Effect of Sesbania grandiflora on Lung Antioxidant Defense System in Cigarette Smoke Exposed Rats

Ameliorative property of Sesbania grandiflora on carbohydrate metabolic enzymes in the liver and kidney of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

In diabetic condition, endogenous glucose synthesis will be elevated due to defect in the action of vital enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, which is the main cause for hyperglycemia. The current study was designed to explore the anti-hyperglycemic efficacy of Sesbania grandiflora flower (SGF) extract by evaluating the concentration of C-peptide, insulin, glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C), hemoglobin (Hb), glycogen and carbohydrate metabolic enzymes activities in diabetic rats. The study found to lower the level of glucose, HbA1C and simultaneously ameliorated concentrations of C-peptide, insulin, hemoglobin (Hb), glycogen and carbohydrate metabolic enzymes activities in SGF treated (250 mg/kg body weight for 45 days) diabetic rats. Moreover, SGF administered diabetic rats showed diminished consumption of food and water at the same time improved body weight. The results obtained from the present study were compared with glibenclamide treated (600 µg/kg body weight) diabetic rats. SGF were supplemented to normal rats to rule out toxic effect of SGF, to explore any significant alteration in the above parameters. Hence, the results depict that SGF modulated the carbohydrate metabolic enzymes activities through ameliorating the secretion of insulin and diminishing the level of glucose concentration in STZ-induced diabetic rats by its bioactive compounds.

A Review on the Phytochemistry, Medicinal Properties and Pharmacological Activities of 15 Selected Myanmar Medicinal Plants

Medicinal plants are a reservoir of biologically active compounds with therapeutic properties that over time have been reported and used by diverse groups of people for treatment of various diseases. This review covers 15 selected medicinal plants distributed in Myanmar, including Dalbergia cultrata, Eriosema chinense, Erythrina suberosa, Millettia pendula, Sesbania grandiflora, Tadehagi triquetrum, Andrographis echioides, Barleria cristata, Justicia gendarussa, Premna integrifolia, Vitex trifolia, Acacia pennata, Cassia auriculata, Croton oblongifolius and Glycomis pentaphylla. Investigation of the phytochemical constituents, biological and pharmacological activities of the selected medicinal plants is reported. This study aims at providing a collection of publications on the species of selected medicinal plants in Myanmar along with a critical review of the literature data. As a country, Myanmar appears to be a source of traditional drugs that have not yet been scientifically investigated. This review will be support for further investigations on the pharmacological activity of medicinal plant species in Myanmar.

Using Phytochemicals to Investigate the Activation of Nicotine Detoxification via Upregulation of CYP2A6 in Animal Models Exposed Tobacco Smoke Condensate by Intratracheal Instillation

This study examined the efficacy of standardized Smilax china L. root extract (SSCR) containing chlorogenic acid on detoxifying nicotine from tobacco smoke condensate (TSC) in vitro and in vivo. Chlorogenic acid is an identified bioactive component in SSCR by ultraperformance liquid chromatography/photodiode array/electrospray ionization/mass spectroscopy (UPLC/PDA/ESI/MS). HepG2 liver cells and A549 lung cells were carried for measuring ROS and antioxidant enzymes. Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with nicotine by intratracheal instillation (ITI). Cell viabilities by pretreatments of 5, 12.5, and 25, 50 μg SSCR/mL ranged from 41 to 76% in HepG2 and 65 to 95% in A549. Pretreatments of SSCR inhibited TSC-mediated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by 8 and 10% in HepG2 and A549 cells, respectively. However, the expression of CAT, SOD1, and AOX1 was downregulated by SSCR in the both cells. The highest conversion of cotinine was observed at 50 μg/mL of SSCR after 120 min of incubation. SSCR upregulated CYP2A6 3-fold in A549 cells regardless of TSC cotreatment. When Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with nicotine by ITI or subjected to SSCR administration for 14 days, the levels of cotinine in urine increased in SSCR treatment only. The cellular level of antioxidant capacity at 10 or 100 mg/kg body weight/day of SSCR treatment was 1.89 and 1.86 times higher than those of nicotine-control. Results suggest that the intake of SSCR can detoxify nicotine by elevating nicotine conversion to cotinine and antioxidant capacity.

Oxidative stress in the brain of cigarette smoke-induced noxiousness: neuroprotective role of Sesbania grandiflora

Cigarette smoking is concerned as a major risk factor in the development of various neurological disorders. Oxidative stress is suggested as a possible contributing factor in the pathogenesis of cigarette smoking-induced toxicity. Therefore, the present study was intended to evaluate the neuroprotective role of Sesbania grandiflora (S. grandiflora) against chronic cigarette smoke induced oxidative damage in rat brain. Adult male Wistar-Kyoto rats were exposed to cigarette smoke for a period of 90 days and consecutively treated with S. grandiflora aqueous suspension (SGAS, 1,000 mg/kg body weight per day by oral gavage) for a period of 3 weeks. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidants status were analyzed in the brain. Rats exposed to cigarette smoke showed significant increase in conjugated diens (CD), hydroperoxides (HP) and malendialdehyde (MDA) levels with concomitant decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activities and the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), vitamin C and vitamin E. Also cigarette smoke-exposure resulted in a marked increase in copper and decrease in zinc, manganese and selenium levels in brain. Administration of SGAS attenuates lipid peroxidation, enhanced the antioxidant status, restored the levels of micronutrients and retained the brain histology. The results of our study indicate that chronic cigarette smoke-exposure accelerates oxidative stress, thereby disquieting the brain defensive mechanism and S. grandiflora protects the brain from the oxidative damage through its biopotency.

The Chemical Components of Sesbania grandiflora Root and Their Antituberculosis Activity

Three isoflavanoids, isovestitol (1), medicarpin (2), and sativan (3), along with another known compound, betulinic acid (4), were isolated from the root of Sesbania grandiflora. The structures of the isolated compounds were characterised by means of spectroscopic techniques (UV, IR, MS, ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR, DEPT, COSY, HMQC, HMBC, and MS analysis). All the tested compounds 1–4 exhibited antituberculosis activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, with MIC values of 50 µg/mL for compounds 1–3, and 100 µg/mL for compound 4, whereas, the methanol extract exhibited antituberculosis activity of 625 µg/mL. This is the first report on the occurrence of isoflavonoids in this plant and their antituberculosis activity.

Subacute effect of cigarette smoke exposure in rats: protection by pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) extract

This study was carried out to determine the preventive effect of Calendula officinalis L. (pot marigold) on rats exposed to cigarette smoke (CS). Rats were divided into three groups as control, CS and CS + pot marigold (PM). The rats in the CS and CS + PM groups were subjected to CS for 1 h twice a day for 23 days. PM (100 mg/kg body weight) was given to rats in the CS + PM group by gavage, 1 h before each administration period. While malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl contents and reduced glutathione level of the CS group increased, their levels diminished by PM administration. In addition, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase activities and β-carotene, vitamins A and C levels decreased in the CS group compared to control, however activities of these enzymes and concentration of vitamins were elevated by PM supplementation. This investigation showed that administration of PM supplied relative protection against subacute CS-induced cell injury.

Cardioprotective effects of Sesbania grandiflora in cigarette smoke-exposed rats

Cigarette smoke is a major risk factor of coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death. It has been reported to contain large amounts of oxidants. This study was undertaken to evaluate the cardioprotective effects of Sesbania grandiflora (S. grandiflora) against cigarette smoke-induced oxidative damage in rats. Adult male Wistar-Kyoto rats were exposed to cigarette smoke for a period of 90 days and consecutively treated with S. grandiflora aqueous suspension (SGAS, 1000 mg/kg body weight per day orally) for a period of 3 weeks. Lactate dehydrogenase activity in serum and cardiac lipid peroxidation product level were significantly increased while the activities of cardiac superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase then the levels of reduced glutathione, vitamin C, and vitamin E were significantly decreased in rats exposed to cigarette smoke. Besides, copper level was elevated, whereas zinc, manganese, and selenium levels were significantly diminished in the heart of rats exposed to cigarette smoke. Treatment with SGAS restored the antioxidant status and retained the levels of micronutrients. These results suggest that chronic cigarette smoke exposure increases the oxidative stress, thereby disquieting the cardiac defense system and S. grandiflora protects the heart from the oxidative damage through its antioxidant potential.

Protective effect of Sesbania grandiflora against cigarette smoke-induced oxidative damage in rats

Sesbania grandiflora, commonly known as "sesbania" and "agathi," is widely used in Indian traditional medicine for the treatment of a broad spectrum of diseases. In the present study, we evaluated the possible protective effect of an aqueous suspension of S. grandiflora (ASSG) leaves against cigarette smoke-induced oxidative damage in rats. Adult Wistar-Kyoto rats were exposed to cigarette smoke for a period of 90 days and treated with ASSG (1,000 mg/kg of body weight/day, p.o) for a period of 3 weeks. The levels of protein carbonyl and activities of cytochrome P450, NADPH oxidase, and xanthine oxidase were significantly increased, whereas the levels of total thiol, protein thiol, non-protein thiol, nucleic acids, and tissue protein were significantly reduced in lung, liver, kidney, and heart of cigarette smoke-exposed rats as compared with control rats. Plasma nitric oxide levels, measured as nitrite plus nitrate, were significantly increased in cigarette smoke-exposed rats when compared to the control rats. The above changes were ameliorated to near control in the treatment group. These results suggest that supplementation with ASSG reversed the cigarette smoke-induced oxidative damage in rats through its antioxidant potential. These results provide further support for the traditional use of S. grandiflora in the treatment of smoke-related diseases.

Evaluation of Sesbania grandiflora for antiurolithiatic and antioxidant properties

In the indigenous system of medicine in India, the plant Sesbania grandiflora is claimed to be useful for various ailments, and one such use is for the treatment of renal calculi. The major purpose of this study is to investigate the potential of S. grandiflora in the treatment of renal calculi. The leaf juice of S. grandiflora was evaluated for median lethal dose, gross behavioral changes, antiurolithiatic and antioxidant activities. The antiurolithiatic activity was evaluated by a calculi-producing diet model, using gentamicin (subcutaneously) and 5% ammonium oxalate in rat feed to induce calcium oxalate-type stones. The parameters monitored in the present study are calcium and oxalate deposition in the kidney, kidney weights, urinary excretion of calcium and oxalate. The in vivo antioxidant parameters lipid peroxidation, glutathione reductase and catalase were monitored. The plant juice was also evaluated for scavenging of nitric oxide and 2-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl free radicals. The leaf juice of S. grandiflora was safe orally and exhibited no gross behavioral changes except for an increase in urination. The leaf juice of S. grandiflora showed significant antiurolithiatic activity against calcium oxalate-type stones and also exhibited antioxidant properties. The results obtained in this study provide evidence for the efficacy of the leaf juice of S. grandiflora as antiurolithiatic agent.