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Meneely J, Greer B, Kolawole O, Elliott C. T-2 and HT-2 Toxins: Toxicity, Occurrence and Analysis: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:481. [PMID: 37624238 PMCID: PMC10467144 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15080481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major classes of mycotoxins posing serious hazards to humans and animals and potentially causing severe economic impact to the cereal industry are the trichothecenes, produced by many fungal genera. As such, indicative limits for the sum of T-2 and HT-2 were introduced in the European Union in 2013 and discussions are ongoing as to the establishment of maximum levels. This review provides a concise assessment of the existing understanding concerning the toxicological effects of T-2 and HT-2 in humans and animals, their biosynthetic pathways, occurrence, impact of climate change on their production and an evaluation of the analytical methods applied to their detection. This study highlights that the ecology of F. sporotrichioides and F. langsethiae as well as the influence of interacting environmental factors on their growth and activation of biosynthetic genes are still not fully understood. Predictive models of Fusarium growth and subsequent mycotoxin production would be beneficial in predicting the risk of contamination and thus aid early mitigation. With the likelihood of regulatory maximum limits being introduced, increased surveillance using rapid, on-site tests in addition to confirmatory methods will be required. allowing the industry to be proactive rather than reactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Meneely
- Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (B.G.); (O.K.); (C.E.)
- The International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
| | - Brett Greer
- Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (B.G.); (O.K.); (C.E.)
- The International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
| | - Oluwatobi Kolawole
- Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (B.G.); (O.K.); (C.E.)
- The International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
| | - Christopher Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, National Measurement Laboratory: Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (B.G.); (O.K.); (C.E.)
- The International Joint Research Center on Food Security (IJC-FOODSEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
- School of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, 99 Mhu 18, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang 12120, Thailand
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Bartosh AV, Urusov AЕ, Petrakova AV, Kuang H, Zherdev AV, Dzantiev BB. Highly sensitive lateral flow test with indirect labelling for zearalenone in baby food. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2020.1750570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya V. Bartosh
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Centre ‘Fundamentals of Biotechnology’ of the Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandr Е. Urusov
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Centre ‘Fundamentals of Biotechnology’ of the Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia
| | - Alina V. Petrakova
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Centre ‘Fundamentals of Biotechnology’ of the Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia
| | - Hua Kuang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Anatoly V. Zherdev
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Centre ‘Fundamentals of Biotechnology’ of the Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris B. Dzantiev
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Centre ‘Fundamentals of Biotechnology’ of the Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia
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Fumonisins in maize and gluten meal analysed in Argentinean wet milling industrial plants by ELISA compared with HPLC-FLD method. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dell’Orto V, Baldi G, Cheli F. Mycotoxins in silage: checkpoints for effective management and control. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2014.1866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Silage has a substantial role in ruminant nutrition. Silages as a source of mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins merit attention. Fungal growth and mycotoxin production before and during storage are a well-known phenomenon, resulting in reduced nutritional value and a possible risk factor for animal health. Mycotoxin co-contamination seems to be unavoidable under current agricultural and silage-making practices. Multi-mycotoxin contamination in silages is of particular concern due to the potential additive or synergistic effects on animals. In regard to managing the challenge of mycotoxins in silages, there are many factors with pre- and post-harvest origins to take into account. Pre-harvest events are predominantly dictated by environmental factors, whereas post-harvest events can be largely controlled by the farmer. An effective mycotoxin management and control programme should be integrated and personalised to each farm at an integrative level throughout the silage production chain. Growing crops in the field, silage making practices, and the feed out phase must be considered. Economical and straightforward silage testing is critical to reach a quick and sufficiently accurate diagnosis of silage quality, which allows for ‘in field decision-making’ with regard to the rapid diagnosis of the quality of given forage for its safe use as animal feed. Regular sampling and testing of silage allow picking up any variations in mycotoxin contamination. The use of rapid methods in the field represents future challenges. Moreover, a proper nutritional intervention needs to be considered to manage mycotoxin-contaminated silages. At farm level, animals are more often exposed to moderate amounts of several mycotoxins rather than to high levels of a single mycotoxin, resulting more frequently in non-specific digestive and health status impairment. Effective dietary strategies to promote rumen health, coupled with the administration of effective and broad-spectrum mycotoxin detoxifiers, are essential to minimise the negative impact of mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Dell’Orto
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20134 Milano, Italy
| | - G. Baldi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20134 Milano, Italy
| | - F. Cheli
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20134 Milano, Italy
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Tittlemier S, Sobering D, Bowler K, Zirdum T, Gaba D, Chan J, Roscoe M, Blagden R, Campbell L. By-products of grain cleaning: an opportunity for rapid sampling and screening of wheat for mycotoxins. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2014.1760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
By-products of cereal grain cleaning were analysed for a number of mycotoxins. Deoxynivalenol (DON) was the most frequently detected in by-products from commercial-scale cleaning procedures (maximum 2.94 mg/kg), followed by zearalenone (ZEA; maximum 0.045 mg/kg) and ochratoxin A (OTA; maximum 0.019 mg/kg). These three mycotoxins were also the most frequently detected in four different fractions collected from wheat run through a dockage tester, a piece of equipment used in the Canadian inspection process to separate material other than grain from wheat. Concentrations of mycotoxins were highest in the ‘light dockage’ fraction that contained dust and roughage such as glumes, fragments of stem, or rachis. Mycotoxin concentrations in this fraction reached up to 32 mg/kg (DON), 0.532 mg/kg (ZEA), and 0.249 mg/kg (OTA). Concentrations of DON in light dockage were significantly correlated with concentrations in whole grain that was un-cleaned or had undergone basic cleaning, indicating that the light dockage fraction could be used as a readily available matrix for the rapid screening of DON in wheat. This would eliminate the time required for additional sampling and preparation of whole grain, and move towards a truly rapid method for the screening of DON in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.A. Tittlemier
- Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, 1404-303 Main Street, Winnipeg, MB R3C 3G8, Canada
| | - D. Sobering
- Industry Services, Canadian Grain Commission, 900-303 Main Street, Winnipeg, MB R3C 3G8, Canada
| | - K. Bowler
- Industry Services, Canadian Grain Commission, 900-303 Main Street, Winnipeg, MB R3C 3G8, Canada
| | - T. Zirdum
- Industry Services, Canadian Grain Commission, 900-303 Main Street, Winnipeg, MB R3C 3G8, Canada
| | - D. Gaba
- Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, 1404-303 Main Street, Winnipeg, MB R3C 3G8, Canada
| | - J.M. Chan
- Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, 1404-303 Main Street, Winnipeg, MB R3C 3G8, Canada
| | - M. Roscoe
- Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, 1404-303 Main Street, Winnipeg, MB R3C 3G8, Canada
| | - R. Blagden
- Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, 1404-303 Main Street, Winnipeg, MB R3C 3G8, Canada
| | - L. Campbell
- National Monitoring Unit, Canadian Grain Commission, 1404-303 Main Street, Winnipeg, MB R3C 3G8, Canada
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