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Thakare DR, Mishra P, Rathore U, Singh K, Dixit J, Qamar T, Behera MR, Jain N, Ora M, Bhadauria DS, Gambhir S, Kumar S, Agarwal V, Misra DP. Renal artery involvement is associated with increased morbidity but not mortality in Takayasu arteritis: a matched cohort study of 215 patients. Clin Rheumatol 2024; 43:67-80. [PMID: 38051415 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-023-06829-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We analyzed differences in presentation and survival of Takayasu arteritis (TAK) with or without renal artery involvement (RAI) from a large monocentric cohort of patients with TAK. METHODS Clinical and angiographic features were compared between TAK with versus without RAI, with bilateral versus unilateral RAI, and with bilateral RAI versus without RAI using multivariable-adjusted logistic regression. Inter-group differences in survival were analyzed [hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI)] adjusted for gender, age at disease onset, diagnostic delay, baseline disease activity, and significant clinical/angiographic inter-group differences after multivariable-adjustment/propensity score matching (PSM). RESULTS Of 215 TAK, 117(54.42%) had RAI [66(56.41%) bilateral]. TAK with RAI or with bilateral RAI had earlier disease onset than without RAI (p < 0.001). Chronic renal failure (CRF) was exclusively seen in TAK with RAI. TAK with RAI (vs without RAI) had more frequent hypertension (p = 0.001), heart failure (p = 0.047), abdominal aorta (p = 0.001) or superior mesenteric artery involvement (p = 0.018). TAK with bilateral RAI (vs unilateral RAI) more often had hypertension (p = 0.011) and blurring of vision (p = 0.049). TAK with bilateral RAI (vs without RAI) more frequently had hypertension (p = 0.002), heart failure (p = 0.036), abdominal aorta (p < 0.001), superior mesenteric artery (p = 0.002), or left subclavian artery involvement (p = 0.041). Despite higher morbidity (hypertension, CRF), mortality risk was not increased with RAI vs without RAI (HR 2.32, 95%CI 0.61-8.78), with bilateral RAI vs unilateral RAI (HR 2.65, 95%CI 0.52-13.42) or without RAI (HR 3.16, 95%CI 0.79-12.70) even after multivariable adjustment or PSM. CONCLUSION RAI is associated with increased morbidity (CRF, hypertension, heart failure) but does not adversely affect survival in TAK. Key Points •Renal artery involvement in TAK is associated with chronic renal failure. •TAK with renal artery involvement more often have heart failure and hypertension. •Bilateral renal artery involvement (compared with unilateral) is more often associated with hypertension and visual symptoms. •Renal artery involvement is not associated with an increased risk of mortality in TAK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darpan R Thakare
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, India
| | - Prabhaker Mishra
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, India
| | - Upendra Rathore
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, India
| | - Kritika Singh
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, India
| | - Juhi Dixit
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, India
| | - Tooba Qamar
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, India
| | - Manas Ranjan Behera
- Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, India
| | - Neeraj Jain
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, India
| | - Manish Ora
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, India
| | - Dharmendra Singh Bhadauria
- Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, India
| | - Sanjay Gambhir
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, India
| | - Sudeep Kumar
- Department of Cardiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, India
| | - Vikas Agarwal
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, India
| | - Durga Prasanna Misra
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, India.
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Li Y, Wang Y, Liu ZS, Ma N, Zhang WD, Ren JH. Clinical Practice Report of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in Renal Artery Disease. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2024; 43:117-125. [PMID: 37873731 DOI: 10.1002/jum.16345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the diagnostic performance of renal artery contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) with modified inspection section and summarize subsequent changes in imaging assessment of renal artery disease. METHODS A total of 1015 patients underwent renal artery CEUS were included in the study. Among them, 79 patients (156 renal arteries) suspected with renal artery stenosis (RAS) underwent digital subtraction angiography (DSA) subsequently. DSA was used as the gold standard to evaluate the diagnostic performance of CEUS in detecting RAS (≥30%) and severe stenosis (≥70%), as well as the diagnostic accuracy of classification of stenosis degree. Besides, 127 of the 1015 patients underwent other imaging examinations such as computed tomography angiography (CTA) or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) after CEUS and annual proportion of these imaging examinations was assessed. RESULTS The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of CEUS for detecting RAS (≥30%) was 96.4%, 88.6%, 94.2%, 95.6% and 90.7%, respectively and the kappa value was .857 (P < .01). CEUS had a good performance in distinguishing severe stenosis (≥70%) with a sensitivity of 91.1%, specificity of 95.5%, accuracy of 92.9%, PPV of 96.5%, NPV of 88.7% and the kappa value was 0.857(P < .01). There was no significant difference between CEUS and DSA in detecting stenosis (P = 1.0) and severe stenosis (P = .227). The diagnostic accuracy of CEUS in grading RAS was 85.3% and the kappa value was 0.753 (P < .01). Besides, the annual proportion of other imaging examinations decreased for 4 consecutive years. CONCLUSIONS CEUS is a non-invasive, safe and valuable technique for the assessment of renal artery disease and worthy of promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Sonography, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Sonography, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Shuo Liu
- Department of Sonography, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Na Ma
- Department of Sonography, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Duo Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Hong Ren
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Sonography, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhang L, Ge Z, Li J, Yang Y, Chen Y, Yang X, Li J, Tian X. The performance of duplex ultrasonography for the assessment of renal artery stenosis in Takayasu's arteritis patients. Arthritis Res Ther 2023; 25:139. [PMID: 37537655 PMCID: PMC10399024 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-023-03121-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study intends to analyze the hemodynamic parameters of the renal artery in patients with Takayasu's arteritis (TAK) to explore the diagnostic efficacy of duplex ultrasonography in assessing the involved renal artery in TAK patients. METHODS One hundred fifteen TAK patients with 314 renal arteries were retrospectively analyzed, who were admitted to Peking Union Medical College Hospital between 2017 and 2022. These patients underwent both renal artery ultrasonography and angiography within a 4-week period. Specifically, the study compared seven ultrasonic parameters across groups categorized by the severity of renal artery stenosis (RAS), including noninvolvement, < 50% stenosis, 50-69% stenosis, and 70-99% stenosis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were employed to determine the optimal threshold values for renal artery peak systolic velocity (RPSV), renal-aortic PSV ratio (RAR), and renal-interlobar PSV ratio (RIR) in order to diagnose various degrees of RAS in TAK patients. RESULTS Statistically significant differences were observed in RAR and RIR among the four groups (all P < 0.05). However, no statistically significant differences were found in RPSV and AT between the moderate stenosis group (50-69% stenosis) and the severe stenosis group (70-99% stenosis). The discrimination of interlobar PSV (IPSV) and interlobar RI (IRI) was not significant, and IEDV did not show statistical significance among the four groups. For TAK patients, the recommended thresholds of RPSV for the diagnosis of renal artery involvement (RAI), ≥ 50% RAS, and ≥ 70% RAS were determined to be 143 cm/s, 152 cm/s, and 183 cm/s, respectively. The sensitivities, specificities, and accuracies of these thresholds were all found to be greater than 80%. Additionally, the optimal thresholds of RIR for detecting RAI, ≥ 50% RAS, and ≥ 70% RAS were determined to be 4.6, 5.6, and 6.4, respectively, with satisfactory diagnostic efficiencies. The areas under the curve (AUCs) for RPSV and RIR were calculated to be 0.908 and 0.910, respectively, for the diagnosis of ≥ 50% RAS, and 0.876 and 0.882 for the diagnosis of ≥ 70% RAS. When the aortic PSV is greater than or equal to 140 cm/s, the RAR exhibits inadequate diagnostic efficacy. Conversely, when the aortic PSV is less than 140 cm/s, a RAR value of 2.2 or higher can be employed as the diagnostic threshold for identifying RAS of 70% or greater, with a sensitivity of 84.00%, specificity of 89.93%, and an overall accuracy of 89.08%. CONCLUSION In the present study, it has been demonstrated that RPSV and RIR possess substantial diagnostic value as ultrasonic parameters for diagnosing RAS in TAK patients. Furthermore, when assessing the diagnostic efficacy of RAR, it is crucial to consider the severity of aortic stenosis as a determining factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahong Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Zhitong Ge
- Department of Ultrasound, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yunjiao Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Radiology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases,, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Jianchu Li
- Department of Ultrasound, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Xinping Tian
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
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Lu YT, Zhou ZM, Zhang D, Sun L, Liu XC, Yang YK, Jiang XJ, Zhou XL. Percutaneous Transluminal Renal Angioplasty for Fibromuscular Dysplasia and Prognostic Risk Factors: A Retrospective Chinese Cohort Study. J Clin Med 2022; 12:jcm12010023. [PMID: 36614824 PMCID: PMC9821653 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a non-atherosclerotic, non-inflammatory vascular disease involving small-to-medium-sized arteries. The characteristics of Chinese patients with FMD remain unclear. We retrospectively analyzed the data of patients with renal FMD who underwent percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty (PTRA) for the first time at Fuwai Hospital between 2010 and 2021. The variables were selected through least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression (LASSO), and logistic regression models were constructed to identify independent risk factors. A total of 116 patients (52 males, median age at diagnosis, 25.0 years) were enrolled. Elevated blood pressure was the leading complaint. After a median follow-up period of 18.0 months (interquartile range: 6.0-48.0 months), hypertension recurred in 34 patients and restenosis in nine patients, among whom four patients underwent secondary intervention and one patient underwent surgical revascularization. Bilateral renal artery involvement (odds ratio [OR]: 2.61, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.11-6.15; p = 0.028) and age at hypertension onset (OR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.88-0.99; p = 0.018) were independent prognostic factors for adverse outcomes. The results indicate that patients with bilateral renal artery involvement and younger age at hypertension onset are more likely to have poorer clinical outcomes after PTRA, and should be more closely monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Ze-Ming Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Xin-Chang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Yan-Kun Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiong-Jing Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Xian-Liang Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-8839-2162
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Ross C, Lefebvre F, Pagnoux C. Cessation of immunosuppressive therapies in patients with Takayasu arteritis with sustained inactive disease. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2021; 52:151934. [PMID: 35000787 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Takayasu arteritis (TA) is a chronic and relapsing vasculitis. The objectives of this study were to describe the characteristics and identify predictive factors associated with successful treatment discontinuation in a cohort of patients with TA. METHODS We conducted a retrospective monocentric analysis of patients with TA, followed at the tertiary Vasculitis Clinic in Toronto, from inception to January 2021, and for at least 2 years after diagnosis. The objectives were to determine the frequency of patients whose immunosuppressive medications had been stopped for at least 6 months before their last follow-up visit and whose disease remained inactive, and analyze their characteristics, in comparison with the remaining of the cohort still on medications for TA. RESULTS The cohort included 65 patients (95.4% women; 46.7% white). Twenty-five (38.5%) patients had successfully discontinued their treatment for more than 6 months at their last visit. Median disease duration was 18 years (IQR, 10-23 years) in the group off treatment, compared to 9 years (IQR, 5.3-16.0 years) in the group still on treatment (P = 0.004). Renal artery involvement was less frequent in patients who had stopped their immunosuppressants, especially left renal artery (P = 0.035). Median CRP level at diagnosis was 16.4 mg/L (IQR, 5.4-32.2 mg/L) in the group off treatment, and 45 mg/L (IQR, 15.0-75.5 mg/L) in the group on treatment (P = 0.023). No other difference was found when comparing disease characteristics of the two groups, on or off medications. CONCLUSION One third of TA patients were able to discontinue their treatment. They had lower CRP levels at diagnosis, less frequent renal artery involvement and longer disease duration. No other specific disease features seem to help identify patients with greater chances to be weaned off treatment successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Ross
- Vasculitis Clinic, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Frederic Lefebvre
- Vasculitis Clinic, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christian Pagnoux
- Vasculitis Clinic, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Ying S, Sifan W, Yujiao W, Rongyi C, Qingrong H, Lili M, Huiyong C, Lindi J. Clinical characteristics, imaging phenotypes and events free survival in Takayasu arteritis patients with hypertension. Arthritis Res Ther 2021; 23:196. [PMID: 34289874 PMCID: PMC8293580 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-021-02579-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension occurred in 30-80% of Takayasu arteritis (TAK) patients around the world and the occurrence of hypertension might worsen the disease prognosis. This study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics and imaging phenotypes, as well as their associations with events free survival (EFS) in Chinese TAK patients with hypertension. METHODS This current research was based on a prospectively ongoing observational cohort-the East China Takayasu Arteritis (ECTA) cohort, centered in Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University. Totally, 204 TAK patients with hypertension were enrolled between January 2013 and December 2019. Clinical characteristics and imaging phenotypes of each case were evaluated and their associations with the EFS by the end of August 30, 2020, were analyzed. RESULTS Severe hypertension accounted for 46.1% of the entire population. Three specific imaging phenotypes were identified: Cluster 1: involvement of the abdominal aorta and/or renal artery (27.5%); Cluster 2: involvement of the ascending aorta, thoracic aorta, the aortic arch, and/or its branches (18.6%); and Cluster 3: combined involvement of Cluster 1 and 2 (53.9%). Clinical characteristics, especially hypertensive severity, differed greatly among the three imaging clusters. In all, 187 patients were followed up for a median of 46 (9-102) months; 72 events were observed in 60 patients (1-3 per person). The overall blood pressure control rate was 50.8%, and the EFS was 67.9% by the end of the follow-up. Multivariate Cox regression indicated that controlled blood pressure (HR = 2.13, 95% CI 1.32-3.74), Cluster 1 (HR = 0.69, 95% CI 0.48-0.92) and Cluster 3 (HR = 0.72, 95% CI 0.43-0.94) imaging phenotype was associated with the EFS. Kaplan-Meier curves showed that patients with controlled blood pressure showed better EFS (p = 0.043). Furthermore, using cases with Cluster 1 imaging phenotype and controlled blood pressure as reference, better EFS was observed in patients with Cluster 2 phenotype and controlled blood pressure (HR = 2.21, 95%CI 1.47-4.32), while the case with Cluster 1 phenotype plus uncontrolled blood pressure (HR = 0.64, 95%CI 0.52-0.89) and those with Cluster 3 phenotype and uncontrolled blood pressure (HR = 0.83, 95%CI 0.76-0.92) suffered worse EFS. CONCLUSION Blood pressure control status and imaging phenotypes showed significant effects on the EFS for TAK patients with hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Ying
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wu Sifan
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Yujiao
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Rongyi
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Huang Qingrong
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ma Lili
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Centre of Evidence-based Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Huiyong
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Lindi
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. .,Centre of Evidence-based Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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