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Bedewy A, El-Kassas M. Anesthesia in patients with chronic liver disease: An updated review. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2023; 47:102205. [PMID: 37678609 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2023.102205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Anesthesia in chronic liver disease patients can be challenging because of the medications given or interventions performed and their effects on liver physiology. Also, the effects of liver disease on coagulation and metabolism should be considered carefully. This review focuses on anesthesia in patients with different chronic liver disease stages. A literature search was performed for Scopus and PubMed databases for articles discussing different types of anesthesia in patients with chronic liver disease, their safety, usage, and risks. The choice of anesthesia is of crucial importance. Regional anesthesia, especially neuroaxial anesthesia, may benefit some patients with liver disease, but coagulopathy should be considered. Regional anesthesia provides optimum intraoperative relaxation and analgesia that extends to the postoperative period while avoiding the side effects of intravenous anesthetics and opioids. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of anesthetic medications must guard against complications related to overdose or decreased metabolism. The choice of anesthesia in chronic liver disease patients is crucial and could be tailored according to the degree of liver compensation and the magnitude of the surgical procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Bedewy
- Anesthesia and Surgical Intensive Care Department, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Kassas
- Endemic Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Postal Code: 11795, Cairo, Egypt.
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Hu Y, Li X, Liu J, Chen H, Zheng W, Zhang H, Wu M, Li C, Zhu X, Lou J, Yan P, Wu N, Liu X, Ma S, Wang X, Ding Y, Xuan C. Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a novel γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor potentiator, HSK3486, in Chinese patients with hepatic impairment. Ann Med 2022; 54:2769-2780. [PMID: 36217101 PMCID: PMC9559057 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2129433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary objective of this study was to investigate if hepatic impairment alters the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of HSK3486. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This was a clinical trial of HSK3486 in subjects with normal hepatic function (n = 8), and mild (Child-Pugh A; n = 8), or moderate (Child-Pugh B; n = 8) hepatic impairment. Each subject received an IV bolus dose of 0.4 mg/kg HSK3486 for 1 min, immediately followed by a maintenance infusion of 0.4 mg/kg/h HSK3486 for 30 min. RESULTS In total, 24 subjects were enrolled and completed the study. HSK3486 was generally well tolerated by all subjects. There were no serious AEs and no deaths reported during the study. The incidence of AEs was numerically highest in subjects with moderate hepatic impairment. The exposure (AUC) of HSK3486 increased gradually with the decrease in hepatic function; however, degree of hepatic impairment had little effect on HSK3486 PD (MOAA/S and BIS). CONCLUSIONS Overall, there were no clinically relevant differences in HSK3486 exposure or PD in subjects with mild or moderate hepatic impairment compared to normal control. These data imply that HSK3486 dose adjustment is not warranted in subjects with mild or moderate hepatic impairment. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (CT.gov identifier: NCT04145596).Key MessageHSK3486 at an IV bolus dose of 0.4 mg/kg and a maintenance infusion of 0.4 mg/kg/h was safe and well tolerated by all mild or moderate hepatic impairment subjects and normal hepatic function subjects.There were no clinically relevant differences in HSK3486 exposure or PD in subjects with mild or moderate hepatic impairment compared to subjects with normal hepatic function.HSK3486 dose adjustment is not required in subjects with mild or moderate hepatic impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, First Hospital, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaojiao Li
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, First Hospital, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Jingrui Liu
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, First Hospital, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, First Hospital, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Wenbo Zheng
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, First Hospital, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, First Hospital, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Min Wu
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, First Hospital, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Cuiyun Li
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, First Hospital, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaoxue Zhu
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, First Hospital, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Jinfeng Lou
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, First Hospital, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Pangke Yan
- Haisco Pharmaceutical Group, Sichuan, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Haisco Pharmaceutical Group, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Haisco Pharmaceutical Group, Sichuan, China
| | - Shiping Ma
- Haisco Pharmaceutical Group, Sichuan, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Haisco Pharmaceutical Group, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanhua Ding
- Phase I Clinical Trial Unit, First Hospital, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Chengluan Xuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Hospital, Jilin University, Jilin, China
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Safety, Efficacy and High-Quality Standards of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Procedures in Personalized Sedoanalgesia Managed by the Gastroenterologist: A Retrospective Study. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12071171. [PMID: 35887668 PMCID: PMC9318151 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12071171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Performing GI endoscopy under sedoanalgesia improves the quality-indices of the examination, in particular for cecal intubation and adenoma detection rates during colonoscopy. The implementation of procedural sedoanalgesia in GI endoscopy is also strongly recommended by the guidelines of the major international scientific societies. Nevertheless, there are regional barriers that prevent the widespread adoption of this good practice. A retrospective monocentric analytic study was performed on a cohort of 529 patients who underwent EGDS/Colonoscopy in sedoanalgesia, with personalized dosage of Fentanyl and Midazolam. ASA class, age and weight were collected for each patient. The vital parameters were recorded during, pre- and post-procedure. The rates of cecal intubation and of procedure-related complications were entered. The VAS scale was used to evaluate the efficacy of sedoanalgesia, and the Aldrete score was used for patient discharge criteria. No clinically significant differences were found between vital signs pre- and post-procedure. Both anesthesia and endoscopic-related complications occurring were few and successfully managed. At the end of examination, both the mean Aldrete score (89.56), and the VAS score (<4 in 99.1%) were suitable for discharge. For the colonoscopies, the cumulative adenoma detection rate (25%) and the cecal intubation rate in the general group (98%) and in the colorectal cancer screening group (100%) were satisfying. Pain control management is an ethical and medical issue aimed at increasing both patient compliance and the quality of the procedures. The findings of this work underscore that in selected patients personalized sedoanalgesia in GI endoscopy can be safely managed by gastroenterologists.
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Fung BM, Leon DJ, Beck LN, Tabibian JH. Pre-procedural Preparation and Sedation for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in Patients with Advanced Liver Disease. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:2739-2753. [PMID: 34169430 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-021-07111-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal endoscopy in patients with advanced liver disease poses various challenges, a major one being procedural sedation and its associated considerations. While sedation during endoscopy can improve patient comfort, decrease anxiety, and facilitate procedural completion, in patients with advanced liver disease, it is also associated with substantial and unique risks due to alterations in drug metabolism and other factors. As such, the choice of sedative agent(s) and related logistics may require careful inter-disciplinary planning and individualized considerations. Furthermore, a large proportion of agents require dose reductions and particular monitoring of the vital signs, level of consciousness, and other indices. In the present review, we provide a contemporary overview of procedural sedation considerations, commonly used intravenous sedatives, and second-line as well as novel sedatives for gastrointestinal endoscopy in patients with advanced liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Fung
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA. .,Banner - University Medical Center Phoenix, Internal Medicine, LL2, 1111 E McDowell Road, Phoenix, AZ, 85006, USA.
| | - Deanna J Leon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lauren N Beck
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James H Tabibian
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Olive View-UCLA Medical Center, Sylmar, CA, USA.,David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Acute variceal bleeding and out-of-hours endoscopy: Evaluation of an emergency care setting according to Baveno VI guidelines adherence. Dig Liver Dis 2021; 53:1320-1326. [PMID: 34348881 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extent to which patients with acute variceal bleeding (AVB) receive recommended care is largely unknown. AIM to evaluate the adherence of the 4 major Baveno VI recommendations [vasoactive agents, prophylactic antibiotic, esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) within 12 hours, endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL)] as a marker of quality of an emergency model. METHODS Retrospective evaluation of AVB admissions to a tertiary centre in which endoscopy was available 24hours-a-day, with a regional out-of-hours service at night (the furthest hospital is 200Km away). Patients were divided in directly admitted or transferred from other centres. RESULTS 210 AVB patients were included; 101 (48.1%) were directly admitted. The majority of patients were submitted to vasoactive agents (85.7%) and prophylactic antibiotics (79%) before EGD. In 178 patients (84.8%) endoscopy was performed within 12h and EVL was the procedure of choice in 116 (74.8%) (only oesophageal varices). No significant differences were observed between directly admitted and transferred patients in adherence rates. Overall rebleeding rate was 8.6%, in-hospital mortality 11.4% and 6-week mortality 20%. CONCLUSION Adherence to quality metrics was high which might have played a vital role for reported outcomes. These results suggest that this model of care, provides accessibility and equity in access to urgent endoscopy.
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Singh SP, Wadhawan M, Acharya SK, Bopanna S, Madan K, Sahoo MK, Bhat N, Misra SP, Duseja A, Mukund A, Anand AC, Goel A, Satyaprakash BS, Varghese J, Panigrahi MK, Tandan M, Mohapatra MK, Puri P, Rathi PM, Wadhwa RP, Taneja S, Thomas V, Bhatia V. Management of portal hypertensive upper gastrointestinal bleeding: Report of the Coorg Consensus workshop of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology Task Force on Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Indian J Gastroenterol 2021; 40:519-540. [PMID: 34890020 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-021-01169-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Portal hypertensive bleeding is a major complication of portal hypertension (PHT) with high morbidity and mortality. A lot of advances have been made in our understanding of screening, risk stratification, and management strategies for portal hypertensive bleeding including acute variceal bleeding leading to improved overall outcomes in patients with PHT. A number of guidelines on variceal bleeding have been published by various societies in the past few years. The Indian Society of Gastroenterology (ISG) Task Force on Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding (UGIB) felt that it was necessary to bring out a standard practice guidance document for the use of Indian health care providers especially physicians, gastroenterologists, and hepatologists. For this purpose, an expert group meeting was convened by the ISG Task Force to deliberate on this matter and write a consensus guidance document for Indian practice. The delegates including gastroenterologists, hepatologists, radiologists, and surgeons from different parts of the country participated in the consensus development meeting at Coorg in 2018. A core group was constituted which reviewed all published literature on portal hypertensive UGIB with special reference to the Indian scenario and prepared unambiguous statements on different aspects for voting and consensus in the whole group. This consensus was produced through a modified Delphi process and reflects our current understanding and recommendations for the diagnosis and management of portal hypertensive UGIB in Indians. Intended for use by the health care providers especially gastroenterologists and hepatologists, these consensus statements provide an evidence-based approach to risk stratification, diagnosis, and management of patients with portal hypertensive bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivaram P Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology, Srirama Chandra Bhanja Medical College and Hospital, Cuttack, 753 001, India.
| | - Manav Wadhawan
- Department of Hepatology and Liver Transplant, Institute of Liver and Digestive Diseases, BLK Super Specialty Hospital, Delhi, 110 005, India
| | - Subrat K Acharya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, KIIT University, Patia, Bhubaneswar, 751 024, India
| | - Sawan Bopanna
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fortis Flt. Lt. Rajan Dhall Hospital, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, 110 070, India
| | - Kaushal Madan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Max Smart Super Specialty Hospital, Saket, New Delhi, 110 017, India
| | - Manoj K Sahoo
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, IMS and SUM Hospital, K8 Kalinga Nagar, Shampur, Bhubaneswar, 751 003, India
| | - Naresh Bhat
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aster CMI Hospital, Bangalore, 560 092, India
| | - Sri P Misra
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Moti Lal Nehru Medical College, Allahabad, 211 001, India
| | - Ajay Duseja
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160 012, India
| | - Amar Mukund
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, Sector D-1, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, 110 070, India
| | - Anil C Anand
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Patia, Bhubaneswar, 751 024, India
| | - Ashish Goel
- Department of Hepatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632 004, India
| | | | - Joy Varghese
- Department of Hepatology and Transplant Hepatology, Institute of Liver Disease and Transplantation, Gleneagles Global Health City, 439, Cheran Nagar, Chennai, 600 100, India
| | - Manas K Panigrahi
- Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751 019, India
| | - Manu Tandan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Somajiguda, Hyderabad, 500 082, India
| | - Mihir K Mohapatra
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Srirama Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack, 753 007, India
| | - Pankaj Puri
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fortis Escorts Liver and Digestive Diseases Institute, Okhla Road, New Delhi, 110 025, India
| | - Pravin M Rathi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Topiwala National Medical College and BYL Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai, 400 008, India
| | - Rajkumar P Wadhwa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Apollo BGS Hospital, Adichuchanagiri Road, Kuvempunagar, Mysore, 570 023, India
| | - Sunil Taneja
- Department of Hepatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160 012, India
| | - Varghese Thomas
- Department of Gastroenterology, Malabar Medical College Hospital, Modakkallur, Calicut, 673 321, India
| | - Vikram Bhatia
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, Sector D-1, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, 110 070, India
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Zhang G, Pan B, Tan D, Ling Y. Risk factors of delayed recovery from general anesthesia in patients undergoing radical biliary surgery: What can we prevent. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e26773. [PMID: 34397880 PMCID: PMC8360616 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000026773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Delayed recovery (DR) is very commonly seen in the patients undergoing laparoscopic radical biliary surgery, we aimed to investigate the potential risk factors of DR in the patients undergoing radical biliary surgery, to provide evidences into the management of DR.Patients who underwent radical biliary surgery from January 1, 2018 to August 31, 2020 were identified. The clinical characteristics and treatment details of DR and no-DR patients were compared and analyzed. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify the potential influencing factors for DR in patients with laparoscopic radical biliary surgery.We included a total of 168 patients with laparoscopic radical biliary surgery, the incidence of postoperative DR was 25%. There were significant differences on the duration of surgery, duration of anesthesia, and use of intraoperative combined sevoflurane inhalation (all P < .05), and there were not significant differences on American Society of Anesthesiologists, New York Heart Association, tumor-lymph node- metastasis, and estimated blood loss between DR group and control group (all P > .05). Multivariable logistic regression analyses indicated that age ≥70 years (odd ratio [OR] 1.454, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.146-1.904), body mass index ≥25 kg/m2 (OR 1.303, 95% CI 1.102-1.912), alcohol drinking (OR 2.041, 95% CI 1.336-3.085), smoking (OR 1.128, 95% CI 1.007-2.261), duration of surgery ≥220 minutes (OR 1.239, 95% CI 1.039-1.735), duration of anesthesia ≥230 minutes (OR 1.223, 95% CI 1.013-1.926), intraoperative combined sevoflurane inhalation (OR 1.207, 95% CI 1.008-1.764) were the independent risk factors for DR in patients with radical biliary surgery (all P < .05).It is clinically necessary to take early countermeasures against various risk factors to reduce the occurrence of DR, and to improve the prognosis of patients.
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Lieber SR, Heller BJ, Howard CW, Sandler RS, Crockett S, Barritt AS. Complications Associated With Anesthesia Services in Endoscopic Procedures Among Patients With Cirrhosis. Hepatology 2020; 72:2109-2118. [PMID: 32153048 PMCID: PMC7483314 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Anesthesia services for endoscopic procedures have proliferated with the promise of increased comfort and safety. Cirrhosis patients are higher risk for sedation, yet limited data are available describing anesthesia complications in this population. APPROACH AND RESULTS This cross-sectional study utilized the National Anesthesia Clinical Outcomes Registry, a multicenter quality-improvement database from 2010 to 2015. Patients with cirrhosis undergoing an endoscopy were identified by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9)/Current Procedures Terminology (CPT) codes. The outcome of interest was serious anesthesia-related complication defined as cardiovascular, respiratory, neurological, drug related, patient injury, death, or unexpected admission. A mixed-effects multivariate logistic regression model determined odds ratios (ORs) between variables and serious complications, adjusting for potential confounders. In total, 9,007 endoscopic procedures were performed among patients with cirrhosis; 92% were esophagogastroduodenoscopies. The majority (81%) were American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class ≥3, and 72% had a history of hepatic encephalopathy, ascites, varices, hepatorenal syndrome, or spontaneous bacterial peritonitis identified by ICD-9/CPT codes. In total, 87 complications were reported, 33 of which were serious. Frequency of serious complications was 0.4% or 378.6 per 100,000 procedures (95% confidence interval [CI], 260.8, 531.3). The majority of serious complications were cardiovascular (21 of 33), including 15 cardiac arrests. Serious complications were significantly associated with ASA 4/5 (OR, 3.84; 95% CI, 1.09, 13.57) and general anesthesia (OR, 4.71; 95% CI, 1.20, 18.50), adjusting for age, sex, ASA class, anesthesia type, inpatient status, portal hypertension history, and variable complication reporting practices. CONCLUSIONS Anesthesia complications among endoscopic procedures in cirrhosis are rare overall. Serious complications were predominantly cardiac and associated with sicker patients undergoing general anesthesia. The complexity of end-stage liver disease may warrant more intensive care during endoscopic procedures, including anesthesia monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R. Lieber
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina (UNC) Health Care, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Benjamin J. Heller
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina (UNC) Health Care, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Christopher W. Howard
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina (UNC) Health Care, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Robert S. Sandler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina (UNC) Health Care, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | | | - A. Sidney Barritt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina (UNC) Health Care, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Park CH, Park SW, Jung JH, Kim GG, Choi SY, Kim ES, In DH, Kim HD. Clinical outcomes of sedation during emergency endoscopic band ligation for variceal bleeding: Multicenter cohort study. Dig Endosc 2020; 32:894-903. [PMID: 31858649 DOI: 10.1111/den.13610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Few studies have directly compared the efficacy of sedated- and un-sedated endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) for acute variceal bleeding. We aimed to determine whether sedation during EVL in patients with variceal bleeding is safe and effective. METHODS We analyzed data from patients who underwent EVL for acute variceal bleeding according to sedation in six hospitals of Hallym University Medical Center. The primary endpoint was treatment failure, defined as a failure to control bleeding, death during EVL, or rebleeding within 5 days. Secondary endpoints included the procedure time, adverse events, and 30-day mortality. RESULTS Of 1,300 patients who were included, only 430 (33.1%) received sedation during EVL. Propofol alone was used for sedation in 85% of sedated-EVLs. The mean procedure time in the sedation group was shorter than that of the non-sedation group (12.4 ± 9.5 min versus 13.8 ± 9.4 min, P = 0.010). The proportion of treatment failure did not differ between the groups (7.4% versus 9.1%, P = 0.374). In the multivariable analysis, an AIMS65 score ≥2 and blood transfusion within 72 hours were associated with treatment failure of EVL; however, the use of sedation was not (odds ratio [95% confidence interval (CI)] = 0.96 [0.60-1.51]). Adverse events during EVL and hepatic encephalopathy did not differ between the two groups. Sedation also did not affect the 30-day mortality (hazard ratio [95% CI] = 0.99 [0.66-1.47]). CONCLUSION Sedation reduced the procedure time of EVL. Sedation is safe to use during EVL for variceal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Hyuk Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Se Woo Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Jang Han Jung
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Gyeong Guk Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Se Young Choi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Eun Sun Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Dong Hyun In
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Hong Deok Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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Guacho JAL, de Moura DTH, Ribeiro IB, da Ponte Neto AM, Singh S, Tucci MGB, Bernardo WM, de Moura EGH. Propofol vs midazolam sedation for elective endoscopy in patients with cirrhosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2020; 12:241-255. [PMID: 32879659 PMCID: PMC7443824 DOI: 10.4253/wjge.v12.i8.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with cirrhosis frequently require sedation for elective endoscopic procedures. Several sedation protocols are available, but choosing an appropriate sedative in patients with cirrhosis is challenging.
AIM To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare propofol and midazolam for sedation in patients with cirrhosis during elective endoscopic procedures in an attempt to understand the best approach.
METHODS This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted using the PRISMA guidelines. Electronic searches were performed using MEDLINE, EMBASE, Central Cochrane, LILACS databases. Only randomized control trials (RCTs) were included. The outcomes studied were procedure time, recovery time, discharge time, and adverse events (bradycardia, hypotension, and hypoxemia). The risk of bias assessment was performed using the Revised Cochrane Risk-of-Bias tool for randomized trials (RoB-2). Quality of evidence was evaluated by GRADEpro. The meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager.
RESULTS The search yielded 3,576 records. Out of these, 8 RCTs with a total of 596 patients (302 in the propofol group and 294 in the midazolam group) were included for the final analysis. Procedure time was similar between midazolam and propofol groups (MD: 0.25, 95%CI: -0.64 to 1.13, P = 0.59). Recovery time (MD: -8.19, 95%CI: -10.59 to -5.79, P < 0.00001). and discharge time were significantly less in the propofol group (MD: -12.98, 95%CI: -18.46 to -7.50, P < 0.00001). Adverse events were similar in both groups (RD: 0.02, 95%CI: 0-0.04, P = 0.58). Moreover, no significant difference was found for bradycardia (RD: 0.03, 95%CI: -0.01 to 0.07, P = 0.16), hypotension (RD: 0.03, 95%CI: -0.01 to 0.07, P = 0.17), and hypoxemia (RD: 0.00, 95%CI: -0.04 to 0.04, P = 0.93). Five studies had low risk of bias, two demonstrated some concerns, and one presented high risk. The quality of the evidence was very low for procedure time, recovery time, and adverse events; while low for discharge time.
CONCLUSION This systematic review and meta-analysis based on RCTs show that propofol has shorter recovery and patient discharge time as compared to midazolam with a similar rate of adverse events. These results suggest that propofol should be the preferred agent for sedation in patients with cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Alexander Lata Guacho
- Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Diogo Turiani Hourneaux de Moura
- Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Igor Braga Ribeiro
- Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Alberto Machado da Ponte Neto
- Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Shailendra Singh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, West Virginia University, Charleston, WV 25304, United States
| | - Marina Gammaro Baldavira Tucci
- Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Wanderley Marques Bernardo
- Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-010, Brazil
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Propofol alone prevents worsening hepatic encephalopathy rather than midazolam alone or combined sedation after esophagogastroduodenoscopy in compensated or decompensated cirrhotic patients. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 32:1054-1061. [PMID: 32433420 PMCID: PMC7337114 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000001755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was conducted to determine which type and dose of sedative drugs should be given to cirrhotic patients with compensation or decompensation during esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) to prevent hepatic encephalopathy (HE) after sedation. METHODS We reviewed the medical records of cirrhotic patients consecutively admitted to the hospital and conducted a number connection test (NCT) before and 2 h after EGD with moderate sedation. Sedation was performed using either propofol alone, midazolam alone, or combined propofol + midazolam. RESULTS Sixty-seven patients were admitted for a screening EGD. The NCT before and after sedation were not significantly different in the propofol alone (pre-NCT = 47.3 ± 19.71 seconds vs. post-NCT = 49.4 ± 21.79 seconds, P = 0.6389). In the midazolam alone (pre-NCT = 50.3 ± 20.56 vs. post-NCT = 63.7 ± 33.17, P = 0.0021) and in the combined propofol + midazolam (pre-NCT = 47.4 ± 20.99 vs. post-NCT = 60.0 ± 30.79, P = 0.0002), NCT were significantly delayed. The propofol alone group received 52.3 ± 16.31 mg (0.82 ± 0.29 mg/kg). In 45 (67.2%) decompensated patients, only the propofol alone was not significantly different between pre-NCT (49.2 ± 22.92) and post-NCT (52.3 ± 24.90) (P = 0.4548). Serum sodium level was significantly correlated with delta-NCT (r = 0.3594, P = 0.0028). CONCLUSION Propofol alone could be the best sedation strategy for cirrhotic patients with compensation or decompensation without aggravation of covert or overt HE. Hyponatremia could be a risk factor for developing or worsening HE after EGD with sedation.
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Goudra B, Singh PM. GI Endoscopy Sedation in Patients with Cirrhosis: Routine or Unpredictable? Dig Dis Sci 2020; 65:931-933. [PMID: 31720890 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-05949-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Basavana Goudra
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 680 Dulles, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Preet Mohinder Singh
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, 6311, USA
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Hor S, Chen CY, Tsai ST. Propofol pump controls nonconvulsive status epilepticus in a hepatic encephalopathy patient: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2019; 7:2831-2837. [PMID: 31616699 PMCID: PMC6789384 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v7.i18.2831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Status epilepticus is an emergent and critical condition which needs management without hesitation. Nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) tends to be less recognized, and its diagnosis is delayed in comparison with overt status epilepticus because of the absence of specific clinical signs. It is often difficult to make a diagnosis, particularly in patients with hepatic encephalopathy.
CASE SUMMARY A 38-year-old man with a history of alcoholic liver cirrhosis presented with altered mental status; the initial diagnosis was hepatic encephalopathy. Although optimal treatment for hepatic encephalopathy was administered, the patient's mental status did not improve. A final diagnosis of NCSE was made by continuous electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring. Treatment with levetiracetam and propofol pump was immediately started. The patient’s consciousness gradually improved after discontinuation of propofol therapy, and no further epileptic discharge was observed by EEG monitoring. After 1 wk, the patient returned to full consciousness, and he was able to walk in the hospital ward without assistance. He was discharged with minimal sequela of bilateral conjunctivitis.
CONCLUSION In cases of persistent altered mental status without reasonable diagnosis, NCSE should be considered in hepatic encephalopathy patients with persistently altered levels of consciousness, and EEG monitoring is very important. We also recommend propofol as a safe and efficient therapy for NCSE in liver cirrhosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao Hor
- Department of Anesthesiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yu Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Ta Tsai
- Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
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Kundu R, Subramaniam R, Sardar A. Anesthetic Management for Prolonged Incidental Surgery in Advanced Liver Disease. Anesth Essays Res 2017; 11:1101-1104. [PMID: 29284885 PMCID: PMC5735460 DOI: 10.4103/aer.aer_94_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of advances in perioperative management, operative procedures in patients with chronic liver disease pose a significant challenge for the anesthesiologist due to multisystem involvement, high risk of postoperative hepatic decompensation, and mortality. We describe the anesthetic management of an elderly patient with advanced liver disease (model for end-stage liver disease 16) for prolonged abdominal surgery. The use of invasive hemodynamic monitoring, point-of-care biochemical, and hematological surveillance coupled with prompt correction of all abnormalities was responsible for good outcome. The patient's inguinal swellings turned out to be extensions of a large peritoneal mesothelioma, necessitating a large abdominal incision and blood loss. Analgesia was provided by bilateral transversus abdominis plane blocks, which helped to reduce opioid use and rapid extubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riddhi Kundu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajeshwari Subramaniam
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Arijit Sardar
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Lee JK, Jang DK, Kim WH, Kim JW, Jang BI. [Safety of Non-anesthesiologist Administration of Propofol for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy]. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2017; 69:55-58. [PMID: 28135791 DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2017.69.1.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) is a hypnotic drug with a very rapid onset and offset of action. It has increasingly been used in gastrointestinal endoscopy. Administration of propofol by nurses or endoscopists is commonly referred to as non-anesthesiologist-administered propofol (NAAP). There have been a lot of studies on the safety of NAAP compared with those by anesthesiologists. Safety results of those studies are summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kyu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Dong Kee Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Won Hee Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jung Wook Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Ik Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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Ganesh S, Almazroo OA, Tevar A, Humar A, Venkataramanan R. Drug Metabolism, Drug Interactions, and Drug-Induced Liver Injury in Living Donor Liver Transplant Patients. Clin Liver Dis 2017; 21:181-196. [PMID: 27842771 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Living donor liver transplant (LDLT) fills a critically needed gap in the number of livers available for transplant. However, little is known about the functional recovery of the liver in the donor and in the recipient after surgery. Given that both donor and recipients are treated with several drugs, it is important to characterize the time course of recovery of hepatic synthetic, metabolic, and excretory function in these patients. In the absence of data from LDLT, information on the effect of liver disease on the pharmacokinetics of medications can be used as guidance for drug dosing in LDLT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swaytha Ganesh
- Thomas Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Omar Abdulhameed Almazroo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, 731 Salk Hall, 3501 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Amit Tevar
- Thomas Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Abhinav Humar
- Thomas Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Raman Venkataramanan
- Thomas Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, 718 Salk Hall, 3501 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Randomized Controlled Study Comparing Use of Propofol Plus Fentanyl versus Midazolam Plus Fentanyl as Sedation in Diagnostic Endoscopy in Patients with Advanced Liver Disease. Int J Hepatol 2017; 2017:8462756. [PMID: 29312786 PMCID: PMC5634622 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8462756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of propofol plus fentanyl versus midazolam plus fentanyl as sedative for patients with advanced liver disease presented for gastrointestinal endoscopy. METHODS A total of 100 patients with liver cirrhosis referred for upper endoscopy were enrolled and divided equally in two groups, midazolam plus fentanyl group and propofol plus fentanyl group. All patients were subjected to history taking, estimation of level of sedation, endoscopist rating, and hemodynamic parameters including oxygen saturation, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, incidence of side effect as (bradycardia, hypotension, hypoxia, nausea and vomiting, cough, shivering, or diplopia), time needed for complete recovery, and time needed for discharge. RESULTS There was no statistical significant difference between the studied groups regarding age, sex, weight, Child-Pugh classification score, type and duration of endoscopic intervention, time needed for complete recovery, or time needed for discharge. Complication rates were similar in both groups except for mean arterial blood pressure which was significantly lower in group of patients receiving propofol and fentanyl (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION The use of either propofol or midazolam in combination to fentanyl is effective in sedation of patients with advanced liver diseases presented for upper GIT endoscope. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03063866.
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19
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Dalal A. Anesthesia for liver transplantation. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2016; 30:51-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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20
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Dalal AR. Split liver transplantation: What’s unique? World J Transplant 2015; 5:89-94. [PMID: 26421261 PMCID: PMC4580931 DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v5.i3.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The intraoperative management of split liver transplantation (SLT) has some unique features as compared to routine whole liver transplantations. Only the liver has this special ability to regenerate that confers benefits in survival and quality of life for two instead of one by splitting livers. Primary graft dysfunction may result from small for size syndrome. Graft weight to recipient body weight ratio is significant for both trisegmental and hemiliver grafts. Intraoperative surgical techniques aim to reduce portal hyperperfusion and decrease venous portal pressure. Ischemic preconditioning can be instituted to protect against ischemic reperfusion injury which impacts graft regeneration. Advancement of the technique of SLT is essential as use of split cadaveric grafts expands the donor pool and potentially has an excellent future.
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Tsai HC, Lin YC, Ko CL, Lou HY, Chen TL, Tam KW, Chen CY. Propofol versus midazolam for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in cirrhotic patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117585. [PMID: 25646815 PMCID: PMC4315567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sedation during gastrointestinal endoscopy is often achieved using propofol or midazolam in general population. However, impaired protein synthesis, altered drug metabolism, and compromised hepatic blood flow in patients with liver cirrhosis might affect the pharmacokinetics of sedatives, placing cirrhotic patients undergoing endoscopy at a greater risk of adverse events. The objective of this study was to assess comparative efficacies and safety of propofol and midazolam in cirrhotic patients undergoing endoscopy. METHODS Randomized, controlled trials comparing propofol with midazolam in cirrhotic patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy were selected. We performed the meta-analysis, using a random-effect model, the Review Manager, Version 5.2, statistical software package (Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford, UK) according to the PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS Five studies between 2003 and 2012, including 433 patients, were included. Propofol provided a shorter time to sedation (weight mean difference: -2.76 min, 95% confidence interval: -3.00 to -2.51) and a shorter recovery time (weight mean difference -6.17 min, 95% confidence interval: -6.81 to -5.54) than midazolam did. No intergroup difference in the incidence of hypotension, bradycardia, or hypoxemia was observed. Midazolam was associated with the deterioration of psychometric scores for a longer period than propofol. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis suggests that Propofol sedation for endoscopy provides more rapid sedation and recovery than midazolam does. The risk of sedation-related side effects for propofol does not differ significantly from that of midazolam. The efficacy of propofol in cirrhotic patients undergoing endoscopy is superior to those of midazolam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Chien Tsai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cih Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Lung Ko
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Yuan Lou
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Liang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ka-Wai Tam
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University—Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Evidence-based Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Evidence-based Health Care, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Humanities in Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Abstract
UNLABELLED The guideline on the management of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) was first developed in 2004 and revised in 2007 by the Korean Association for the Study of the Liver (KASL). Since then there have been many developments, including the introduction of new antiviral agents and the publications of many novel research results from both Korea and other countries. In particular, a large amount of knowledge on antiviral resistance--which is a serious issue in Korea--has accumulated, which has led to new strategies being suggested. This prompted the new guideline discussed herein to be developed based on recent evidence and expert opinion. TARGET POPULATION The main targets of this guideline comprise patients who are newly diagnosed with CHB and those who are followed or treated for known CHB. This guideline is also intended to provide guidance for the management of patients under the following special circumstances: malignancy, transplantation, dialysis, coinfection with other viruses, pregnancy, and children.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Alanine Transaminase/blood
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
- Asian People
- Aspartate Aminotransferases/blood
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/etiology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Coinfection/drug therapy
- DNA, Viral/blood
- Drug Resistance, Viral
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Female
- Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/blood
- Hepatitis B e Antigens/blood
- Hepatitis B virus/genetics
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/complications
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/diagnosis
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/drug therapy
- Humans
- Immunosuppression Therapy
- Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & control
- Liver/pathology
- Liver/physiology
- Liver Cirrhosis/physiopathology
- Liver Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Liver Neoplasms/etiology
- Liver Transplantation
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Pregnancy
- Renal Dialysis
- Republic of Korea
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Kim HS, Kim SJ, Park HW, Shin WG, Kim KH, Lee JH, Kim HY, Jang MK. Prevalence and clinical significance of hepatitis D virus co-infection in patients with chronic hepatitis B in Korea. J Med Virol 2011; 83:1172-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Chae HB, Kim JH, Kim JK, Yim HJ. Current status of liver diseases in Korea: hepatitis B. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY 2010; 15 Suppl 6:S13-24. [PMID: 20037275 DOI: 10.3350/kjhep.2009.15.s6.s13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the one of the most common causes of the liver diseases in Korea. Since the discovery of Australia antigen (hepatitis associated antigen, or HBsAg later), hepatitis associated antigen was tested widely. HBsAg was detected in 6.6-8.6% in 1980's. Later, it decreased to 5.7% in 1990's. Remarkably, seropositivity of the children deceased to 0.2% after the nationwide vaccination program. Although hepatitis B vaccines are highly effective, the failure rate of perinatal prophylaxis in babies born to HBsAg positive mother was reported to be 4.25%. Treatment of chronic hepatitis B was initiated after the introduction of interferon alpha. Lamivudine opened a new era of oral antiviral agent, and it has been widely used in Korea since 1999. Adefovir was proven to have a good efficacy for lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B. Newer potent antiviral agents such as entecavir, clevudine, and telbivudine are available currently. Further studies are warranted for understanding factors influencing natural history, improving treatment outcomes, and overcoming vaccine non-response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Bok Chae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National Unviersity College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
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