonsynonymous, heterozygous mutations in CFH in 6.1% patients with nephritis, in comparison with 4.0% and 5.4% in patients without nephritis and controls, respectively. No associations of SLE or nephritis with common variants in CFH (V62I/Y402H/E936D) were found. Furthermore, we found two nonsynonymous heterozygous mutations in CD46 in SLE patients but not in controls. The A353V polymorphism, known to affect function of CD46, was found in 6.6% of nephritis patients versus 4.9% and 6.1% of the non-nephritis SLE patients and controls. The presence of mutations in CD46 and CFH did not predispose to SLE or nephritis but was associated with earlier onset of nephritis. Furthermore, we found weak indications that there is one protective and one risk haplotype predisposing to nephritis composed of several polymorphisms in noncoding regions of CD46, which were previously implicated in aHUS. Conclusions SLE nephritis is not associated with frequent mutations in CFH and CD46 as found in aHUS but these may be modifying factors causing earlier onset of nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Jönsen
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Kioskgatan 3, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
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Bronson PG, Ramsay PP, Seldin MF, Gregersen PK, Criswell LA, Barcellos LF. CIITA is not associated with risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis. Genes Immun 2011; 12:235-8. [PMID: 21248776 PMCID: PMC3449225 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2010.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II transactivator gene (CIITA) encodes an important transcription factor regulating genes required for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II MHC-restricted antigen presentation. MHC genes, particularly HLA class II, are strongly associated with risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Given the strong biological relationship between CIITA and HLA class II genes, a comprehensive investigation of CIITA variation in RA was conducted. This study tested 31 CIITA single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 2542 RA cases and 3690 controls (N=6232). All individuals were of European ancestry, as determined by ancestry informative genetic markers. No evidence for association between CIITA variation and RA was observed after a correction for multiple testing was applied. This is the largest study to fully characterize common genetic variation in CIITA, including an assessment of haplotypes. Results exclude even a modest role for common CIITA polymorphisms in susceptibility to RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Bronson
- Division of Epidemiology, Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics Laboratory, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7356, USA
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Zhang L, Li W, Song L, Chen L. A towards-multidimensional screening approach to predict candidate genes of rheumatoid arthritis based on SNP, structural and functional annotations. BMC Med Genomics 2010; 3:38. [PMID: 20727150 PMCID: PMC2939610 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-3-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background According to the Genetic Analysis Workshops (GAW), hundreds of thousands of SNPs have been tested for association with rheumatoid arthritis. Traditional genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been developed to identify susceptibility genes using a "most significant SNPs/genes" model. However, many minor- or modest-risk genes are likely to be missed after adjustment of multiple testing. This screening process uses a strict selection of statistical thresholds that aim to identify susceptibility genes based only on statistical model, without considering multi-dimensional biological similarities in sequence arrangement, crystal structure, or functional categories/biological pathways between candidate and known disease genes. Methods Multidimensional screening approaches combined with traditional statistical genetics methods can consider multiple biological backgrounds of genetic mutation, structural, and functional annotations. Here we introduce a newly developed multidimensional screening approach for rheumatoid arthritis candidate genes that considers all SNPs with nominal evidence of Bayesian association (BFLn > 0), and structural and functional similarities of corresponding genes or proteins. Results Our multidimensional screening approach extracted all risk genes (BFLn > 0) by odd ratios of hypothesis H1 to H0, and determined whether a particular group of genes shared underlying biological similarities with known disease genes. Using this method, we found 6614 risk SNPs in our Bayesian screen result set. Finally, we identified 146 likely causal genes for rheumatoid arthritis, including CD4, FGFR1, and KDR, which have been reported as high risk factors by recent studies. We must denote that 790 (96.1%) of genes identified by GWAS could not easily be classified into related functional categories or biological processes associated with the disease, while our candidate genes shared underlying biological similarities (e.g. were in the same pathway or GO term) and contributed to disease etiology, but where common variations in each of these genes make modest contributions to disease risk. We also found 6141 risk SNPs that were too minor to be detected by conventional approaches, and associations between 58 candidate genes and rheumatoid arthritis were verified by literature retrieved from the NCBI PubMed module. Conclusions Our proposed approach to the analysis of GAW16 data for rheumatoid arthritis was based on an underlying biological similarities-based method applied to candidate and known disease genes. Application of our method could identify likely causal candidate disease genes of rheumatoid arthritis, and could yield biological insights that not detected when focusing only on genes that give the strongest evidence by multiple testing. We hope that our proposed method complements the "most significant SNPs/genes" model, and provides additional insights into the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and other diseases, when searching datasets for hundreds of genetic variances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangcai Zhang
- Department of Biophysics, College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology; Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Hei Longjiang Province, China
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Association of polymorphisms in the human IL-10 and IL-18 genes with rheumatoid arthritis. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:379-85. [PMID: 20424918 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0119-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The decrease of anti-inflammatory cytokine and increase of pro-inflammatory cytokine was observed in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Interleukin-10 (IL-10), a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine, has been demonstrated to suppress joint swelling and deformation in RA animal model. Interleukin-18 (IL-18), a widely distributed pro-inflammatory cytokine, induces the production of IFN-γ, activate NK cells, and promote inflammation. Recent studies demonstrated that the serum IL-10 and IL-18 levels may be influenced by genetics and related to susceptibility to several autoimmune diseases. In the present study, using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and DNA sequencing techniques, we analyzed the genotype and allele distributions of two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) loci in the promoter region of IL-10 and IL-18 genes (IL-10-592 A/C and IL-18-607 A/C loci, respectively). Our results indicated that IL-10-592 allelic and genotypic frequencies were significantly different between the RA patients and normal subjects (P<0.05). In addition, significant differences of IL-10-592 allelic and genotypic frequencies were also detected between the patients with or without anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (anti-CCP) (P<0.05). In contrast, allelic and genotypic frequencies of IL-18-607 did not show significant difference between RA patients and normal subjects (P>0.05) or between anti-CCP-positive and anti-CCP-negative RA patients (P>0.05). Furthermore, ELISA detection of IL-10 and IL-18 serum levels revealed that the genotype of IL-10-592 was associated with IL-10 serum level (P<0.05), but the genotype and allele frequency of IL-18-607 was not associated with IL-18 serum level (P>0.05). Taken together, our findings provide new insight for the polymorphism of IL-10 gene in the pathogenesis of RA.
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