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Shaheen AE, Gebreel HM, Moussa LA, Zakaria AE, Nemr WA. Photoprotection Against UV-Induced Skin Damage Using Hyaluronic Acid Produced by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Enterococcus durans. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:262. [PMID: 37369929 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03377-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is one of the major factors that causes skin aging, erythema, sunburns, and skin cancer. This study aimed to select probiotic bacterial isolates able to produce high yield of hyaluronic acid (HA) to be employed for skin photoprotection and other possible biological applications. The selected isolates K11 and St3 were able to produce the highest yields of HA 4.8 and 4.4 mg/ml, respectively. Both isolates were identified as Enterococcus durans strain K11 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strain St3 using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The antioxidant activity of HA produced by E. durans strain K11 and L. plantarum strain St3 was (65.4 0.2%) and (66.6 0.1%), respectively. The viability of UVB-irradiated keratinocytes pre-treated with HA produced by E. durans strain K11 and L. plantarum strain St3 was 91.3 and 91.4%, respectively, compared with the control. While the viability of UVB-irradiated keratinocytes post-treated with HA produced by E. durans strain K11 and L. plantarum strain St3 was 86 and 88.5%, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first recordation of HA production by Enterococcus durans and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum which revealed a significant radioprotection of the human keratinocytes against UVB radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany E Shaheen
- Department of Radiation Microbiology, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Hassan M Gebreel
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Loutfy A Moussa
- Department of Radiation Microbiology, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abeer E Zakaria
- Department of Radiation Microbiology, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Waleed A Nemr
- Department of Radiation Microbiology, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt
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2
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Zheng X, Li X, Meng S, Shi G, Li H, Du H, Dai L, Yang H. Cascade amplification of tumor chemodynamic therapy and starvation with re-educated TAMs via Fe-MOF based functional nanosystem. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:127. [PMID: 37041537 PMCID: PMC10088258 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01878-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment is characterized by the high concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is an effective key used to open the Pandora's Box against cancer. Herein, a tumor-targeted nanosystem HFNP@GOX@PFC composed of ROS-cleaved Fe-based metal-organic framework, hyaluronic acid (HA), glucose oxidase (GOX) and perfluorohexane (PFC) has been developed for tumor cascade amplified starvation and chemodynamic therapy (CDT). In response to the high concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) intratumorally, HFNP@GOX@PFC endocytosed by tumor cells can specially be disassembled and release GOX, PFC and Fe2+, which can collectively starve tumor and self-produce additional H2O2 via competitively glucose catalyzing, supply oxygen to continuous support GOX-mediated starvation therapy, initiate CDT and cascade amplify oxidative stress via Fe2+-mediated Fenton reaction, leading to the serious tumor damage with activated p53 signal pathway. Moreover, HFNP@GOX@PFC also significantly initiates antitumor immune response via re-educating tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) by activating NF-κB and MAPK signal pathways. In vitro and in vivo results collectively demonstrate that nanosystem not only continuously initiates starvation therapy, but also pronouncedly cascade-amplify CDT and polarize TAMs, consequently efficiently inhibiting tumor growth with good biosafety. The functional nanosystem combined the cascade amplification of starvation and CDT provides a new nanoplatform for tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmin Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Siyu Meng
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Guolin Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Huiping Du
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Liangliang Dai
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China.
| | - Hui Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China.
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3
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Zheng X, Wang B, Tang X, Mao B, Zhang Q, Zhang T, Zhao J, Cui S, Chen W. Absorption, metabolism, and functions of hyaluronic acid and its therapeutic prospects in combination with microorganisms: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 299:120153. [PMID: 36876779 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is key to the stability of the internal environment of tissues. HA content in tissues gradually decreases with age, causing age-related health problems. Exogenous HA supplements are used to prevent or treat these problems including skin dryness and wrinkles, intestinal imbalance, xerophthalmia, and arthritis after absorption. Moreover, some probiotics are able to promote endogenous HA synthesis and alleviate symptoms caused by HA loss, thus introducing potential preventative or therapeutic applications of HA and probiotics. Here, we review the oral absorption, metabolism, and biological function of HA as well as the potential role of probiotics and HA in increasing the efficacy of HA supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Botao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Bloomage Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Xin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Bingyong Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qiuxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Tianmeng Zhang
- Bloomage Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Jinan 250000, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Shumao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Development of Streptococcus equisimilis Group G Mutant Strains with Ability to Produce Low Polydisperse and Low-Molecular-Weight Hyaluronic Acid. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2022; 26:454-62. [PMID: 36437793 PMCID: PMC9841222 DOI: 10.52547/ibj.3789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Background: Hyaluronic acid (HA), a natural polymer with wide applications in biomedicine and cosmetics, is mainly produced by Streptococcal fermentation at industrial scale. In the present study, chemical random mutagenesis was used for development of Streptococcus equisimilis group G mutant strains with high HA productivity. Methods Methods: The optimum of the pH of culture condition and cultivation time for HA production by wild strain group G were assessed. At first, two rounds of mutation at different concentrations of NTG was used for mutagenesis. Then, the nonhemolytic and hyaluronidase-negative mutants were screened on the blood and HA agar. HA productivity and molecular weight were determined by carbazole assay, agarose gel electrophoresis and specific staining. Moreover, stability of the high producer mutants was evaluated within 10 generations. Results Results: The results showed that the wild-type strain produced 1241 ± 2.1 µg/ml of HA at pH 5.5 and 4 hours of cultivation, while the screened mutants showed a 16.1-45.5% increase in HA production. Two mutant strains, named Gm2-120-21-3 (2470 ± 8.1 µg/ml) and Gm2-120-21-4 (2856 ± 4.2 µg/ml), indicated the highest titer and a consistent production. The molecular weight (Mw) of HA for the mutants was less than 160 kDa, considering as a low Mw HA. Conclusion Conclusion: The mutant strains producing a low polydisperse, as well as low Mw of HA with high titer might be regarded as potential industrial strains for HA production after further safety investigations.
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Göncü Y. Development of hybrid hydrogel to facilitate knee joint movement with an engineering approach. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yapıncak Göncü
- Engineering Architecture Faculty, Department of Biomedical Engineering Eskisehir Osmangazi University Eskişehir Turkey
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Svarca A, Grava A, Dubnika A, Ramata-Stunda A, Narnickis R, Aunina K, Rieksta E, Boroduskis M, Jurgelane I, Locs J, Loca D. Calcium Phosphate/Hyaluronic Acid Composite Hydrogels for Local Antiosteoporotic Drug Delivery. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:917765. [PMID: 35866026 PMCID: PMC9294454 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.917765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the bone ability of self-regeneration, large bone defects require surgical intervention. Likewise, when it comes to osteoporotic bone fractures, new approaches should be considered a supportive mechanism for the surgery. In recent years, more and more attention has been attracted to advanced drug delivery systems for local osteoporosis treatment, combining appropriate biomaterials with antiosteoporotic drugs, allowing simultaneously to regenerate the bone and locally treat the osteoporosis. Within the current research, hyaluronic acid/strontium ranelate (HA/SrRan), HA/calcium phosphate nanoparticles (HA/CaP NPs), and HA/CaP NPs/SrRan hydrogels were prepared. The effect of CaP and SrRan presence in the composites on the swelling behavior, gel fraction, molecular structure, microstructure, and SrRan and Sr2+ release, as well as in vitro cell viability was evaluated. Obtained results revealed that the route of CaP nanoparticle incorporation into the HA matrix had a significant effect on the hydrogel gel fraction, rheological properties, swelling behavior, and microstructure. Nevertheless, it had a negligible effect on the release kinetics of SrRan and Sr2+. The highest cell (3T3) viability (>80%) was observed for HA hydrogels, with and without SrRan. Moreover, the positive effect of SrRan on 3T3 cells was also demonstrated, showing a significant increase (up to 50%) in cell viability if the used concentrations of SrRan were in the range of 0.05–0.2 μg/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alise Svarca
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Andra Grava
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Arita Dubnika
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Anna Ramata-Stunda
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Raimonds Narnickis
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Kristine Aunina
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Eleonora Rieksta
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Martins Boroduskis
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Inga Jurgelane
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Janis Locs
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Dagnija Loca
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
- *Correspondence: Dagnija Loca,
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Hamad G, El-Makarem H, Elaziz AA, Amer A, El-Nogoumy B, Abou-Alella S. Adsorption efficiency of sodium & calcium bentonite for ochratoxin A in some Egyptian cheeses: an innovative fortification model, in vitro and in vivo experiments. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2022. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2021.2682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of the mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) in cheeses constitutes a significant economic and health concern for producers and consumers alike. Recently, detoxification approaches using food additives to counteract mycotoxins have been widely recommended in the food industry. This study aimed to quantify OTA levels in some Egyptian cheese types, and experimentally determine the detoxification effect of bentonite both in vitro and in vivo. The examined Roomy and Karish cheese showed higher OTA levels (4.138 and 3.399 μg/kg, respectively) than other cheeses. Calcium bentonite presented higher adsorption efficiency than sodium bentonite at all concentrations, both in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and feta cheese, and at the whole pH range. Calcium bentonite concentrations (60 and 100 mg/ml) had much higher sequestering activity on OTA both in PBS and feta cheese, while the adsorption efficiency was higher at pH 6.8 than at pH 3. All enzymatic activities were near the control levels in rats treated both with OTA and bentonite compared with rats treated with OTA alone. The IC50 of calcium bentonite was 107.75 μg/ml, which was less cytotoxic than sodium bentonite (52.96 μg/ml). Bentonites were categorised by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as excellent binders of OTA. The innovative calcium bentonite-fortified feta cheese showed the most superior sensorial properties; hence it can be predicted as a novel food-grade adsorbent for OTA sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- G.M. Hamad
- Department of Food Technology, Arid Land Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria 21934, Egypt
| | - H.A. El-Makarem
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - A.I. Abd Elaziz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - A.A. Amer
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - B.A. El-Nogoumy
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - S.A. Abou-Alella
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Nazeri A, Niazi A, Afsharifar A, Taghavi SM, Moghadam A, Aram F. Heterologous production of hyaluronic acid in Nicotiana tabacum hairy roots expressing a human hyaluronan synthase 2. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17966. [PMID: 34504153 PMCID: PMC8429445 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97139-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA), a unique polysaccharide with excellent Physico-chemical properties, is broadly used in pharmaceutical, biomedical, and cosmetic fields. It is widely present in all vertebrates, certain bacterial strains, and even viruses while it is not found in plants, fungi, and insects. HA is naturally synthesized by a class of integral membrane proteins called Hyaluronic acid synthase (HAS). Thus far, industrial production of HA is carried out based on either extraction from animal sources or large-scale microbial fermentation. The major drawbacks to using these systems are contamination with pathogens and microbial toxins. Recently, the production of HA through recombinant systems has received considerable attention. Plants are eco-friendly ideal expression systems for biopharmaceuticals production. In this study, the optimized human hyaluronic acid synthase2 (hHAS2) sequence was transformed into Nicotiana tabacum using Agrobacterium rhizogenes. The highest rhHAS2 concentration of 65.72 ng/kg (wet weight) in transgenic tobacco hairy roots was measured by the human HAS2 ELISA kit. The HA production in the transgenic hairy roots was verified by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and quantified by the HA ELISA kit. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of HA with the highest concentration of 0.56 g/kg (wet weight) showed a maximum activity of 46%. Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) analyses revealed the high molecular weight HA (HMW-HA) with about > 0.8 MDa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Nazeri
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Ali Niazi
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Alireza Afsharifar
- Plant Virology Research Center, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohsen Taghavi
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Moghadam
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Aram
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Qiu Y, Ma Y, Huang Y, Li S, Xu H, Su E. Current advances in the biosynthesis of hyaluronic acid with variable molecular weights. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 269:118320. [PMID: 34294332 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a naturally formed acidic mucopolysaccharide, with excellent moisturising properties and used widely in the medicine, cosmetics, and food industries. The industrial production of specific molecular weight HA has become imperative. Different biological activities and physiological functions of HA mainly depend on the degree of polymerisation. This article reviews the research status and development prospects of the green biosynthesis and molecular weight regulation of HA. There is an application-based prerequisite of specific molecular weight of HA that could be regulated either during the fermentation process or via a controlled HA degradation process. This work provides an important theoretical basis for the downstream efficient production of diversified HA, which will further accelerate the research applications of HA and provide a good scientific basis and method reference for the study of the molecular weight regulation of similar biopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Qiu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, PR China; Yangzhou Rixing Bio-Tech Co., Ltd., Yangzhou 225601, PR China.
| | - Yanqin Ma
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Yanyan Huang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Sha Li
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Hong Xu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Erzheng Su
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China.
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Sun X, Zhang J. Bacterial exopolysaccharides: Chemical structures, gene clusters and genetic engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 173:481-490. [PMID: 33493567 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, the composition, structure, biosynthesis, and function of bacterial extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) have been extensively studied. EPS are synthesized through different biosynthetic pathways. The genes responsible for EPS synthesis are usually clustered on the genome or large plasmids of bacteria. Generally, different EPS synthesis gene clusters direct the synthesis of EPS with different chemical structures and biological activities. A better understanding of the gene functions involved in EPS biosynthesis is critical for the production of EPS with special biological activities. Genetic engineering methods are usually used to study EPS synthesis related genes. This review organizes the available information on EPS, including their structures, synthesis of related genes, and highlights the research progress of modifying EPS gene clusters through gene-editing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaqing Sun
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianfa Zhang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, China.
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