1
|
Saleh I, Zeidan R, Abu-Dieyeh M. The characteristics, occurrence, and toxicological effects of alternariol: a mycotoxin. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1659-1683. [PMID: 38662238 PMCID: PMC11106155 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03743-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Alternaria species are mycotoxin-producing fungi known to infect fresh produce and to cause their spoilage. Humans get exposed to fungal secondary metabolites known as mycotoxin via the ingestion of contaminated food. Alternariol (AOH) (C14H10O5) is an isocoumarins produced by different species of Alternaria including Alternaria alternata. AOH is often found in grain, fruits and fruits-based food products with high levels in legumes, nuts, and tomatoes. AOH was first discovered in 1953, and it is nowadays linked to esophagus cancer and endocrine disruption due to its similarity to estrogen. Although considered as an emerging mycotoxin with no regulated levels in food, AOH occurs in highly consumed dietary products and has been detected in various masked forms, which adds to its occurrence. Therefore, this comprehensive review was developed to give an overview on recent literature in the field of AOH. The current study summarizes published data on occurrence levels of AOH in different food products in the last ten years and evaluates those levels in comparison to recommended levels by the regulating entities. Such surveillance facilitates the work of health risk assessors and highlights commodities that are most in need of AOH levels regulation. In addition, the effects of AOH on cells and animal models were summarized in two tables; data include the last two-year literature studies. The review addresses also the main characteristics of AOH and the possible human exposure routes, the populations at risk, and the effect of anthropogenic activities on the widespread of the mycotoxin. The commonly used detection and control methods described in the latest literature are also discussed to guide future researchers to focus on mitigating mycotoxins contamination in the food industry. This review aims mainly to serve as a guideline on AOH for mycotoxin regulation developers and health risk assessors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iman Saleh
- Biological Science Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Art and Science, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Randa Zeidan
- Biological Science Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Art and Science, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammed Abu-Dieyeh
- Biological Science Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Art and Science, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang Y, Fan Y, Dai Y, Jia Q, Guo Y, Wang P, Shen T, Wang Y, Liu F, Guo W, Wu A, Jiao Z, Wang C. Crude Lipopeptides Produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Could Control the Growth of Alternaria alternata and Production of Alternaria Toxins in Processing Tomato. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:65. [PMID: 38393143 PMCID: PMC10892701 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16020065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Alternaria spp. and its toxins are the main contaminants in processing tomato. Based on our earlier research, the current study looked into the anti-fungal capacity of crude lipopeptides from B. amyloliquefaciens XJ-BV2007 against A. alternata. We found that the crude lipopeptides significantly inhibited A. alternata growth and reduced tomato black spot disease incidence. SEM analysis found that the crude lipopeptides could change the morphology of mycelium and spores of A. alternata. Four main Alternaria toxins were detected using UPLC-MS/MS, and the findings demonstrated that the crude lipopeptides could lessen the accumulation of Alternaria toxins in vivo and in vitro. Meanwhile, under the stress of crude lipopeptides, the expression of critical biosynthetic genes responsible for TeA, AOH, and AME was substantially down-regulated. The inhibitory mechanism of the crude lipopeptides was demonstrated to be the disruption of the mycelial structure of A. alternata, as well as the integrity and permeability of the membrane of A. alternata sporocytes. Taken together, crude lipopeptides extracted from B. amyloliquefaciens XJ-BV2007 are an effective biological agent for controlling tomato black spot disease and Alternaria toxins contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.G.)
- Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Nutrition and Health of Characteristic Agricultural Products in Desert Oasis Ecological Region (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Urumqi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety of Xinjiang, Urumqi 830091, China; (Y.F.); (Y.D.); (Q.J.); (Y.W.); (F.L.); (W.G.)
| | - Yingying Fan
- Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Nutrition and Health of Characteristic Agricultural Products in Desert Oasis Ecological Region (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Urumqi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety of Xinjiang, Urumqi 830091, China; (Y.F.); (Y.D.); (Q.J.); (Y.W.); (F.L.); (W.G.)
| | - Yingying Dai
- Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Nutrition and Health of Characteristic Agricultural Products in Desert Oasis Ecological Region (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Urumqi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety of Xinjiang, Urumqi 830091, China; (Y.F.); (Y.D.); (Q.J.); (Y.W.); (F.L.); (W.G.)
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830049, China
| | - Qinlan Jia
- Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Nutrition and Health of Characteristic Agricultural Products in Desert Oasis Ecological Region (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Urumqi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety of Xinjiang, Urumqi 830091, China; (Y.F.); (Y.D.); (Q.J.); (Y.W.); (F.L.); (W.G.)
| | - Ying Guo
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.G.)
| | - Peicheng Wang
- College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (P.W.); (T.S.)
| | - Tingting Shen
- College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (P.W.); (T.S.)
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Nutrition and Health of Characteristic Agricultural Products in Desert Oasis Ecological Region (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Urumqi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety of Xinjiang, Urumqi 830091, China; (Y.F.); (Y.D.); (Q.J.); (Y.W.); (F.L.); (W.G.)
| | - Fengjuan Liu
- Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Nutrition and Health of Characteristic Agricultural Products in Desert Oasis Ecological Region (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Urumqi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety of Xinjiang, Urumqi 830091, China; (Y.F.); (Y.D.); (Q.J.); (Y.W.); (F.L.); (W.G.)
| | - Wanhui Guo
- Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Nutrition and Health of Characteristic Agricultural Products in Desert Oasis Ecological Region (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Urumqi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety of Xinjiang, Urumqi 830091, China; (Y.F.); (Y.D.); (Q.J.); (Y.W.); (F.L.); (W.G.)
| | - Aibo Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China;
| | - Ziwei Jiao
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.G.)
| | - Cheng Wang
- Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Nutrition and Health of Characteristic Agricultural Products in Desert Oasis Ecological Region (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Urumqi), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety of Xinjiang, Urumqi 830091, China; (Y.F.); (Y.D.); (Q.J.); (Y.W.); (F.L.); (W.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Huang CH, Wang FT, Chan WH. Alternariol exerts embryotoxic and immunotoxic effects on mouse blastocysts through ROS-mediated apoptotic processes. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2021; 10:719-732. [PMID: 34484663 PMCID: PMC8403814 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfab054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternariol (AOH), a mycotoxin belonging to the genus Alternaria, has been shown to induce cytotoxicity, including apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, in several mammalian cell types. However, its effects on early-stage embryonic development require further investigation. Here, we have shown that AOH exerts embryotoxic effects on mouse blastocyst-stage embryos and long-term adverse effects on immunity in one-day-old newborn mice of the next generation. Significant apoptosis and decrease in total cell number, predominantly through loss of inner cell mass (ICM), and to a minor extent, trophectoderm (TE) cells, were observed in AOH-treated blastocysts. Moreover, AOH exerted detrimental effects on pre- and post-implantation embryo development potential and induced a decrease in fetal weight in in vitro development and embryo transfer assays. Injection of pregnant mice with AOH (1, 3 and 5 mg/kg body weight/day) for 4 days resulted in apoptosis of blastocyst-stage embryos and injurious effects on embryonic development from the zygote to blastocyst stage or embryo degradation and a further decrease in fetal weight. Furthermore, AOH exerted a long-term impact on the next generation, triggering a significant increase in total oxidative stress content and expression of genes encoding antioxidant proteins. Lower expression of CXCL1, IL-1β and IL-8 related to innate immunity was detected in liver tissue extracts obtained from one-day-old newborns of AOH-injected pregnant mice (5 mg/kg body weight/day) relative to their non-treated counterparts. In addition, ROS served as an upstream regulator of AOH-triggered apoptotic processes and impairment of embryonic development. Our collective results highlight the potential of AOH as an embryotoxic and immunotoxic risk factor during embryo and infant development stages in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hsun Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health & Welfare, Taoyuan City 33004, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Ting Wang
- Rehabilitation and Technical Aid Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City 11217, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hsiung Chan
- Department of Bioscience Technology and Center for Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung Li District, Taoyuan City 32023, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Real-time PCR assay for Colletotrichum acutatum sensu stricto quantification in olive fruit samples. Food Chem 2020; 339:127858. [PMID: 32829246 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Olive anthracnose is caused by fungal species within the Colletotrichum acutatum, C. gloeosporioides and C. boninense complexes. Anthracnose causes severe pre- and post-harvest olive drupe fall. This study aimed to design a species-specific qPCR assay, based on klap1 gene, suitable for C. acutatum s.s. quantification in cv. Galega Vulgar fruit samples. The developed qPCR assay presented a detection limit of 10.14 fg/reaction, and a linear cycle threshold of R2 = 0.996. C. acutatum inoculum was detected in pulverized olive fruits, and in early infection stages, before symptom appearance, 16 h after inoculation (Ct values = 28.29 ± 1.1). In olive samples, the derived melting curve was specific presenting a single dissociation peak (Tmelting = 88.7 °C). The designed assay was effectively applied in C. acutatum detection and quantification using infected olive samples, with a LOD of 0.59 ng and a LOQ of 1.8 ng, allowing its application to orchard management.
Collapse
|
6
|
Rossi F, Gallo A, Bertuzzi T. Emerging mycotoxins in the food chain. MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2020. [DOI: 10.3233/mnm-190345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Rossi
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Dipartimento DiANA, Sezione Scienze degli Alimenti e della Nutrizione, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Antonio Gallo
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Dipartimento DiANA, Sezione Scienze degli Alimenti e della Nutrizione, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Terenzio Bertuzzi
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Dipartimento DiANA, Sezione Scienze degli Alimenti e della Nutrizione, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Alternariol disturbs oocyte maturation and preimplantation development. Mycotoxin Res 2019; 36:93-101. [PMID: 31473931 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-019-00372-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alternariol (AOH) is produced by fungi of the genus Alternaria and can be found in fruits, vegetables, and grains. Besides the oestrogenic activity demonstrated in vitro, this mycotoxin causes DNA damage and cell cycle arrest. Based on this, the effect of AOH was investigated on porcine female gametes during in vitro maturation and subsequent initial embryo development. A first experiment assessed a dose-response effect of AOH (5, 10, or 20 μmol/l) on cumulus expansion and in vitro oocyte nuclear maturation, in the presence or absence of follicular fluid (FF). A second experiment evaluated the effect of AOH (5, 10, or 20 μmol/l) exposure during porcine oocyte maturation, initial embryo development, or both periods, on preimplantation embryo development. Although FF protected oocytes from the deleterious effect of AOH, it did not avoid a decrease in cumulus cells expansion (5 μmol/l AOH regardless of the presence of FF). Moreover, exposure to AOH resulted in the degeneration of oocytes (10 μmol/l AOH in the absence of FF) and the occurrence of nuclear aberrations in mature oocytes (10 μmol/l AOH in the absence of FF and 20 μmol/l AOH in the presence of FF). Exposure to 5 μmol/l AOH during oocyte in vitro maturation was sufficient to impair initial embryo development.
Collapse
|