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Qu M, He Y, Xu W, Liu D, An C, Liu S, Liu G, Cheng F. Array-optimized artificial olfactory sensor enabling cost-effective and non-destructive detection of mycotoxin-contaminated maize. Food Chem 2024; 456:139940. [PMID: 38870807 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
The MobileNetV3-based improved sine-cosine algorithm (ISCA-MobileNetV3) was combined with an artificial olfactory sensor (AOS) to address the redundancy in olfactory arrays, thereby achieving low-cost and high-precision detection of mycotoxin-contaminated maize. Specifically, volatile organic compounds of maize interacted with unoptimized AOS containing eight porphyrins and eight dye-attached nanocomposites to obtain the scent fingerprints for constructing the initial data set. The optimal decision model was MobileNetV3, with more than 98.5% classification accuracy, and its output training loss would be input into the optimizer ISCA. Remarkably, the number of olfactory arrays was reduced from 16 to 6 by ISCA-MobileNetV3 with about a 1% decrease in classification accuracy. Additionally, the developed system showed that each online evaluation was less than one second on average, demonstrating outstanding real-time performance for ensuring food safety. Therefore, AOS combined with ISCA-MobileNetV3 will encourage the development of an affordable and on-site platform for maize quality detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maozhen Qu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Yingchao He
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Weidong Xu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Da Liu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Changqing An
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Shanming Liu
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, China
| | - Guang Liu
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Xinjiang University, China
| | - Fang Cheng
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, China.
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Al-Zaban MI, Alrokban AH, Mahmoud MA. Development of a real-time PCR and multiplex PCR assay for the detection and identification of mycotoxigenic fungi in stored maize grains. Mycology 2023; 14:227-238. [PMID: 37583456 PMCID: PMC10424615 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2023.2213704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify important mycotoxigenic fungi and accurate detection of mycotoxin in stored maize grains using molecular methods. The current study also optimised the real-time PCR (RT-PCR) assay. The melting curve was established to identify isolated fungal species of Aspergillus (4), Fusarium (3), Penicillium (3), and Alternaria (one). A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) technique was developed for the detection and characterisation of mycotoxin producing fungi, mycotoxin metabolic pathway genes, and the determination of eleven mycotoxins in stored maize grains using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The mPCR results indicated positive signals for potentially mycotoxigenic fungal species tested of Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Alternaria. A protocol for multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (mRT-PCR) was tested to distinguish between free and contaminated, stored maize with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). The expression pattern of four aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway genes, AFB1 (aflQ, aflP, aflO, and aflD), was a good marker for contaminated, stored maize grains. HPLC analysis showed that maize grain samples were contaminated with mycotoxins, and the concentration was above the detection level. The results indicate that the polyphasic approach might provide a sensitive, rapid, and accurate method for detecting and identifying mycotoxigenic fungal species and mycotoxins in stored maize grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayasar I. Al-Zaban
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahlam H. Alrokban
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A. Mahmoud
- Central Laboratory of Biotechnology (CLB), Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
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Dong T, Qiao S, Xu J, Shi J, Qiu J, Ma G. Effect of Abiotic Conditions on Growth, Mycotoxin Production, and Gene Expression by Fusarium fujikuroi Species Complex Strains from Maize. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15040260. [PMID: 37104197 PMCID: PMC10141623 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC) strains are a major concern for food quantity and quality due to their strong ability to synthesize mycotoxins. The effects of interacting conditions of water activity, temperature, and incubation time on the growth rate, toxin production, and expression level of biosynthetic genes were examined. High temperature and water availability increased fungal growth. Higher water activity was in favor of toxin accumulation. The maximum amounts of fusaric acid (FA) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) were usually observed at 20–25 °C. F. andiyazi could produce a higher content of moniliformin (MON) in the cool environment than F. fujikuroi. The expression profile of biosynthetic genes under environmental conditions varied wildly; it was suggested that these genes might be expressed in a strain-dependent manner. FB1 concentration was positively related to the expression of FUM1, while a similar correlation of FUB8 and FUB12 with FA production could be observed in F. andiyazi, F. fujikuroi, and F. subglutinans. This study provides useful information in the monitoring and prevention of such toxins entering the maize production chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Dong
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Shouning Qiao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Jianhong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
- Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing 210014, China
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jianrong Shi
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
- Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing 210014, China
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jianbo Qiu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
- Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210014, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing 210014, China
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Guizhen Ma
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
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Quantitative PCR assays for the species-specific detection of Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto and Fusarium asiaticum in winter wheat growing regions in China. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 387:110061. [PMID: 36566702 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.110061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC) is one of the most devastating fungal plant pathogens of cereal crops worldwide, resulting in a corresponding mycotoxins contamination in cereal-based food. The detection of FGSC to study its population structure and species distribution is of great concern for the integrated control of mycotoxins contamination in grains entering food supply chains. In this study, real time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) methods were developed for the species-specific detection of Fusarium graminearum species complex in winter wheat growing regions in China. Primers and probes were designed basing the on the sequence of Fg-16 SCAR fragment (sequence characterized amplified regions analysis) and confirmed to make a distinguishment between the two prevailing species including Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto and Fusarium asiaticum. The assay specificity was tested against 24 isolates of target Fusarium species and several non-target Fusarium species that were frequently isolated from wheat in China. Consistent results could be obtained by the developed RT-qPCR and ddPCR assays, and both of them were sensitive enough for the detection of FGSC in these regions. Population structure and species distribution of FGSC in North China plain and Yangtze River plain by the developed qPCR assays accorded with previous results obtained by fungal isolation method. The newly developed qPCR assays are time-saving and will provide new insights during the routine surveillance of FGSC in winter wheat growing regions in China and possibly other countries.
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Lv B, Yang X, Xue H, Nan M, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Bi Y, Shang S. Isolation of Main Pathogens Causing Postharvest Disease in Fresh Codonopsis pilosula during Different Storage Stages and Ozone Control against Disease and Mycotoxin Accumulation. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020146. [PMID: 36836261 PMCID: PMC9959707 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Codonopsis pilosula is an important Chinese herbal medicine. However, fresh C. pilosula is prone to decay during storage due to microorganism infections, seriously affecting the medicinal value and even causing mycotoxin accumulation. Therefore, it is necessary to study the pathogens present and develop efficient control strategies to mitigate their detrimental effects on the herbs during storage. In this study, fresh C. pilosula was collected from Min County in Gansu Province, China. The natural disease symptoms were observed during different storage stages, and the pathogens causing C. pilosula postharvest decay were isolated from the infected fresh C. pilosula. Morphological and molecular identification were performed, and pathogenicity was tested using Koch's postulates. In addition, the control of ozone was examined against the isolates and mycotoxin accumulation. The results indicated that the naturally occurring symptom increased progressively with the extension of storage time. The mucor rot caused by Mucor was first observed on day 7, followed by root rot caused by Fusarium on day 14. Blue mold disease caused by Penicillum expansum was detected as the most serious postharvest disease on day 28. Pink rot disease caused by Trichothecium roseum was observed on day 56. Moreover, ozone treatment significantly decreased the development of postharvest disease and inhibited the accumulations of patulin, deoxynivalenol, 15-Acetyl-deoxynivalenol, and HT-2 toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyu Lv
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xi Yang
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Huali Xue
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-181-8954-1078
| | - Mina Nan
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Zhiguang Liu
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Suqin Shang
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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Multi-Mycotoxin Contamination, Mold Incidence and Risk Assessment of Aflatoxin in Maize Kernels Originating from Nepal. MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres13020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Occurrence of mycotoxins in staple foods is a major threat to attaining food safety in developing countries. The study investigated multi-mycotoxin contamination for the first time in Nepalese maize along with the incidence of molds in 45 samples of maize used as human food from 45 districts of Nepal. The samples were analyzed quantitatively for the presence of five different mycotoxins (total aflatoxins (AF), total fumonisins (FUM), ochratoxin (OT), zearalenone (ZEA) and (DON) deoxynivalenol) using the competitive direct ELISA technique. The most frequent occurrences were for DON (100%) and AF (78%) followed by FUM and ZEA (both 76%) and OT (62%). Interestingly, all the samples contained at least two mycotoxins while at least three or more mycotoxins were found in 87% of the samples. The most commonly reported binary, ternary and quaternary combinations were DON+AF, AF+FUM+DON and AF+FUM+ZEA+DON, respectively. The mean percentage kernel mold infection was 35.33% with Fusarium, Aspergillus, Rhizopus and Penicillium genera being the predominant molds. Six different species of Aspergillus and a single species of Fusarium were identified. The estimated daily intake, margin of exposure and risk of liver cancer from consuming maize were 30.46 ng/kg bw/day and 5.58 and 0.38 cancer cases/year/100,000 population, respectively. Since maize is the second-most consumed cereal in Nepal, the contamination levels of various mycotoxins and the incidence of molds identified in the study suggests that stricter control is needed to safeguard the health of the substantial population consuming maize as a staple diet.
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de Medeiros CAC, Pinto ÂDV, de Oliveira JC, Silva GS, Arrua JMM, Lima IO, Pereira FDO. Evaluating the Antifungal Activity of α-Bisabolol in Association with NaCl on Fusarium oxysporum in Maize Grains. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:604-610. [PMID: 33388939 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02313-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium infections result in reduced maize grain (Zea mays L.) yields and notable impacts on human and animal health. Research involving natural products to control fungi in food is a promising alternative. Combinations of α-bisabolol (AB) and sodium chloride (NaCl) may suggest the use of lower effective concentrations of the drugs. This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal potential of AB associated with NaCl against Fusarium oxysporum strains isolated from maize. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) values of AB and NaCl were determined by microdilution, and an association study was performed (checkerboard). Effects on fungal mycelial growth (poisoned substrate technique) and a maize grain contamination model were analyzed. AB presented MIC values ranging from 128 and 1024 μg/mL; NaCl inhibited fungal growth at 16,384 μg/mL. The AB/NaCl association study revealed synergism by decreasing inhibitory concentrations by eight times. In corn kernels, AB and NaCl, whether isolated (at MIC) or in association (at sub-inhibitory concentrations), significantly inhibited in vitro mycelial growth (P < 0.05). Further analysis of liquid from a canned maize sample also revealed the fungistatic effects of the compounds associations (P < 0.05). The results confirm the antifungal potential of AB, whether isolated or in association with NaCl to control F. oxysporum in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- César A C de Medeiros
- Natural and Bioactive Synthetic Products, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Ânderson de V Pinto
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Academic Health Unit, Education and Health Center, Federal University of Campina Grande, Olho D`Água da Bica, Cuité, Paraíba, 58175-000, Brazil
| | - Josenildo C de Oliveira
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Academic Health Unit, Education and Health Center, Federal University of Campina Grande, Olho D`Água da Bica, Cuité, Paraíba, 58175-000, Brazil
| | - Gezaíldo S Silva
- Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Juliana M M Arrua
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Center for Technological Investigations, Directorate General for Scientific and Technological Research, National University of Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - Igara O Lima
- Natural Sciences and Biotechnology, Education and Health Center, Federal University of Campina Grande, Cuité, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Fillipe de O Pereira
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Academic Health Unit, Education and Health Center, Federal University of Campina Grande, Olho D`Água da Bica, Cuité, Paraíba, 58175-000, Brazil.
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