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El-Saeed BA, Elshebrawy HA, Zakaria AI, Abdelkhalek A, Sallam KI. Colistin-, cefepime-, and levofloxacin-resistant Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from Egyptian chicken carcasses. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2024; 23:61. [PMID: 38965586 PMCID: PMC11229489 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-024-00713-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella strains, especially resistant ones toward critically important antimicrobial classes such as fluoroquinolones and third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins, is a growing public health concern. The current study, therefore, aimed to determine the prevalence, and existence of virulence genes (invA, stn, and spvC genes), antimicrobial resistance profiles, and the presence of β-lactamase resistance genes (blaOXA, blaCTX-M1, blaSHV, and blaTEM) in Salmonella strains isolated from native chicken carcasses in Egypt marketed in Mansoura, Egypt, as well as spotlight the risk of isolated MDR, colistin-, cefepime-, and levofloxacin-resistant Salmonella enterica serovars to public health. METHODS One hundred fifty freshly dressed native chicken carcasses were collected from different poultry shops in Mansoura City, Egypt between July 2022 and November 2022. Salmonella isolation was performed using standard bacteriological techniques, including pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water (BPW), selective enrichment in Rappaport Vassiliadis broth (RVS), and cultivating on the surface of xylose-lysine-desoxycholate (XLD) agar. All suspected Salmonella colonies were subjected to biochemical tests, serological identification using slide agglutination test, and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) targeting the invasion A gene (invA; Salmonella marker gene). Afterward, all molecularly verified isolates were screened for the presence of virulence genes (stn and spvC). The antimicrobial susceptibility testing for isolated Salmonella strains towards the 16 antimicrobial agents tested was analyzed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method, except for colistin, in which the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) was determined by broth microdilution technique. Furthermore, 82 cefotaxime-resistant Salmonella isolates were tested using multiplex PCR targeting the β-lactamase resistance genes, including blaOXA, blaCTX-M1, blaSHV, and blaTEM genes. RESULTS Salmonella enterica species were molecularly confirmed via the invA Salmonella marker gene in 18% (27/150) of the freshly dressed native chicken carcasses. Twelve Salmonella serotypes were identified among 129 confirmed Salmonella isolates with the most predominant serotypes were S. Kentucky, S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, and S. Molade with an incidence of 19.4% (25/129), 17.1% (22/129), 17.1% (22/129), and 10.9% (14/129), respectively. All the identified Salmonella isolates (n = 129) were positive for both invA and stn genes, while only 31.8% (41/129) of isolates were positive for the spvC gene. One hundred twenty-one (93.8%) of the 129 Salmonella-verified isolates were resistant to at least three antibiotics. Interestingly, 3.9%, 14.7%, and 75.2% of isolates were categorized into pan-drug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant, and multidrug-resistant, respectively. The average MAR index for the 129 isolates tested was 0.505. Exactly, 82.2%, 82.2%, 63.6%, 51.9%, 50.4%, 48.8%, 11.6%, and 10.1% of isolated Salmonella strains were resistant to cefepime, colistin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime/clavulanic acid, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, and meropenem, respectively. Thirty-one out (37.8%) of the 82 cefotaxime-resistant Salmonella isolates were β-lactamase producers with the blaTEM as the most predominant β-lactamase resistance gene, followed by blaCTX-M1 and blaOXA genes, which were detected in 21, 16, and 14 isolates respectively). CONCLUSION The high prevalence of MDR-, colistin-, cefepime-, and levofloxacin-resistant Salmonella serovars among Salmonella isolates from native chicken is alarming as these antimicrobials are critically important in treating severe salmonellosis cases and boost the urgent need for controlling antibiotic usage in veterinary and human medicine to protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassant Ashraf El-Saeed
- Department of Food Hygiene, Safety, and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Hend Ali Elshebrawy
- Department of Food Hygiene, Safety, and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Amira Ibrahim Zakaria
- Department of Food Hygiene, Safety, and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Adel Abdelkhalek
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, 11829, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khalid Ibrahim Sallam
- Department of Food Hygiene, Safety, and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
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Nabil NM, Tawakol MM, Samir A, Hassan HM, Yonis AE, Reda RM, Elsayed MM. Synergistic influence of probiotic and florfenicol on embryonic viability, performance, and multidrug-resistant Salmonella Enteritidis in broiler chickens. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9644. [PMID: 37316527 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36238-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted during the period of August 2021 to April 2022 and divided into two parts. The first part involved the isolation and characterization of Salmonella from 200 diseased broiler chickens collected from farms in Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt, with the detection of its antimicrobial susceptibility. The second experimental part involved in ovo inoculation of probiotics and florfenicol to evaluate their effects on hatchability, embryonic viability, growth performance traits and the control of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Enteritidis infections post hatching. The point prevalence of Salmonella in the internal organs of diseased chickens was 13% (26/200), including 6 serotypes: S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Santiago, S. Colindale, S. Takoradi and S. Daula. Multidrug resistance was found in 92% (24/26) of the isolated strains with a multiantibiotic resistance index of 0.33-0.88 and 24 antibiotic resistance patterns. The in ovo inoculation of probiotic with florfenicol showed significant improvement in the growth performance parameters compared with other groups and had the ability to prevent colonization of multidrug resistant S. Enteritidis in the majority of the experimental chicks, and the remaining chicks showed very low colonization, as detected by RT‒PCR. These findings suggested the application of in ovo inoculation techniques with both probiotics and florfenicol as a promising tool to control multidrug-resistant S. Enteritidis in poultry farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehal M Nabil
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control On Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Nadi El-Seid Street, Dokki, 12618, Giza, Egypt
| | - Maram M Tawakol
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control On Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Nadi El-Seid Street, Dokki, 12618, Giza, Egypt
| | - Abdelhafez Samir
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control On Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Nadi El-Seid Street, Dokki, 12618, Giza, Egypt
| | - Heba M Hassan
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control On Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Nadi El-Seid Street, Dokki, 12618, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahlam E Yonis
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control On Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Nadi El-Seid Street, Dokki, 12618, Giza, Egypt
| | - Reem M Reda
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control On Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Nadi El-Seid Street, Dokki, 12618, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mona M Elsayed
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
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Silver nanoparticle effect on Salmonella enterica isolated from Northern West Egypt food, poultry, and calves. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:5701-5713. [PMID: 35945362 PMCID: PMC9418292 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12102-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A total no. of 65 Salmonella enterica isolates recovered from food samples, feces of diarrheic calves, poultry, and hospital patient in large five cities at Northern West Egypt were obtained from the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. The 65 Salmonella enterica isolates had the invA gene were grouped into 11 Salmonella enterica serovars with dominance of S. Enteritidis and S. Kentucky serovars. Their resistance pattern were characterized by using 18 antibiotics from different classes. Approximately 80% of the isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR). Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consequences polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) typing of 7 strains of S. Enteritidis showed 5 clusters with dissimilarity 25%. S. Enteritidis clusters in 2 main groups A and B. Group A have 2 human strain (HE2 and HE3) and one food origin (FE7) with a similarity 99%. Group B divided into B1 (FE2) and B2 (FE3) with a similarity ratio ≥ 93%, while ERIC-PCR analysis of 5 strains of S. Kentucky revealed 4 ERIC types, clustered in 2 main groups A and B with similarity 75%. We studied the effect of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) on 10 antibiotic resistant strains of S. Enteritidis and S. Kentucky. The broth microdilution minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were detected. Evaluation of the affection using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed different ratios of Ag-NPs and microorganism as well as at different contact time ended finally with morphological alteration of the bacteria. We submitted new method in vivo to explore the activity of nanosilver in chicken. KEY POINTS: • Importance of ERIC-PCR to determine the relatedness between Salmonella isolates. • Effect of silver nanoparticles to confront the antibacterial resistance. • Studying the effect of silver nanoparticles in vivo on infected chicken with Salmonella.
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Ramtahal MA, Amoako DG, Akebe ALK, Somboro AM, Bester LA, Essack SY. A Public Health Insight into Salmonella in Poultry in Africa: A Review of the Past Decade: 2010-2020. Microb Drug Resist 2022; 28:710-733. [PMID: 35696336 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2021.0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry is a cheap source of animal protein and constituent of diets in Africa. Poultry can serve as a reservoir for Salmonella and cause food-borne infections in humans. This review describes Salmonella contamination of food, poultry, and the farming environment, antimicrobial resistance profiles, and serotypes of Salmonella, as well as the farming systems, antimicrobial use (AMU), hygiene, and husbandry conditions used to rear poultry in Africa. Using the PRISMA (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis) guidelines, PubMed, Science Direct, and Web of Science databases were searched using a set of predefined keywords. Full-length research articles in English were examined for the period 2010-2020 and relevant information extracted for the narrative synthesis. Of the articles that met the inclusion criteria, 63.1% were conducted on farms and among households, while 36.9% were undertaken at government-controlled laboratories, which quarantine imported birds, processing plants, and retail outlets. The farming systems were intensive, semi-intensive, and extensive. AMU was described in 11.5% of the studies and varied within and across countries. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella isolates were detected in 30 studies and the prevalence ranged from 12.1% in Zimbabwe to 100% in Egypt, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Senegal, and South Africa. A total of 226 different Salmonella serotypes were reported. Twenty-four (19.7%) of the studies reported food-borne Salmonella contamination in eggs, poultry, and poultry products at retail outlets and processing plants. The apparent extensive use of antimicrobials and circulation of MDR Salmonella isolates of various serotypes in Africa is a concern. It is important to implement stricter biosecurity measures on farms, regulate the use of antimicrobials and implement surveillance systems, in addition to food safety measures to monitor the quality of poultry and poultry products for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Ramtahal
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Daniel G Amoako
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Abia L K Akebe
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Anou M Somboro
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Biomedical Resource Unit, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Linda A Bester
- Biomedical Resource Unit, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sabiha Y Essack
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Molecular associations of gallinacin genes with immune response against Salmonella typhimurium in chickens. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hassan WMM, Tawab AAAE, El-Shannat SM. Current advances in molecular subtyping using multilocus variable number of tandem repeat analysis of Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium in Egyptian chickens. Vet World 2020; 13:2252-2259. [PMID: 33281364 PMCID: PMC7704301 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.2252-2259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to characterize the genetic diversity, evolutionary level, and prevalence of genotypes of common isolates of Salmonella (Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium). Using one of the most advanced molecular recognition techniques, multilocus variable number of tandem repeat analysis (MLVA), we characterized the genotype and prevalence of S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium. Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty-five internal organ samples were collected from the major chicken slaughterhouses in Egypt, and Salmonella species were isolated. PCR was utilized to amplify the IE-1 and Flic-C genes to identify S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium DNA, respectively, from Salmonella isolates. MLVA was applied on nine samples of S. Enteritidis DNA and three samples of S. Typhimurium DNA. Six variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) loci (Sal02, Sal04, Sal06, Sal10, Sal20, and Sal23) were amplified. Results: Of the examined samples (n=125), a total of 12 isolates (9.6%) were either identified as Enteritidis or Typhimurium. PCR-mediated amplification of IE-1 and Flic-C revealed that 75% (n=9) of the 12 Salmonella isolates were S. Enteritidis and 25% (n=3) were S. Typhimurium. The six loci amplified through MLVA had allelic diversity. The most discriminatory heterogenic locus for S. Enteritidis was Sal20. Sal04 and Sal23 were the most discriminatory heterogenic loci for S. Typhimurium. VNTR allelic profile analysis revealed nine unique genotypes for S. Enteritidis and three for S. Typhimurium. Conclusion: This study was the first to use MLVA analysis to identify S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium strains isolated from chickens in Egypt. The molecular typing data reported herein allowed us to characterize the genotypes of S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium that are most prevalent in Egyptian chickens. Moreover, this epidemiological information provides valuable insight on how to prevent disease transmission. Moreover, our methods provide an alternative to traditional serotyping techniques that may produce inaccurate strain identifications for organisms with rough lipopolysaccharide structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa M M Hassan
- Reference Laboratory for Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ashraf A Abd El Tawab
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Sara M El-Shannat
- Department of Microbiology, Animal Health Research Institute, Marsa Matruh, Egypt
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Thomas KM, de Glanville WA, Barker GC, Benschop J, Buza JJ, Cleaveland S, Davis MA, French NP, Mmbaga BT, Prinsen G, Swai ES, Zadoks RN, Crump JA. Prevalence of Campylobacter and Salmonella in African food animals and meat: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 315:108382. [PMID: 31710971 PMCID: PMC6985902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Campylobacter and Salmonella, particularly non-typhoidal Salmonella, are important bacterial enteric pathogens of humans which are often carried asymptomatically in animal reservoirs. Bacterial foodborne infections, including those derived from meat, are associated with illness and death globally but the burden is disproportionately high in Africa. Commercial meat production is increasing and intensifying in many African countries, creating opportunities and threats for food safety. METHODS Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we searched six databases for English language studies published through June 2016, that reported Campylobacter or Salmonella carriage or infection prevalence in food animals and contamination prevalence in food animal products from African countries. A random effects meta-analysis and multivariable logistic regression were used to estimate the species-specific prevalence of Salmonella and Campylobacter and assess relationships between sample type and region and the detection or isolation of either pathogen. RESULTS Seventy-three studies reporting Campylobacter and 187 studies reporting Salmonella across 27 African countries were represented. Adjusted prevalence calculations estimate Campylobacter detection in 37.7% (95% CI 31.6-44.3) of 11,828 poultry samples; 24.6% (95% CI 18.0-32.7) of 1975 pig samples; 17.8% (95% CI 12.6-24.5) of 2907 goat samples; 12.6% (95% CI 8.4-18.5) of 2382 sheep samples; and 12.3% (95% CI 9.5-15.8) of 6545 cattle samples. Salmonella were detected in 13.9% (95% CI 11.7-16.4) of 25,430 poultry samples; 13.1% (95% CI 9.3-18.3) of 5467 pig samples; 9.3% (95% CI 7.2-12.1) of 2988 camel samples; 5.3% (95% CI 4.0-6.8) of 72,292 cattle samples; 4.8% (95% CI 3.6-6.3) of 11,335 sheep samples; and 3.4% (95% CI 2.2-5.2) of 4904 goat samples. 'External' samples (e.g. hide, feathers) were significantly more likely to be contaminated by both pathogens than 'gut' (e.g. faeces, cloaca) while meat and organs were significantly less likely to be contaminated than gut samples. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated widespread prevalence of Campylobacter species and Salmonella serovars in African food animals and meat, particularly in samples of poultry and pig origin. Source attribution studies could help ascertain which food animals are contributing to human campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis and direct potential food safety interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M Thomas
- Centre for International Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Good Samaritan Foundation, Moshi, United Republic of Tanzania.
| | - William A de Glanville
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Joram J Buza
- School of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret A Davis
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
| | - Nigel P French
- mEpiLab, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand; New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, New Zealand
| | - Blandina T Mmbaga
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Good Samaritan Foundation, Moshi, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Gerard Prinsen
- School of People, Environment and Planning, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Emmanuel S Swai
- State Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Dodoma, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Ruth N Zadoks
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - John A Crump
- Centre for International Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Sedeik ME, El-shall NA, Awad AM, Elfeky SM, Abd El-Hack ME, Hussein EOS, Alowaimer AN, Swelum AA. Isolation, conventional and molecular characterization of Salmonella spp. from newly hatched broiler chicks. AMB Express 2019; 9:136. [PMID: 31471717 PMCID: PMC6717226 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0821-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is an important pathogen for poultry production as well as for human due to zoonotic importance. It has more than 2600 identified serovars despite of this identification and classification of Salmonella isolates into different serovars is critical for study of incidence and surveillance. This study investigates the epidemiology and molecular characterization of Salmonella isolates in broiler chicks during 1st week of life. A total of (n = 1000) samples including liver, intestine, yolk sac, spleen and heart blood were collected from El-Gharbia, El-Behera, Kafr-Elshikh, Alexandria, Marsamatroh Provinces in Egypt and tested through bacteriological, biochemical, serological and molecular examinations. Incidence of Salmonella was demonstrated on 75 positive samples from 1000 samples and the predominance of Salmonella that isolated from internal organs of newly hatched chicks was highest from yolk sacs (10%), liver and intestines (9%) followed by the spleen (7.5%) then heart blood (2%). Serotyping of the isolated strains using slide agglutination test revealed that 24 isolates belonging to S. enteritidis (1,9,12 g.m 1,7), while, 14 isolates belonging to S. virchow (6,7 r 1,2), in addition to, 12 isolates belonging to S. typhimurium (1,4,5,12.i.1,2) and 8 isolates belonging to S. kentucky (6,8.I,z). Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC) PCR revealed that two S. enteriditis isolates were identical and one isolate differ by 40%, while two S. typhimurium isolates were identical by 80% and one isolate was similar by 20% to the other two isolates, in addition, two S. virchow isolates were identical by 80% and the two S. kentucky isolates were different.
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Ibrahim WA, Abd El-Ghany WA, Nasef SA, Hatem M. A comparative study on the use of real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and standard isolation techniques for the detection of Salmonellae in broiler chicks. Int J Vet Sci Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Waleed A. Ibrahim
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production-Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Soad A. Nasef
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production-Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - M.E. Hatem
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Nabil NM, Tawakol MM, Hassan HM. Assessing the impact of bacteriophages in the treatment of Salmonella in broiler chickens. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2018; 8:1539056. [PMID: 30397428 PMCID: PMC6211228 DOI: 10.1080/20008686.2018.1539056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis is one of the main bacterial infections affecting commercial poultry, causing losses to poultry production, and posing a public health concern. Samples from internal organs (liver, cecum and spleen) of one hundred diseased broiler chickens were collected and subjected to Salmonella isolation, identification and serotyping. S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis were selected from the isolated Salmonella to prepare bacteriophages from sewage water taken at broiler farms. An experimental infection of one day old specific pathogen free (SPF) chicks followed by treatment with the prepared bacteriophages isolated from both Salmonella was performed. Caecal samples from infected chicks were subjected at intervals to bacteriophage isolation and Salmonella quantitation. The effectiveness of bacteriophage treatments on Salmonella colonization in cecum of infected chicks increased after five successive doses. At 3 day post infection (dpi), cecal contents showed a marginal decrease in Salmonella loads with more reduction at 5 dpi. From 7 dpi to the end of the experiment at 15 dpi, all the chicks were cleared for both Salmonella. The findings of this study demonstrate that bacteriophage treatment is efficacious in reducing S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis colonization in broiler chickens within a short period and could be used as an alternative to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehal M Nabil
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality control on Poultry production, Animal health research institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Maram M Tawakol
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality control on Poultry production, Animal health research institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Heba M Hassan
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality control on Poultry production, Animal health research institute, Giza, Egypt
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Mahmoud M, Askora A, Barakat AB, Rabie OEF, Hassan SE. Isolation and characterization of polyvalent bacteriophages infecting multi drug resistant Salmonella serovars isolated from broilers in Egypt. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 266:8-13. [PMID: 29156244 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we isolated and characterized three phages named as Salmacey1, Salmacey2 and Salmacey3, infecting multi drug resistant Salmonella serovars isolated from broilers in Egypt. The most prevalent Salmonella serovars were S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis, and S. kentucky. All these Salmonella serovars were found to be resistant to more than two of the ten antimicrobial agents tested. Only S. kentucky was found to be resistant to seven antimicrobial agents. Examination of these phage particles by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), demonstrated that two phages (Salmacey1, Salmacey2) were found to belong to family Siphoviridae, and Salmacey3 was assigned to the family Myoviridae. The results of host range assay revealed that these bacteriophages were polyvalent and thus capable of infecting four strains of Salmonella serovars and Citrobacter freundii. Moreover, the two phages (Salmacey1, Salmacey2) had a lytic effect on Enterobacter cloacae and Salmacey3 was able to infect E. coli. All phages could not infect S. para Typhi, Staphylococus aureus and Bacillus cereus. One-step growth curves of bacteriophages revealed that siphovirus phages (Salmacey1, Salmacey2) have burst size (80 and 90pfu per infected cell with latent period 35min and 40min respectively), and for the myovirus Salmacey3 had a burst size 110pfu per infected cell with latent period 60min. Molecular analyses indicated that these phages contained double-stranded DNA genomes. The lytic activity of the phages against the most multidrug resistant serovars S. kentucky as host strain was evaluated. The result showed that these bacteriophages were able to completely stop the growth of S. kentucky in vitro. These results suggest that phages have a high potential for phage application to control Salmonella serovars isolated from broilers in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayada Mahmoud
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt; Animal Health Research Institute, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Askora
- Department of Microbiology and Botany, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, 44519 Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed Barakat Barakat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Omar El-Farouk Rabie
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
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El-Sharkawy H, Tahoun A, El-Gohary AEGA, El-Abasy M, El-Khayat F, Gillespie T, Kitade Y, Hafez HM, Neubauer H, El-Adawy H. Epidemiological, molecular characterization and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from chicken farms in Egypt. Gut Pathog 2017; 9:8. [PMID: 28203289 PMCID: PMC5301364 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-017-0157-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella is one of major causes of foodborne outbreaks globally. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence, typing and antibiotic susceptibilities of Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from 41 broiler chicken farms located in Kafr El-Sheikh Province in Northern Egypt during 2014-2015. The clinical signs and mortalities were observed. RESULTS In total 615 clinical samples were collected from broiler flocks from different organs (liver, intestinal content and gall bladder). Salmonella infection was identified in 17 (41%) broiler chicken flocks and 67 Salmonella isolates were collected. Recovered isolates were serotyped as 58 (86.6%) S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, 6 (9%) S. enterica serovar Enteritidis and 3 (4.5%) were non-typable. The significant high mortality rate was observed only in 1-week-old chicks. sopE gene was detected in 92.5% of the isolates which indicating their ability to infect humans. All S. enterica serovar Enteritidis isolates were susceptible to all tested antimicrobials. The phenotypically resistant S. enterica serovar Typhimurium isolates against ampicillin, tetracycline, sulphamethoxazole and chloramphenicol were harbouring BlaTEM, (tetA and tetC), (sul1 and sul3) and (cat1 and floR), respectively. The sensitivity rate of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium to gentamycin, trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole and streptomycin were 100, 94.8, 89.7%, respectively. The silent streptomycin antimicrobial cassettes were detected in all Salmonella serovars. A class one integron (dfrA12, orfF and aadA2) was identified in three of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium strains. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this study considered first report discussing the prevalence, genotyping, antibiotic susceptibility and public health significance of S. enterica serovars in broilers farms of different ages in Delta Egypt. Further studies are mandatory to verify the location of some resistance genes that are within or associated with the class one integron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanem El-Sharkawy
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193 Japan.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr Elsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516 Egypt
| | - Amin Tahoun
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193 Japan.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr Elsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516 Egypt
| | | | - Moshira El-Abasy
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr Elsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516 Egypt
| | - Fares El-Khayat
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr Elsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516 Egypt
| | - Trudi Gillespie
- CALM_live Imaging Facility, Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, 47 EH16 4TJ UK
| | - Yukio Kitade
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193 Japan
| | - Hafez M Hafez
- Institute of Poultry Diseases, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Hosny El-Adawy
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr Elsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516 Egypt
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