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Leslie JF, Moretti A, Mesterházy Á, Ameye M, Audenaert K, Singh PK, Richard-Forget F, Chulze SN, Ponte EMD, Chala A, Battilani P, Logrieco AF. Key Global Actions for Mycotoxin Management in Wheat and Other Small Grains. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:725. [PMID: 34679018 PMCID: PMC8541216 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins in small grains are a significant and long-standing problem. These contaminants may be produced by members of several fungal genera, including Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Claviceps, and Penicillium. Interventions that limit contamination can be made both pre-harvest and post-harvest. Many problems and strategies to control them and the toxins they produce are similar regardless of the location at which they are employed, while others are more common in some areas than in others. Increased knowledge of host-plant resistance, better agronomic methods, improved fungicide management, and better storage strategies all have application on a global basis. We summarize the major pre- and post-harvest control strategies currently in use. In the area of pre-harvest, these include resistant host lines, fungicides and their application guided by epidemiological models, and multiple cultural practices. In the area of post-harvest, drying, storage, cleaning and sorting, and some end-product processes were the most important at the global level. We also employed the Nominal Group discussion technique to identify and prioritize potential steps forward and to reduce problems associated with human and animal consumption of these grains. Identifying existing and potentially novel mechanisms to effectively manage mycotoxin problems in these grains is essential to ensure the safety of humans and domesticated animals that consume these grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F. Leslie
- Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, Department of Plant Pathology, 1712 Claflin Avenue, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Antonio Moretti
- Institute of the Science of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Ákos Mesterházy
- Cereal Research Non-Profit Ltd., Alsókikötő sor 9, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Maarten Ameye
- Department of Plant and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.A.); (K.A.)
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Department of Plant and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.A.); (K.A.)
| | - Pawan K. Singh
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-641, Mexico 06600, DF, Mexico;
| | | | - Sofía N. Chulze
- Research Institute on Mycology and Mycotoxicology (IMICO), National Scientific and Technical Research Council-National University of Río Cuarto (CONICET-UNRC), 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina;
| | - Emerson M. Del Ponte
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil;
| | - Alemayehu Chala
- College of Agriculture, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 5, Hawassa 1000, Ethiopia;
| | - Paola Battilani
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Universitá Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via E. Parmense, 84-29122 Piacenza, Italy;
| | - Antonio F. Logrieco
- Institute of the Science of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy;
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Shah DA, De Wolf ED, Paul PA, Madden LV. Accuracy in the prediction of disease epidemics when ensembling simple but highly correlated models. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008831. [PMID: 33720929 PMCID: PMC7993824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ensembling combines the predictions made by individual component base models with the goal of achieving a predictive accuracy that is better than that of any one of the constituent member models. Diversity among the base models in terms of predictions is a crucial criterion in ensembling. However, there are practical instances when the available base models produce highly correlated predictions, because they may have been developed within the same research group or may have been built from the same underlying algorithm. We investigated, via a case study on Fusarium head blight (FHB) on wheat in the U.S., whether ensembles of simple yet highly correlated models for predicting the risk of FHB epidemics, all generated from logistic regression, provided any benefit to predictive performance, despite relatively low levels of base model diversity. Three ensembling methods were explored: soft voting, weighted averaging of smaller subsets of the base models, and penalized regression as a stacking algorithm. Soft voting and weighted model averages were generally better at classification than the base models, though not universally so. The performances of stacked regressions were superior to those of the other two ensembling methods we analyzed in this study. Ensembling simple yet correlated models is computationally feasible and is therefore worth pursuing for models of epidemic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis A. Shah
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Erick D. De Wolf
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Pierce A. Paul
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Laurence V. Madden
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
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Janssen EM, Mourits MCM, Oude Lansink AGJM, van der Fels-Klerx HJ. Incentives to Stimulate European Wheat Farmers to Adapt Their Fusarium Species Mycotoxin Management. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:144. [PMID: 33672902 PMCID: PMC7918326 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium species infection in wheat can lead to Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) and contamination with mycotoxins. To fully exploit more recent insights into FHB and mycotoxin management, farmers might need to adapt their agronomic management, which can be stimulated through incentives. This study aimed to identify incentives to stimulate European farmers to adapt their agronomic management to reduce FHB and related mycotoxins in wheat. A questionnaire was distributed among 224 wheat farmers from Italy, the Netherlands, Serbia, and the United Kingdom. Using the respondents' data, Bayesian Network modelling was applied to estimate the probability that farmers would adapt their current agronomic management under eight different incentives given the conditions set by their farm and farmer characteristics. Results show that most farmers would adapt their current agronomic management under the incentives "paid extra when wheat contains low levels of mycotoxins" and "wheat is tested for the presence of mycotoxins for free". The most effective incentive depended on farm and farmer characteristics, such as country, crop type, size of arable land, soil type, education, and mycotoxin knowledge. Insights into the farmer characteristics related to incentives can help stakeholders in the wheat supply chain, such as farmer cooperatives and the government, to design tailor-made incentive plans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - H. J. van der Fels-Klerx
- Business Economics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Hollandseweg 1, 6706 KN, Wageningen, The Netherlands; (E.M.J.); (M.C.M.M.); (A.G.J.M.O.L.)
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Abstract
Abstract
Although mycotoxins occur worldwide and represent a global public health threat, their prevalence and quantities in food and feed may vary due to geographic and climatic differences. Also, in accordance with climate change, outside temperatures that are anticipated to rise and rainfall patterns modify the usual mycotoxicological scheme transforms and unexpectedly extreme events happen in practice more often. Such weather conditions increase fungal occurrence and mycotoxin concentrations in crops. Consequently, the risk to human and animal health grows, and strategies to alleviate adverse effects become more complex. This also elevates economic losses. Therefore, the task of mycotoxin prediction has been put in front of the multidisciplinary scientific community recently, and a targeted prevention has become more important. This paper is a review of the latest achievements in this field prepared with the aim to summarize and integrate available data.
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Palazzini J, Roncallo P, Cantoro R, Chiotta M, Yerkovich N, Palacios S, Echenique V, Torres A, Ramírez M, Karlovsky P, Chulze S. Biocontrol of Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto, Reduction of Deoxynivalenol Accumulation and Phytohormone Induction by Two Selected Antagonists. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E88. [PMID: 29461480 PMCID: PMC5848189 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10020088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating disease that causes extensive yield and quality losses to wheat and other small cereal grains worldwide. Species within the Fusarium graminearum complex are the main pathogens associated with the disease, F. graminearum sensu stricto being the main pathogen in Argentina. Biocontrol can be used as part of an integrated pest management strategy. Phytohormones play a key role in the plant defense system and their production can be induced by antagonistic microorganisms. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of the inoculation of Bacillus velezensis RC 218, F. graminearum and their co-inoculation on the production of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) in wheat spikes at different periods of time under greenhouse conditions, and to evaluate the effect of B. velezensis RC 218 and Streptomyces albidoflavus RC 87B on FHB disease incidence, severity and deoxynivalenol accumulation on Triticum turgidum L. var. durum under field conditions. Under greenhouse conditions the production of JA was induced after F. graminearum inoculation at 48 and 72 h, but JA levels were reduced in the co-inoculated treatments. No differences in JA or SA levels were observed between the B. velezensis treatment and the water control. In the spikes inoculated with F. graminearum, SA production was induced early (12 h), as it was shown for initial FHB basal resistance, while JA was induced at a later stage (48 h), revealing different defense strategies at different stages of infection by the hemibiotrophic pathogen F. graminearum. Both B. velezensis RC 218 and S. albidoflavus RC 87B effectively reduced FHB incidence (up to 30%), severity (up to 25%) and deoxynivalenol accumulation (up to 51%) on durum wheat under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Palazzini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of Río Cuarto, Route 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto, Córdoba 5800, Argentina.
| | - Pablo Roncallo
- CERZOS-CONICET, Department of Agronomy, UNS-CCT CONICET Bahía Blanca, Camino de la Carrindanga Km 7, Bahía Blanca 8000, Argentina.
| | - Renata Cantoro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of Río Cuarto, Route 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto, Córdoba 5800, Argentina.
| | - Maria Chiotta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of Río Cuarto, Route 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto, Córdoba 5800, Argentina.
| | - Nadia Yerkovich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of Río Cuarto, Route 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto, Córdoba 5800, Argentina.
| | - Sofia Palacios
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of Río Cuarto, Route 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto, Córdoba 5800, Argentina.
| | - Viviana Echenique
- CERZOS-CONICET, Department of Agronomy, UNS-CCT CONICET Bahía Blanca, Camino de la Carrindanga Km 7, Bahía Blanca 8000, Argentina.
| | - Adriana Torres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of Río Cuarto, Route 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto, Córdoba 5800, Argentina.
| | - María Ramírez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of Río Cuarto, Route 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto, Córdoba 5800, Argentina.
| | - Petr Karlovsky
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, Georg-August-University, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Sofia Chulze
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Exact Sciences, National University of Río Cuarto, Route 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto, Córdoba 5800, Argentina.
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Foreword. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2015.x004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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