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Li X, Song Y. Structure and function of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 main proteases and their inhibition: A comprehensive review. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 260:115772. [PMID: 37659195 PMCID: PMC10529944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) identified in 2003 infected ∼8000 people in 26 countries with 800 deaths, which was soon contained and eradicated by syndromic surveillance and enhanced quarantine. A closely related coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19 identified in 2019, has been dramatically more contagious and catastrophic. It has infected and caused various flu-like symptoms of billions of people in >200 countries, including >6 million people died of or with the virus. Despite the availability of several vaccines and antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2, finding new therapeutics is needed because of viral evolution and a possible emerging coronavirus in the future. The main protease (Mpro) of these coronaviruses plays important roles in their life cycle and is essential for the viral replication. This article represents a comprehensive review of the function, structure and inhibition of SARS-CoV and -CoV-2 Mpro, including structure-activity relationships, protein-inhibitor interactions and clinical trial status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Yongcheng Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Mohamed SF, Abd-Elghaffar HS, Amr AEGE, Elnaggar DH, Abou-Amra ES, Hosny HM, Mohamed AM, Abd El-Shafy DN. New poly heterocyclic compounds based on pyrimidine-2-thiones: synthesis, evaluation of putative antiviral agents, DFT calculation, and molecular modeling. J Mol Struct 2023; 1291:136083. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.136083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Mohamed SF, Elnaggar DH, Elsayed MA, Abd-Elghaffar HS, Hosny HM, Mohamed AM, Abbas EMH, Farghaly TA, El-Awady RA. Synthesis, Anticancer Activity, Pharmacokinetics, and Docking Study of Some New Heterocycles Linked Indole Moiety. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2151475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salwa F. Mohamed
- Applied Organic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Dina H. Elnaggar
- Applied Organic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Elsayed
- Applied Organic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Hana M. Hosny
- Pesticide Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ashraf M. Mohamed
- Applied Organic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Eman M. H. Abbas
- Department of Chemistry, Natural and Microbial Products, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Thoraya A. Farghaly
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Giza, Egypt
| | - Raafat A. El-Awady
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Konwar M, Sarma D. Advances in developing small molecule SARS 3CL pro inhibitors as potential remedy for corona virus infection. Tetrahedron 2021; 77:131761. [PMID: 33230349 PMCID: PMC7674993 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Originated in China, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)- the highly contagious and fatal respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 has already infected more than 29 million people worldwide with a mortality rate of 3.15% (according to World Health Organization's (WHO's) report, September 2020) and the number is exponentially increasing with no remedy whatsoever discovered till date. But it is not the first time this infectious viral disease has appeared, in 2002 SARS-CoV infected more than 8000 individuals of which 9.6% patients died and in 2012 approximately 35% of MERS-CoV infected patients have died. Literature reports indicate that a chymotripsin-like cystein protease (3CLpro) is responsible for the replication of the virus inside the host cell. Therefore, design and synthesis of 3CLpro inhibitor molecules play a great impact in drug development against this COVID-19 pandemic. In this review, we are discussing the anti-SARS effect of some small molecule 3CLpro inhibitors with their various binding modes of interactions to the target protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manashjyoti Konwar
- Department of Chemistry, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, 786004, Assam, India
- Department of Chemistry, Dibru College, Dibrugarh, 786003, Assam, India
| | - Diganta Sarma
- Department of Chemistry, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, 786004, Assam, India
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Negi M, Chawla PA, Faruk A, Chawla V. Role of heterocyclic compounds in SARS and SARS CoV-2 pandemic. Bioorg Chem 2020; 104:104315. [PMID: 33007742 PMCID: PMC7513919 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses have led to severe emergencies in the world since the outbreak of SARS CoV in 2002, followed by MERS CoV in 2012. SARS CoV-2, the novel pandemic caused by coronaviruses that began in December 2019 in China has led to a total of 24,066,076 confirmed cases and a death toll of 823,572 as reported by World Health Organisation on 26 August 2020, spreading to 213 countries and territories. However, there are still no vaccines or medications available till date against SARS coronaviruses which is an urgent requirement to control the current pandemic like situations. Since many decades, heterocyclic scaffolds have been explored exhaustively for their anticancer, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, antitubercular, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antiviral and many more treatment capabilities. Therefore, through this review, we have tried to emphasize on the anticipated role of heterocyclic scaffolds in the design and discovery of the much-awaited anti-SARS CoV-2 therapy, by exploring the research articles depicting different heterocyclic moieties as targeting SARS, MERS and SARS CoV-2 coronaviruses. The heterocyclic motifs mentioned in the review can serve as crucial resources for the development of SARS coronaviruses treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Negi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pooja A. Chawla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India,Corresponding author at: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Abdul Faruk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Viney Chawla
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Faridkot, Punjab, India
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Mohamed SF, Abdel-Hafez NA, Amr AE, Awad HM. Synthesis and antitumor activity against HepG-2, PC-3, and HCT-116 cells of some naphthyridine and pyranopyridinecarbonitrile derivatives. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2017; 87:1264-1274. [PMID: 32288469 PMCID: PMC7104393 DOI: 10.1134/s1070363217060226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
A series of substituted and fused heterocyclic derivatives 2-17 were synthesized using 3,5-bis(4-methoxybenzylidene)-1-propylpiperidin-4-one (1) as starting material. Treatment of 1 with malononitrile or semicarbazide afforded compounds 2 and 3, respectively. Condensation of 1 with ethyl cyanoacetate afforded naphthyridine-3-carbonitrile derivative 4, which reacted with phosphorus pentachloride and phosphoryl chloride to give chloro derivative 5. Treatment of 5 with thiosemicarbazide afforded compound 6. The reaction of 1 with malononitrile gave cyano aminopyrane derivative 7 which was condensed with pyromellitic dianhydride, phthalic anhydride, succinic anhydride, or morpholine in glacial acetic acid to obtain imide derivatives 8-11. Additionally, the reaction of 7 with aromatic aldehydes gave derivatives 12a-12c. Acetylation of 7 with acetic anhydride in boiling acetic acid gave N-acetyl derivative 13 which was cyclized to pyridine derivative 14 by refluxing in dioxane in the presence of triethylamine. Treatment of 7 with hydrazine hydrate gave pyrazolo derivative 15. Finally, the reaction of 7 with triethyl orthoformate in the presence of acetic anhydride gave formimidate 16 which was treated with hydrazine hydrate to form N-amino derivative 17. Some of the synthesized compounds were examined in vitro for their antitumor activity against HepG-2, PC-3, and HCT-116 human carcinoma cell lines using MTT assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. F. Mohamed
- Applied Organic Chemistry Department, National Research Center, 12622 Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - N. A. Abdel-Hafez
- Applied Organic Chemistry Department, National Research Center, 12622 Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - A. E. Amr
- Applied Organic Chemistry Department, National Research Center, 12622 Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Drug Exploration & Development Chair (DEDC), College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - H. M. Awad
- Department of Tanning Materials and Leather Technology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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Adhikari N, Baidya SK, Saha A, Jha T. Structural Insight Into the Viral 3C-Like Protease Inhibitors: Comparative SAR/QSAR Approaches. VIRAL PROTEASES AND THEIR INHIBITORS 2017. [PMCID: PMC7150231 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-809712-0.00011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), caused by SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV), is a dreadful infection worldwide having economic and medical importance and a global threat for health. It was turned into an epidemic in South China followed by a chain of infections across three generations. A number of pathogeneses in human may occur due to the virus. This infection has not been taken into account before the SARS outbreak, and still it is a neglected one. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop small molecule antivirals to combat the SARS-CoV. No vaccines are available till date though a number of SARS-CoV 3C-like and 3C protease inhibitors were reported. In this chapter, quantitative structure–activity relationship technique is used for development of anti-SARS and anti-HRV drugs and outcome discussed in details. This approach may be a useful strategy to design novel and potential anti-SARS drugs to combat these dreadful viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tarun Jha
- Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Amr AEGE, Hafez NAA, Ali KA, Al-Omar MA, Ghabbour HA. Crystal structure of 1,4-dihydro-1-phenylchromeno[4,3-c]pyrazole, C16H12N2O. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/ncrs-2016-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractC16H12N2O, orthorhombic, P212121 (no. 19), a = 5.4475(3) Å, b = 12.2779(7) Å, c = 18.0975(11) Å, V = 1210.43(12) Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0326, wRref(F2) = 0.0855, T = 100 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abd El-Galil E. Amr
- 1Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Drug Exploration and Development Chair (DEDC), King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- 2Applied Organic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Naglaa A. Abdel Hafez
- 2Applied Organic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Korany A. Ali
- 2Applied Organic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Al-Omar
- 1Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Drug Exploration and Development Chair (DEDC), King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- 3Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hazem A. Ghabbour
- 3Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- 4Department of Medicial Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mansoura, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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Amr AE, Hafez NAA, Ali KA, Al-Omar MA, Ghabbour HA. Synthesis and X-ray study of 6H-chromeno[3,4-e][1,3,4]triazolo[2,3-a]pyrimidine. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363216080272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Mohamed SF, Hosni HM, Amr AE, Abdalla MM. Synthesis of novel substituted pyridines from 1-(3-aminophenyl)-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)prop-2-en-1-one and their anticancer activity. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363216030269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Amr AEGE, Omar MAA, Abdalla MM. Monoamino Oxidase Inhibitors Activities of Some Synthesized 2,6-bis (Tetracarboxamide)-pyridine and Macrocyclic Octacarboxamide Derivatives. INT J PHARMACOL 2016. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2016.66.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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