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Gallo A, Catellani A, Ghilardelli F, Lapris M, Mastroeni C. Review: Strategies and technologies in preventing regulated and emerging mycotoxin co-contamination in forage for safeguarding ruminant health. Animal 2024; 18 Suppl 2:101280. [PMID: 39129068 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Ruminants are often considered less susceptible to mycotoxins than monogastrics, owing to rumen microflora converting mycotoxins to less toxic compounds or several compounds present in the rumen-reticulum compartment, being able to bind the mycotoxin "mother" molecule that make them unavailable for absorption process in the gastro-intestinal tract of host animals. However, if ruminants consume feed contaminated by mycotoxins for long periods, their growth, development, and fertility can be compromised. Among regulated mycotoxins, the most studied and known for their effects are aflatoxins (AFs) AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2, as well as the AFM1 for its high importance in dairy sector, deoxynivalenol (DON) and its metabolites 3/15 acetyl-DON and 3-glucoside DON, T-2 and HT-2 toxins, zearalenone, fumonisins, in particular that belong to the B class, and ochratoxin A. Furthermore, because of the emergence of multiple emerging mycotoxins that are detectable in feed utilised in ruminant diets, such as ensiled forage, there is now a growing focus on investigating these compounds by the scientific community to deepen their toxicity for animal health. Despite the enhancement of research, it is remarkable that there is a paucity of in vivo trials, as well as limited studies on nutrient digestibility and the impact of these molecules on rumen and intestinal functions or milk yield and quality. In this review, recent findings regarding the occurrence of regulated and emerging mycotoxins in forage and their possible adverse effects on dairy cattle are described, with special emphasis on animal performance and on rumen functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gallo
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition DIANA, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, 29100 Piacenza, Italy.
| | - A Catellani
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition DIANA, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, 29100 Piacenza, Italy
| | - F Ghilardelli
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition DIANA, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, 29100 Piacenza, Italy
| | - M Lapris
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition DIANA, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, 29100 Piacenza, Italy
| | - C Mastroeni
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition DIANA, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, 29100 Piacenza, Italy
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Co-Occurrence of Regulated and Emerging Mycotoxins in Corn Silage: Relationships with Fermentation Quality and Bacterial Communities. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13030232. [PMID: 33806727 PMCID: PMC8004697 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sixty-four corn silages were characterized for chemicals, bacterial community, and concentrations of several fungal metabolites. Silages were grouped in five clusters, based on detected mycotoxins, and they were characterized for being contaminated by (1) low levels of Aspergillus- and Penicillium-mycotoxins; (2) low levels of fumonisins and other Fusarium-mycotoxins; (3) high levels of Aspergillus-mycotoxins; (4) high levels of non-regulated Fusarium-mycotoxins; (5) high levels of fumonisins and their metabolites. Altersetin was detected in clusters 1, 3, and 5. Rugulusovin or brevianamide F were detected in several samples, with the highest concentration in cluster 3. Emodin was detected in more than 50.0% of samples of clusters 1, 3 and 5, respectively. Kojic acid occurred mainly in clusters 1 and 2 at very low concentrations. Regarding Fusarium mycotoxins, high occurrences were observed for FB3, FB4, FA1, whereas the average concentrations of FB6 and FA2 were lower than 12.4 µg/kg dry matter. Emerging Fusarium-produced mycotoxins, such as siccanol, moniliformin, equisetin, epiequisetin and bikaverin were detected in the majority of analyzed corn silages. Pestalotin, oxaline, phenopirrozin and questiomycin A were detected at high incidences. Concluding, this work highlighted that corn silages could be contaminated by a high number of regulated and emerging mycotoxins.
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Xu R, Karrow NA, Shandilya UK, Sun LH, Kitazawa H. In-Vitro Cell Culture for Efficient Assessment of Mycotoxin Exposure, Toxicity and Risk Mitigation. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E146. [PMID: 32120954 PMCID: PMC7150844 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary fungal metabolites that commonly contaminate crops and food by-products and thus, animal feed. Ingestion of mycotoxins can lead to mycotoxicosis in both animals and humans, and at subclinical concentrations may affect animal production and adulterate feed and animal by-products. Mycotoxicity mechanisms of action (MOA) are largely unknown, and co-contamination, which is often the case, raises the likelihood of mycotoxin interactions. Mitigation strategies for reducing the risk of mycotoxicity are diverse and may not necessarily provide protection against all mycotoxins. These factors, as well as the species-specific risk of toxicity, collectively make an assessment of exposure, toxicity, and risk mitigation very challenging and costly; thus, in-vitro cell culture models provide a useful tool for their initial assessment. Since ingestion is the most common route of mycotoxin exposure, the intestinal epithelial barrier comprised of epithelial cells (IECs) and immune cells such as macrophages, represents ground zero where mycotoxins are absorbed, biotransformed, and elicit toxicity. This article aims to review different in-vitro IEC or co-culture models that can be used for assessing mycotoxin exposure, toxicity, and risk mitigation, and their suitability and limitations for the safety assessment of animal foods and food by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Xu
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.X.); (U.K.S.)
| | - Niel A. Karrow
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.X.); (U.K.S.)
| | - Umesh K. Shandilya
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (R.X.); (U.K.S.)
| | - Lv-hui Sun
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Haruki Kitazawa
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan;
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
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Abo Nouh FA, Gezaf SA, Abdel-Azeem AM. Aspergillus Mycotoxins: Potential as Biocontrol Agents. Fungal Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-48474-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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5
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Peles F, Sipos P, Győri Z, Pfliegler WP, Giacometti F, Serraino A, Pagliuca G, Gazzotti T, Pócsi I. Adverse Effects, Transformation and Channeling of Aflatoxins Into Food Raw Materials in Livestock. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2861. [PMID: 31921041 PMCID: PMC6917664 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are wide-spread harmful carcinogenic secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus species, which cause serious feed and food contaminations and affect farm animals deleteriously with acute or chronic manifestations of mycotoxicoses. On farm, both pre-harvest and post-harvest strategies are applied to minimize the risk of aflatoxin contaminations in feeds. The great economic losses attributable to mycotoxin contaminations have initiated a plethora of research projects to develop new, effective technologies to prevent the highly toxic effects of these secondary metabolites on domestic animals and also to block the carry-over of these mycotoxins to humans through the food chain. Among other areas, this review summarizes the latest findings on the effects of silage production technologies and silage microbiota on aflatoxins, and it also discusses the current applications of probiotic organisms and microbial products in feeding technologies. After ingesting contaminated foodstuffs, aflatoxins are metabolized and biotransformed differently in various animals depending on their inherent and acquired physiological properties. These mycotoxins may cause primary aflatoxicoses with versatile, species-specific adverse effects, which are also dependent on the susceptibility of individual animals within a species, and will be a function of the dose and duration of aflatoxin exposures. The transfer of these undesired compounds from contaminated feed into food of animal origin and the aflatoxin residues present in foods become an additional risk to human health, leading to secondary aflatoxicoses. Considering the biological transformation of aflatoxins in livestock, this review summarizes (i) the metabolism of aflatoxins in different animal species, (ii) the deleterious effects of the mycotoxins and their derivatives on the animals, and (iii) the major risks to animal health in terms of the symptoms and consequences of acute or chronic aflatoxicoses, animal welfare and productivity. Furthermore, we traced the transformation and channeling of Aspergillus-derived mycotoxins into food raw materials, particularly in the case of aflatoxin contaminated milk, which represents the major route of human exposure among animal-derived foods. The early and reliable detection of aflatoxins in feed, forage and primary commodities is an increasingly important issue and, therefore, the newly developed, easy-to-use qualitative and quantitative aflatoxin analytical methods are also summarized in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Peles
- Institute of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Sipos
- Institute of Nutrition, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Győri
- Institute of Nutrition, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Walter P. Pfliegler
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Federica Giacometti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Serraino
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giampiero Pagliuca
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Teresa Gazzotti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Pena GA, Alonso V, Manini MV, Pellegrino M, Cavaglieri LR. Molecular characterization of Aspergillus fumigatus isolated from raw cow milk in Argentina. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 275:1-7. [PMID: 29602047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela A Pena
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km. 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Member of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Rivadavia 1917, C1033AAV Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica Alonso
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km. 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Member of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Rivadavia 1917, C1033AAV Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina Velasco Manini
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km. 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M Pellegrino
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km. 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Member of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Rivadavia 1917, C1033AAV Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lilia R Cavaglieri
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km. 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Member of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Rivadavia 1917, C1033AAV Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Dubey MK, Aamir M, Kaushik MS, Khare S, Meena M, Singh S, Upadhyay RS. PR Toxin - Biosynthesis, Genetic Regulation, Toxicological Potential, Prevention and Control Measures: Overview and Challenges. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:288. [PMID: 29651243 PMCID: PMC5885497 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Out of the various mycotoxigenic food and feed contaminant, the fungal species belonging to Penicillium genera, particularly Penicillium roqueforti is of great economic importance, and well known for its crucial role in the manufacturing of Roquefort and Gorgonzola cheese. The mycotoxicosis effect of this mold is due to secretion of several metabolites, of which PR toxin is of considerable importance, with regard to food quality and safety challenges issues. The food products and silages enriched with PR toxin could lead into damage to vital internal organs, gastrointestinal perturbations, carcinogenicity, immunotoxicity, necrosis, and enzyme inhibition. Moreover, it also has the significant mutagenic potential to disrupt/alter the crucial processes like DNA replication, transcription, and translation at the molecular level. The high genetic diversities in between the various strains of P. roqueforti persuaded their nominations with Protected Geographical Indication (PGI), accordingly to the cheese type, they have been employed. Recently, the biosynthetic mechanism and toxicogenetic studies unraveled the role of ari1 and prx gene clusters that cross-talk with the synthesis of other metabolites or involve other cross-regulatory pathways to negatively regulate/inhibit the other biosynthetic route targeted for production of a strain-specific metabolites. Interestingly, the chemical conversion that imparts toxic properties to PR toxin is the substitution/oxidation of functional hydroxyl group (-OH) to aldehyde group (-CHO). The rapid conversion of PR toxin to the other derivatives such as PR imine, PR amide, and PR acid, based on conditions available reflects their unstability and degradative aspects. Since the PR toxin-induced toxicity could not be eliminated safely, the assessment of dose-response and other pharmacological aspects for its safe consumption is indispensable. The present review describes the natural occurrences, diversity, biosynthesis, genetics, toxicological aspects, control and prevention strategies, and other management aspects of PR toxin with paying special attention on economic impacts with intended legislations for avoiding PR toxin contamination with respect to food security and other biosafety purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish K. Dubey
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Mohd Aamir
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Manish S. Kaushik
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Saumya Khare
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Mukesh Meena
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
- Centre for Transgenic Plant Development, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Surendra Singh
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Ram S. Upadhyay
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Alonso V, Cavaglieri L, Ramos AJ, Torres A, Marin S. Modelling the effect of pH and water activity in the growth of Aspergillus fumigatus isolated from corn silage. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 122:1048-1056. [PMID: 28052586 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this work was to use mathematical kinetic modelling to assess the combined effects of aW, pH, O2 availability and temperature on the growth rate and time to growth of Aspergillus fumigatus strains isolated from corn silage. METHODS AND RESULTS A full factorial design was used in which two factors were assayed: pH and aW . The aW levels assayed were 0·80, 0·85, 0·90, 0·92, 0·94, 0·96, 0·98 and 0·99. The levels of pH assayed were 3·5, 4, 4·5, 5, 6, 7, 7·5 and 8. The assay was performed at normal oxygen tension at 25 and 37°C, and at reduced oxygen tension at 25°C. Two strains of A. fumigatus isolated from corn silage were used. Kinetic models were built to predict growth of the strain under the assayed conditions. The cardinal models gave a good quality fit for radial growth rate data. The results indicate that the environmental conditions which take place during silage production, while limiting the growth of most micro-organisms, would not be able to control A. fumigatus. Moreover, pH levels in silage, far from limiting its growth, are also close to its optimum. Carbon dioxide at 5% in the environment did not significantly affect its growth. CONCLUSIONS A need for a further and controlled acidification of the silage exists, as no growth of A. fumigatus was observed at pH 3·5, as long as the organoleptic characteristics of the silage are not much compromised. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Aspergillus fumigatus is one of the major opportunistic pathogens able to cause illness such as allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, aspergilloma and invasive aspergillosis to rural workers. Exposure of animals to A. fumigatus spores can result in infections, particularly in those organs exposed to external invasion, such as the airways, mammary gland and uterus at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Alonso
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.,Member of Research Career CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L Cavaglieri
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.,Member of Research Career CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A J Ramos
- Food Technology Department, Lleida University, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnic Center, Lleida, Spain
| | - A Torres
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.,Member of Research Career CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S Marin
- Food Technology Department, Lleida University, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnic Center, Lleida, Spain
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Ge Y, Wang Y, Liu Y, Tan Y, Ren X, Zhang X, Hyde KD, Liu Y, Liu Z. Comparative genomic and transcriptomic analyses of the Fuzhuan brick tea-fermentation fungus Aspergillus cristatus. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:428. [PMID: 27267057 PMCID: PMC4895823 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2637-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aspergillus cristatus is the dominant fungus involved in the fermentation of Chinese Fuzhuan brick tea. Aspergillus cristatus is a homothallic fungus that undergoes a sexual stage without asexual conidiation when cultured in hypotonic medium. The asexual stage is induced by a high salt concentration, which completely inhibits sexual development. The taxon is therefore appropriate for investigating the mechanisms of asexual and sexual reproduction in fungi. In this study, de novo genome sequencing and analysis of transcriptomes during culture under high- and low-osmolarity conditions were performed. These analyses facilitated investigation of the evolution of mating-type genes, which determine the mode of sexual reproduction, in A. cristatus, the response of the high-osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway to osmotic stimulation, and the detection of mycotoxins and evaluation of the relationship with the location of the encoding genes. Results The A. cristatus genome comprised 27.9 Mb and included 68 scaffolds, from which 10,136 protein-coding gene models were predicted. A phylogenetic analysis suggested a considerable phylogenetic distance between A. cristatus and A. nidulans. Comparison of the mating-type gene loci among Aspergillus species indicated that the mode in A. cristatus differs from those in other Aspergillus species. The components of the HOG pathway were conserved in the genome of A. cristatus. Differential gene expression analysis in A. cristatus using RNA-Seq demonstrated that the expression of most genes in the HOG pathway was unaffected by osmotic pressure. No gene clusters associated with the production of carcinogens were detected. Conclusions A model of the mating-type locus in A. cristatus is reported for the first time. Aspergillus cristatus has evolved various mechanisms to cope with high osmotic stress. As a fungus associated with Fuzhuan tea, it is considered to be safe under low- and high-osmolarity conditions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2637-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyi Ge
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550006, China.,College of Life and Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, China
| | - Yuchen Wang
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550006, China.,Guizhou Institute of Biotechnology, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550006, China
| | - YongXiang Liu
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550006, China.,Guizhou Institute of Biotechnology, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550006, China
| | - Yumei Tan
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550006, China.,Guizhou Institute of Biotechnology, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550006, China
| | - Xiuxiu Ren
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550006, China.,Ecological Engineering College, Guizhou University of Engineering Science, Bijie, Guizhou, 551700, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Kevin D Hyde
- Institute of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | | | - Zuoyi Liu
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550006, China. .,Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550006, China.
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Carvalho BF, Ávila CLS, Krempser PM, Batista LR, Pereira MN, Schwan RF. Occurrence of mycotoxins and yeasts and moulds identification in corn silages in tropical climate. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 120:1181-92. [PMID: 26787003 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study was aimed to identify yeasts and moulds as well as to detect mycotoxin in corn silages in southern Minas Gerais, Brazil. METHODS AND RESULTS Corn silages from 36 farms were sampled to analyse dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, ash, neutral detergent fibre, nonfibre carbohydrates and mycotoxins contents, yeasts and moulds population, pH and temperature values. The mycotoxins found in high frequency were aflatoxin in 77·7% of analysed samples, ochratoxin (33·3%) and zearalenone (22·2%). There was no significant correlation between the mycotoxin concentration and the presence of moulds. The pH was negatively correlated with ochratoxin concentration. Aspergillus fumigatus was identified in all silages that presented growth of moulds. Ten different yeast species were identified using the culture-dependent method: Candida diversa, Candida ethanolica, Candida rugosa, Issatchenkia orientalis, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Pichia manshurica, Pichia membranifaciens, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Trichosporon asahii and Trichosporon japonicum. Another six different yeast species were identified using the culture-independent method. CONCLUSIONS A high mycotoxin contamination rate (91·6% of the analysed silages) was observed. The results indicated that conventional culturing and PCR-DGGE should be combined to optimally describe the microbiota associated with corn silage. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study provides information about the corn silage fermentation dynamics and our findings are relevant to optimization of this silage fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Carvalho
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - C L S Ávila
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - P M Krempser
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - L R Batista
- Department of Food Science, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - M N Pereira
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - R F Schwan
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
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11
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Dell’Orto V, Baldi G, Cheli F. Mycotoxins in silage: checkpoints for effective management and control. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2014.1866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Silage has a substantial role in ruminant nutrition. Silages as a source of mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins merit attention. Fungal growth and mycotoxin production before and during storage are a well-known phenomenon, resulting in reduced nutritional value and a possible risk factor for animal health. Mycotoxin co-contamination seems to be unavoidable under current agricultural and silage-making practices. Multi-mycotoxin contamination in silages is of particular concern due to the potential additive or synergistic effects on animals. In regard to managing the challenge of mycotoxins in silages, there are many factors with pre- and post-harvest origins to take into account. Pre-harvest events are predominantly dictated by environmental factors, whereas post-harvest events can be largely controlled by the farmer. An effective mycotoxin management and control programme should be integrated and personalised to each farm at an integrative level throughout the silage production chain. Growing crops in the field, silage making practices, and the feed out phase must be considered. Economical and straightforward silage testing is critical to reach a quick and sufficiently accurate diagnosis of silage quality, which allows for ‘in field decision-making’ with regard to the rapid diagnosis of the quality of given forage for its safe use as animal feed. Regular sampling and testing of silage allow picking up any variations in mycotoxin contamination. The use of rapid methods in the field represents future challenges. Moreover, a proper nutritional intervention needs to be considered to manage mycotoxin-contaminated silages. At farm level, animals are more often exposed to moderate amounts of several mycotoxins rather than to high levels of a single mycotoxin, resulting more frequently in non-specific digestive and health status impairment. Effective dietary strategies to promote rumen health, coupled with the administration of effective and broad-spectrum mycotoxin detoxifiers, are essential to minimise the negative impact of mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Dell’Orto
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20134 Milano, Italy
| | - G. Baldi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20134 Milano, Italy
| | - F. Cheli
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20134 Milano, Italy
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Gallo A, Giuberti G, Frisvad JC, Bertuzzi T, Nielsen KF. Review on Mycotoxin Issues in Ruminants: Occurrence in Forages, Effects of Mycotoxin Ingestion on Health Status and Animal Performance and Practical Strategies to Counteract Their Negative Effects. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:3057-111. [PMID: 26274974 PMCID: PMC4549740 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7083057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ruminant diets include cereals, protein feeds, their by-products as well as hay and grass, grass/legume, whole-crop maize, small grain or sorghum silages. Furthermore, ruminants are annually or seasonally fed with grazed forage in many parts of the World. All these forages could be contaminated by several exometabolites of mycotoxigenic fungi that increase and diversify the risk of mycotoxin exposure in ruminants compared to swine and poultry that have less varied diets. Evidence suggests the greatest exposure for ruminants to some regulated mycotoxins (aflatoxins, trichothecenes, ochratoxin A, fumonisins and zearalenone) and to many other secondary metabolites produced by different species of Alternaria spp. (e.g., AAL toxins, alternariols, tenuazonic acid or 4Z-infectopyrone), Aspergillus flavus (e.g., kojic acid, cyclopiazonic acid or β-nitropropionic acid), Aspergillus fuminatus (e.g., gliotoxin, agroclavine, festuclavines or fumagillin), Penicillium roqueforti and P. paneum (e.g., mycophenolic acid, roquefortines, PR toxin or marcfortines) or Monascus ruber (citrinin and monacolins) could be mainly related to forage contamination. This review includes the knowledge of mycotoxin occurrence reported in the last 15 years, with special emphasis on mycotoxins detected in forages, and animal toxicological issues due to their ingestion. Strategies for preventing the problem of mycotoxin feed contamination under farm conditions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gallo
- Institute of Feed & Food Science and Nutrition, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza 29122, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Giuberti
- Institute of Feed & Food Science and Nutrition, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza 29122, Italy.
| | - Jens C Frisvad
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 221, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark.
| | - Terenzio Bertuzzi
- Institute of Feed & Food Science and Nutrition, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza 29122, Italy.
| | - Kristian F Nielsen
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 221, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark.
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Pena GA, Coelho I, Reynoso MM, Soleiro C, Cavaglieri LR. Characterization and genetic variability of feed-borne and clinical animal/human Aspergillus fumigatus strains using molecular markers. Med Mycol 2015; 53:699-708. [PMID: 26129892 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myv040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus, the major etiological agent of human and animal aspergillosis, is a toxigenic fungus largely regarded as a single species by macroscopic and microscopic features. However, molecular studies have demonstrated that several morphologically identified A. fumigatus strains might be genetically distinct. This work was aimed to apply PCR-restriction length fragment polymorphisms (PCR-RFLP) and random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) molecular markers to characterize a set of feed-borne and clinical A. fumigatus sensu lato strains isolated from Argentina and Brazil and to determine and compare their genetic variability. All A. fumigatus strains had the same band profile and those typical of A. fumigatus sensu stricto positive controls by PCR-RFLP. Moreover, all Argentinian and Brazilian strains typified by RAPD showed similar band patterns to each other and to A. fumigatus sensu stricto reference strains regardless of their isolation source (animal feeds or human/animal clinical cases) and geographic origin. Genetic similarity coefficients ranged from 0.61 to 1.00, but almost all isolates showed 78% of genetic similarly suggesting that genetic variability was found at intraspecific level. Finally, benA sequencing confirmed its identification as A. fumigatus sensu stricto species. These results suggest that A. fumigatus sensu stricto is a predominant species into Aspergillus section Fumigati found in animal environments as well as in human/animal clinical cases, while other species may be rarely isolated. The strains involved in human and animal aspergillosis could come from the environment where this fungus is frequently found. Rural workers and animals would be constantly exposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela A Pena
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Ruta 36 Km. 601, (5800) Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina Fellow of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Rivadavia 1917, C1033AAV, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Irene Coelho
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunología Veterinária. Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Veterinária. Rodovia BR 465 Km 7, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro. 23890-000. Brazil Member of Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas Científicas (CNPq). Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627 Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - María M Reynoso
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Ruta 36 Km. 601, (5800) Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina Member of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET). Rivadavia 1917, C1033AAV, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carla Soleiro
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunología Veterinária. Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Veterinária. Rodovia BR 465 Km 7, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro. 23890-000. Brazil Fellow of Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas Científicas (CNPq). Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627 Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Lilia R Cavaglieri
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Ruta 36 Km. 601, (5800) Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina Member of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET). Rivadavia 1917, C1033AAV, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Spadaro D, Bustos-Lopez MP, Gullino ML, Piano S, Tabacco E, Borreani G. Evolution of fungal populations in corn silage conserved under polyethylene or biodegradable films. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 119:510-20. [PMID: 25976243 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To identify cultivable filamentous fungi before ensiling, after silage conservation, in farm-silos covered with two different plastic films (polyethylene (PE) vs biodegradable (MB)), as well as after aerobic exposure of whole-crop corn silage. METHODS AND RESULTS Molecular techniques coupled with traditional microbial counting were utilized to identify the predominant fungal species. The cultivable fungal population changed remarkably from harvesting to silo opening. Anaerobiosis and low pH reduced mould count and the presence of Fusarium species both under PE and MB film. However, in the peripheral areas of the silo, where air penetration could not be completely prevented, the fungal population did not decrease. The predominant fungal species after aerobic exposure of silage was Aspergillus fumigatus, without differences between the two plastic films. CONCLUSIONS Maintenance of anaerobiosis and a low pH also in the upper layer of the silo reduce the risk of mould growth during corn silage feed-out. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Even if the new MB plastic film did not completely maintain the anaerobiosis in the upper layer of silage, the overall silage quality was not compromised and was similar to that observed under PE, indicating that the development and use of MB film to cover silage is promising, but needs some improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Spadaro
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy.,Centre of Competence for Innovation in the Agro-environmental Sector (AGROINNOVA), University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - M P Bustos-Lopez
- Centre of Competence for Innovation in the Agro-environmental Sector (AGROINNOVA), University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - M L Gullino
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy.,Centre of Competence for Innovation in the Agro-environmental Sector (AGROINNOVA), University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - S Piano
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - E Tabacco
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - G Borreani
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
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15
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Gliotoxin production by Aspergillus fumigatus strains from animal environment. Micro-analytical sample treatment combined with a LC-MS/MS method for gliotoxin determination. Mycotoxin Res 2015; 31:145-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-015-0225-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Pena G, Monge M, Landa M, Dalcero A, Rosa C, Cavaglieri L. Growth and gliotoxin production by feed-borne Aspergillus fumigatus sensu stricto strains under different interacting environmental conditions. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2013.1629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study the effects of temperature, oxygen tension, water activity (aW), pH, incubation time and their interactions on (1) the lag phase prior to growth, (2) growth rate and (3) gliotoxin production of two feed-borne Aspergillus fumigatus sensu stricto strains, isolated from fermented maize silage and brewer's grains, were evaluated on an agar medium based on these substrates. Regardless of oxygen tension, the growth rate of the two strains decreased significantly as temperature and aW decreased (P<0.05). The optimum conditions for A. fumigatus growth were 37 °C, 0.98 aW for both strains at reduced oxygen tension, regardless of pH level (P<0.05). The studied A. fumigatus strains were able to grow under several incubation conditions, some of them prevalent in stored animal feeds. Some specific interactions that allowed accumulation of gliotoxin at high levels were found. This study showed that gliotoxin production occurred at more restricted conditions than fungal growth. This fact is important, as by maintaining the appropriate conditions in animal feeds, A. fumigatus growth and gliotoxin production can be prevented. In this study, growth rates, lag phases prior to growth and gliotoxin production over a range of environmental conditions provide useful information that can help in predicting the possible fungal contamination of fermented animal feeds. Furthermore, the information is relevant since A. fumigatus is an opportunistic pathogen found in cereals and fermented animal feeds and represents a high risk of contamination to animals and farm workers who handle them improperly.
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Affiliation(s)
- G.A. Pena
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
- Fellow of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - M.P. Monge
- Fellow of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M.F. Landa
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
- Fellow of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - A.M. Dalcero
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
- Member of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - C.A.R. Rosa
- Departamento de Microbiología e Imunología Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Veterinária, Rio de Janeiro 23890-000, Brazil
- Member of Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas Científicas (CNPq), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - L.R. Cavaglieri
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
- Member of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Argentina
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Dogi C, Alonso V, Fochesato A, Poloni V, Cavaglieri L. Comparison of toxicogenic and immunosuppressive capacity of Aspergillus fumigatus
strains isolated from clinical and corn silage samples. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 118:175-81. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Dogi
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto; Río Cuarto Córdoba Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - V. Alonso
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto; Río Cuarto Córdoba Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - A. Fochesato
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto; Río Cuarto Córdoba Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET); Buenos Aires; Argentina
| | - V. Poloni
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto; Río Cuarto Córdoba Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET); Buenos Aires; Argentina
| | - L. Cavaglieri
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto; Río Cuarto Córdoba Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
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Storm IMLD, Rasmussen RR, Rasmussen PH. Occurrence of pre- and post-harvest mycotoxins and other secondary metabolites in Danish maize silage. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:2256-69. [PMID: 25089350 PMCID: PMC4147581 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6082256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize silage is a widely used feed product for cattle worldwide, which may be contaminated with mycotoxins, pre- and post-harvest. This concerns both farmers and consumers. To assess the exposure of Danish cattle to mycotoxins from maize silage, 99 samples of whole-crop maize (ensiled and un-ensiled) were analyzed for their contents of 27 mycotoxins and other secondary fungal metabolites by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The method specifically targets the majority of common pre- and post-harvest fungi associated with maize silage in Denmark. Sixty-one samples contained one or more of the 27 analytes in detectable concentrations. The most common mycotoxins were zearalenone, enniatin B nivalenol and andrastin A, found in 34%, 28%, 16% and 15% of the samples, respectively. None of the samples contained mycotoxins above the EU recommended maximum concentrations for Fusarium toxins in cereal-based roughage. Thus, the present study does not indicate that Danish maize silage in general is a cause of acute single mycotoxin intoxications in cattle. However, 31 of the samples contained multiple analytes; two samples as much as seven different fungal metabolites. Feed rations with maize silage may therefore contain complex mixtures of fungal secondary metabolites with unknown biological activity. This emphasizes the need for a thorough examination of the effects of chronic exposure and possible synergistic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida M L Drejer Storm
- Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 221, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Rie Romme Rasmussen
- Department of Food Chemistry, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark.
| | - Peter Have Rasmussen
- Department of Food Chemistry, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark.
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Viegas C, Malta-Vacas J, Sabino R, Viegas S, Veríssimo C. Accessing indoor fungal contamination using conventional and molecular methods in Portuguese poultries. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:1951-1959. [PMID: 24214296 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3509-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies showed increased prevalence of respiratory symptoms and adverse changes in pulmonary function parameters in poultry workers, corroborating the increased exposure to risk factors, such as fungal load and their metabolites. This study aimed to determine the occupational exposure threat due to fungal contamination caused by the toxigenic isolates belonging to the complex of the species of Aspergillus flavus and also isolates from Aspergillus fumigatus species complex. The study was carried out in seven Portuguese poultries, using cultural and molecular methodologies. For conventional/cultural methods, air, surfaces, and litter samples were collected by impaction method using the Millipore Air Sampler. For the molecular analysis, air samples were collected by impinger method using the Coriolis μ air sampler. After DNA extraction, samples were analyzed by real-time PCR using specific primers and probes for toxigenic strains of the Aspergillus flavus complex and for detection of isolates from Aspergillus fumigatus complex. Through conventional methods, and among the Aspergillus genus, different prevalences were detected regarding the presence of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus species complexes, namely: 74.5 versus 1.0 % in the air samples, 24.0 versus 16.0 % in the surfaces, 0 versus 32.6 % in new litter, and 9.9 versus 15.9 % in used litter. Through molecular biology, we were able to detect the presence of aflatoxigenic strains in pavilions in which Aspergillus flavus did not grow in culture. Aspergillus fumigatus was only found in one indoor air sample by conventional methods. Using molecular methodologies, however, Aspergillus fumigatus complex was detected in seven indoor samples from three different poultry units. The characterization of fungal contamination caused by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus raises the concern of occupational threat not only due to the detected fungal load but also because of the toxigenic potential of these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Viegas
- Environmental Health RG, Lisbon School of Health Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon, Av. D. João II, Lote 4.69.01, 1990-096, Lisbon, Portugal,
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Soleiro C, Pena G, Cavaglieri L, Coelho I, Keller L, Dalcero A, Rosa C. Typing clinical and animal environment Aspergillus fumigatus
gliotoxin producer strains isolated from Brazil by PCR-RFLP markers. Lett Appl Microbiol 2013; 57:484-91. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C.A. Soleiro
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunología Veterinária; Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Veterinária; Seropédica Brazil
- Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas Científicas (CNPq); Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - G.A. Pena
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; Físico-Químicas y Naturales; Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto; Río Cuarto Córdoba Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - L.R. Cavaglieri
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; Físico-Químicas y Naturales; Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto; Río Cuarto Córdoba Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - I. Coelho
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunología Veterinária; Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Veterinária; Seropédica Brazil
| | - L.M. Keller
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunología Veterinária; Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Veterinária; Seropédica Brazil
- Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas Científicas (CNPq); Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - A.M. Dalcero
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; Físico-Químicas y Naturales; Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto; Río Cuarto Córdoba Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - C.A.R. Rosa
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunología Veterinária; Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Veterinária; Seropédica Brazil
- Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas Científicas (CNPq); Belo Horizonte Brazil
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Shimshoni JA, Cuneah O, Sulyok M, Krska R, Galon N, Sharir B, Shlosberg A. Mycotoxins in corn and wheat silage in Israel. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:1614-25. [PMID: 23789893 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.802840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Silage is an important feed source for intensive dairy herds worldwide. Fungal growth and mycotoxin production before and during silage storage is a well-known phenomenon, resulting in reduced nutritional value and a possible risk factor for animal health. With this in mind, a survey was conducted to determine for the first time the occurrence of mycotoxins in corn and wheat silage in Israel. A total of 30 corn and wheat silage samples were collected from many sources and analysed using a multi-mycotoxin method based on LC-MS/MS. Most mycotoxins recorded in the present study have not been reported before in Israel. Overall, 23 mycotoxins were found in corn silage; while wheat silage showed a similar pattern of mycotoxin occurrence comprising 20 mycotoxins. The most common post-harvest mycotoxins produced by the Penicillium roqueforti complex were not found in any tested samples, indicative of high-quality preparation and use of silage. Moreover, none of the European Union-regulated mycotoxins--aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin, T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol and deoxynivalenol--were found above their limits of detection (LODs). The Alternaria mycotoxins--macrosporin, tentoxin and alternariol methyl ether--were highly prevalent in both corn and wheat silage (>80%), but at low concentrations. The most prominent (>80%) Fusarium mycotoxins in corn silage were fusaric acid, fumonisins, beauvericin, monilifomin, equisetin, zearalenone and enniatins, whereas in wheat silage only beauvericin, zearalenone and enniatins occurred in more than 80% of the samples. The high prevalence and concentration of fusaric acid (mean = 765 µg kg⁻¹) in Israeli corn silage indicates that this may be the toxin of highest potential concern to dairy cow performance. However, more data from different harvest years and seasons are needed in order to establish a more precise evaluation of the mycotoxin burden in Israeli silage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Shimshoni
- a Department of Toxicology , Kimron Veterinary Institute , Bet Dagan 50250 , Israel
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23
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Alonso V, Pereyra C, Keller L, Dalcero A, Rosa C, Chiacchiera S, Cavaglieri L. Fungi and mycotoxins in silage: an overview. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 115:637-43. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V.A. Alonso
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto; Río Cuarto Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - C.M. Pereyra
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto; Río Cuarto Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - L.A.M. Keller
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunología Veterinária; Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Veterinária; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas Científicas (CNPq); Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - A.M. Dalcero
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto; Río Cuarto Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - C.A.R. Rosa
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunología Veterinária; Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Veterinária; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas Científicas (CNPq); Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - S.M. Chiacchiera
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
- Departamento de Química; Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto; Río Cuarto Argentina
| | - L.R. Cavaglieri
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología; Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto; Río Cuarto Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
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Gliotoxinogenic Aspergillus fumigatus in the dairy herd environment. Mycotoxin Res 2013; 29:71-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-013-0162-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Asurmendi P, Barberis C, Dalcero A, Pascual L, Barberis L. Survey of Aspergillus section Flavi and aflatoxin B(1) in brewer's grain used as pig feedstuff in Córdoba, Argentina. Mycotoxin Res 2012; 29:3-7. [PMID: 23334719 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-012-0148-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Brewing industry by-products are important animal feedstuff alternatives for local swine producers in Córdoba, Argentina. The high content of nutrients makes these by-products vulnerable to bacterial and fungal contamination. The objectives of the present study were (1) to determine the presence of Aspergillus section Flavi in brewer's grain used to feed pigs and (2) to evaluate the incidence of aflatoxin B(1) in the substrate. Total fungal count of most samples exceeded the levels proposed as feed quality limits, and most Aspergillus section Flavi strains found were able to produce high amounts of AFB(1) in vitro. However, the incidence of AFB(1) was low. The presence of contamination by aflatoxicogenic species in feedstuff might affect the productivity of swine producers and indirectly represents a public health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Asurmendi
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km. 601, 5800, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
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27
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Avery LM, Booth P, Campbell C, Tompkins D, Hough RL. Prevalence and survival of potential pathogens in source-segregated green waste compost. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 431:128-138. [PMID: 22677624 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Composting of source-separated green waste (SSGW) is essential to meet the EU Landfill Directive target and agricultural land is considered a significant market for the resulting composts. A critical review of the literature was performed to evaluate the potential for pathogens to enter the composting process via SSGW feedstocks and the likelihood of their survival of the composting process and subsequent application to land. This is discussed in the context of application of other organic wastes to land. It was concluded that zoonoses such as verotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. are unlikely to survive and effective composting process, whereas spore forming organisms are more resistant to composting but are also ubiquitous in the environment. Adherence to existing guidelines, such as those for farm yard manures, is likely to provide a rational degree of health protection for humans and livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Avery
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK.
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28
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Pamel E, Daeseleire E, Clercq N, Herman L, Verbeken A, Heyndrickx M, Vlaemynck G. Restriction analysis of an amplified rodA gene fragment to distinguish Aspergillus fumigatus var. ellipticus from Aspergillus fumigatus var. fumigatus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2012; 333:153-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2012.02608.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Els Pamel
- Technology and Food Science Unit; Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO); Melle; Belgium
| | - Els Daeseleire
- Technology and Food Science Unit; Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO); Melle; Belgium
| | - Nikki Clercq
- Technology and Food Science Unit; Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO); Melle; Belgium
| | - Lieve Herman
- Technology and Food Science Unit; Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO); Melle; Belgium
| | - Annemieke Verbeken
- Mycology Research Group, Department of Biology; Ghent University; Ghent; Belgium
| | - Marc Heyndrickx
- Technology and Food Science Unit; Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO); Melle; Belgium
| | - Geertrui Vlaemynck
- Technology and Food Science Unit; Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO); Melle; Belgium
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29
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Keller LAM, Keller KM, Monge MP, Pereyra CM, Alonso VA, Cavaglieri LR, Chiacchiera SM, Rosa CAR. Gliotoxin contamination in and pre- and postfermented corn, sorghum and wet brewer's grains silage in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 112:865-73. [PMID: 22372472 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to determine total fungal counts and the relative density of Aspergillus fumigatus and related species in silage samples intended for bovines before and after fermentation as well as to monitor the natural occurrence of gliotoxin in silage samples (pre- and postfermentation). METHODS AND METHODS The survey was performed in farms located in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro States in Brazil. In addition, the ability of A. fumigatus strains and related species strains to produce gliotoxin was also evaluated. A total of 300 samples were taken, immediately after opening of the silo (3-5 months) and during the ensiling period. Fungal counts were done by the surface-spread method. Gliotoxin production ability of isolates and natural contamination were determined by HPLC. RESULTS All postfermented samples had a total number of moulds exceeding 1 × 10(4) CFU g(-1), with Aspergillus sp. as the most prevalent genus. Frequency of strains, among A. fumigatus and related species, was able to produce gliotoxin was similar in pre- and postfermented samples, except for sorghum, which showed differences between both kinds of samples. The highest toxin levels were produced by strains isolated from postfermented samples. More than 50% of the samples showed gliotoxin contamination levels that exceeded concentrations known to induce immunosuppressive and apoptotic effects in cells. CONCLUSIONS The present data suggest that care should be taken because gliotoxin contamination in feedstuffs could affect productivity and also present a health risk for herds. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Gliotoxin was found at quite important concentrations levels in pre- and postfermented substrates and its presence could therefore probably affect the productivity and health of herds. Current conservation and management practices do not avoid contamination with A. fumigatus on silage. Therefore, farm workers should be adequately protected during its handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A M Keller
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunología Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Veterinária. Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Signorini ML, Gaggiotti M, Molineri A, Chiericatti CA, Zapata de Basílico ML, Basílico JC, Pisani M. Exposure assessment of mycotoxins in cow's milk in Argentina. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 50:250-7. [PMID: 22015550 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A stochastic simulation model was developed to carry out the first quantitative risk exposure assessment of the mycotoxin level in cow's milk produced in Argentina. The prevalence and concentration of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) were modeled at various stages through milk processes complying with Argentinean practices. Concentration of AFM1 (0.059ppb), DON (0.338ppb) and ZEA (0.125ppb) in dairy milk were estimated. The proportion of feed samples that exceeded the maximum level accepted by European regulations for AFB1, DON and ZEA were estimated at 25.07%, 0.0% and 8.9%, respectively. The percentage of milk samples that exceeded the maximum level accepted for AFB1 by the MERCOSUR (0.5ppb) and the European Union regulations (0.05ppb) were 0.81 and 32.65, respectively. The probability distribution of AFM1 concentration in milk was affected by the carry-over rate equations applied in the model. Mycotoxin levels in corn silage and concentrated feeds were the factors most correlated with mycotoxin concentrations in milk. Therefore, agricultural practices, crop management and feed production require prompt attention regarding mycotoxin issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Signorini
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria EEA Rafaela, Ruta 34 Km 227, Rafaela, C.P. 2300, Provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Pereyra MLG, Chiacchiera SM, Rosa CAR, Sager R, Dalcero AM, Cavaglieri L. Comparative analysis of the mycobiota and mycotoxins contaminating corn trench silos and silo bags. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2011; 91:1474-1481. [PMID: 21445889 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silage is one of the most important feed sources for bovines. Mycotoxin contamination of feedstuffs is a worldwide concern. The aim of this study was to compare mycobiota and levels of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁), fumonisin B₁ (FB₁), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA) and patulin (PAT) in corn trench silos and silo bags. RESULTS Dry matter was higher in trench silos. Counts varied from not detected to 10⁸ CFU g⁻¹ in both trench silos and silo bags. Isolation frequencies of Aspergillus spp. and Fusarium spp. were higher in trench silos, whereas Penicillium spp. was higher in silo bags. Silo bags showed less diversity than trench silos. Strains isolated produced AFB₁, FB₁ and PAT. In trench silos, AFB₁ was the only mycotoxin detected (1-160 µg kg⁻¹). In silo bags AFB₁ levels varied from 5.8 to 47.4 µg kg⁻¹. DON was detected in two silo bag samples. CONCLUSION When handling is adequate the reduction of mould and mycotoxin contamination in silo bags is considerable. This study will enable estimation of the mycotoxicological risk of different ensiling practices and determination of the most adequate method to minimize economic losses and reduce hazard to animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- María L González Pereyra
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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Mycobiota and mycotoxins contamination in raw materials and finished feed intended for fattening pigs production in eastern Argentina. Vet Res Commun 2011; 35:367-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-011-9483-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Storm I, Kristensen N, Raun B, Smedsgaard J, Thrane U. Dynamics in the microbiology of maize silage during whole-season storage. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 109:1017-26. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04729.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pena GA, Pereyra CM, Armando MR, Chiacchiera SM, Magnoli CE, Orlando JL, Dalcero AM, Rosa CAR, Cavaglieri LR. Aspergillus fumigatus toxicity and gliotoxin levels in feedstuff for domestic animals and pets in Argentina. Lett Appl Microbiol 2010; 50:77-81. [PMID: 19889107 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2009.02756.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate gliotoxin production by Aspergillus fumigatus strains isolated from feedstuff intended for domestic animals and pets, and to determine the amount of gliotoxin in these substrates. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 150 feedstuff samples were collected. They were composed of 30 samples each of five different feed types (pigs, poultry, cattle, horse and pets). Aspergillus fumigatus gliotoxin production ability and gliotoxin presence in feedstuff was determined by HPLC. Aspergillus fumigatus strains were isolated from all of the tested samples. Strains from cattle, horses and pet food were able to produce gliotoxin. Corn silage samples intended for cattle did not show gliotoxin contamination. All the other tested samples had gliotoxin levels ranging from 29 to 209 microg g(-1). Horse and poultry feed samples had the greatest contamination frequency. CONCLUSIONS Feed samples contaminated with gliotoxin are potentially toxic to animals. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The presence of gliotoxin could affect animal productivity and health. Moreover, there are risks of contamination to farm workers handling improperly stored animal feed. Aspergillus fumigatus strains isolated from different sources should be investigated to determine prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Pena
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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