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Dominguez HN, Balian SC, Relvas RS, Soares HS, Queiroz MR, Martins ML, Cardoso PHM. Parasitological diagnosis in ornamental freshwater fish from different fish farmers of five Brazilian states. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 83:e270067. [PMID: 37075425 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.270067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to search parasites in 333 ornamental fish from five Brazilian states (Ceará, Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Paraná and Santa Catarina). Fish were sent from eight farms located in the municipalities of Fortaleza, Patrocínio do Muriaé, São Francisco do Glória, Cascavel, Timbó, Iguape, Jacareí and Mairinque. All fish received anesthesia earlier to euthanasia procedures. After the search for parasites, it was verified that 70.6% (235/333) of fishes were infected by at least one type of parasite, being 12 types of parasites identified: monogeneans, digenean metacercariae, cestodes, nematodes, Lernaea cyprinacea, trichodinids, Piscinoodinium pillulare, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, diplomonad flagellates, Ichthyobodo sp., Chilodonella sp., and Tetrahymena sp. The proportion of infected fishes among the farms is compared through statistical tests, besides, animal handling adopted in each farm is also discussed. The importance of ensuring fish health in order to make the ornamental freshwater fish industry economically viable and reduce losses in production is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- H N Dominguez
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental em Zoonoses, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - S C Balian
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental em Zoonoses, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - R S Relvas
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental em Zoonoses, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - H S Soares
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental em Zoonoses, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Universidade Santo Amaro - UNISA, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Única, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - M R Queiroz
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental em Zoonoses, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - M L Martins
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Departamento de Aquicultura, Laboratório de Sanidade de Organismos Aquáticos - AQUOS, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - P H M Cardoso
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental em Zoonoses, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Morphology, molecular phylogeny, and taxonomy of trichodinids (Ciliophora, Mobilida) from Calanoid copepods. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:2597-2608. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06741-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Lehmann NB, Owatari MS, Furtado WE, Cardoso L, Tancredo KR, Jesus GFA, Lopes GR, Martins ML. Parasitological and histopathological diagnosis of a non-native fish ( Oreochromis sp.) with a noticeable presence in a natural Brazilian river environment. J Parasit Dis 2020; 44:201-212. [PMID: 32174726 PMCID: PMC7046855 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-019-01184-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nile tilapia is an exotic species produced in Brazilian aquaculture. The aim of this study was to constitute a pathological diagnosis in Oreochromis sp. with a noticeable presence in a river in southern Brazil, and to verify the origin of these fish in this natural habitat, an environment with high sanitary precariousness due to discharges of industrial effluents. A total of 30 fish were collected during three sampling events and their health status was assessed by parasitological fauna survey, parasitological indices and histopathological examination of the gills, liver, spleen and kidney. Five species of monogenea were identified infesting gills and stomach: Cichlidogyrus sclerosus, C. halli, C. thurstonae, Scutogyrus longicornis and Enterogyrus cichlidarum; and 4 species of trichodinidae infesting the body surface and gills: Trichodina magna, T. compacta, T. centrostrigeata and Paratrichodina africana. The results showed differences according to the seasonality of the collection, with higher parasite count and larger tissue alterations in summer. Histopathological analysis fluctuated from moderate to severe, but necrosis prevailed in all organs and in all fish, indicating that these fish did not enjoy full health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicollas Breda Lehmann
- AQUOS-Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, Florianopolis, SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Marco Shizuo Owatari
- AQUOS-Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, Florianopolis, SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | - William Eduardo Furtado
- AQUOS-Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, Florianopolis, SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Lucas Cardoso
- AQUOS-Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, Florianopolis, SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Karen Roberta Tancredo
- AQUOS-Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, Florianopolis, SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Gabriel Fernandes Alves Jesus
- AQUOS-Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, Florianopolis, SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Gustavo Ruschel Lopes
- AQUOS-Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, Florianopolis, SC 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Mauricio Laterça Martins
- AQUOS-Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, Florianopolis, SC 88040-900 Brazil
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Rodrigues FS, Assane IM, Valladão GMR, Paula FGD, Andrade CL, Moraes APD, Dall'Agnol M, Pascoal LM. First report of Trichodinella and new geographical records of trichodinids in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) farmed in Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 28:229-237. [PMID: 31271640 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612019038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Massive occurrence of trichodinids is frequently accompanied by serious disease in fish farms. In this study, trichodinid species from the gills and skin of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) farmed in the central-western region of Brazil (state of Goiás) were morphologically characterized. Dried slides were prepared from the parasites and were impregnated with silver nitrate (2%). Morphometric characteristics were determined and schematic drawings of the denticles were made using photomicrographs produced from the slides. Seven species of trichodinid ectoparasites (Protozoa: Ciliophora: Trichodinidae) were found parasitizing the gills: four of the genus Trichodina Ehrenberg, 1838; one of Tripartiella Lom, 1959; one of Paratrichodina Lom, 1963; and one of Trichodinella Ṧrámek-Huṧek, 1953. On the body surface, three specimens of the genus Trichodina were identified. This study presents new geographical records of trichodinids in Brazil, thus confirming that Trichodina centrostrigeata, Trichodina compacta, Trichodina heterodentata, Paratrichodina africana and Tripartiella orthodens are widely distributed worldwide. Additionally, the first record of the genus Trichodinella in Brazil is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrício Sado Rodrigues
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia - EVZ, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Inácio Mateus Assane
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Zambeze University - UniZambeze, Ulónguè, Tete, Mozambique.,Laboratório de Microbiologia e Parasitologia de Organismos Aquáticos, Centro de Aquicultura, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Fernanda Gomes de Paula
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia - EVZ, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Caniggia Lacerda Andrade
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia - EVZ, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Anderson Pires de Moraes
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia - EVZ, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Mariana Dall'Agnol
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia - EVZ, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Lívia Mendonça Pascoal
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia - EVZ, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
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Abdelkhalek NK, El-Adl MA, Salama MF, Elmishmishy B, Ali MO, El-Ashram A, Hamed MF, Al-Araby MA. Molecular identification of Trichodina compacta Van As and Basson, 1989 (Ciliophora: Peritrichia) from cultured Oreochromis niloticus in Egypt and its impact on immune responses and tissue pathology. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:1907-1914. [PMID: 29717369 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5883-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trichodinids are peritrichous ciliated protozoa that affect both wild and cultured fishes. Several Trichodina species have low host specificity and are morphologically distinct, facilitating their identification based primarily on the presence of adhesive discs and the number of attached denticles. A trichodinid species named Trichodina compacta was first reported by Van As and Basson (1989) (Protozoa: Ciliophora: Peritrichia). However, in trichodinid infestations, morphological characteristics are insufficient for identifying the infesting species. Therefore, molecular and phylogenetic analyses are considered to be promising and useful tools for identifying the infesting species. This study aimed to achieve the molecular identification of a trichodinid infestation in Nile tilapia and to construct the phylogenetic relationships between the identified species and other peritrichous parasites. Moreover, we also aimed to study the pathological and immunological impacts of trichodinids on fry tissue to improve our understanding of the immune responses of teleost fish to trichodinae parasitic infestations and develop a better control method. Here, we used molecular techniques to identify the isolated trichodina species as T. compacta and demonstrated that Trichodina infestation in Nile tilapia is associated with remarkable immunogenic and inflammatory responses (increased il-1β expression and decreased il-8 and tgf-β expression). These findings improve our understanding of the responses of teleost fish to trichodinid parasite infestation and will be helpful for the development of novel control strategies that reverse the inflammatory and immunogenic alterations that occur in infested fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevien K Abdelkhalek
- Internal Medicine, Infectious and Fish Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed A El-Adl
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed F Salama
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Bassem Elmishmishy
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Mayar O Ali
- Animal Husbandry and Genetics Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Ahmed El-Ashram
- Fish Health and Fish Diseases Department, Faculty of Fish Resources, Suez University, Suez, Egypt
| | - Mohamed F Hamed
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Moustafa A Al-Araby
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
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Martins ML, Cardoso L, Marchiori N, Benites de Pádua S. Protozoan infections in farmed fish from Brazil: diagnosis and pathogenesis. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2015; 24:1-20. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612015013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Phylum Protozoa brings together several organisms evolutionarily different that may act as ecto or endoparasites of fishes over the world being responsible for diseases, which, in turn, may lead to economical and social impacts in different countries. Apart from the recent advances for the diagnosis of fish diseases in Brazil, little is known on the protozoan parasites and their relationship with environment and host. This revision presents the most important protozoan parasites found in farmed fish from Brazil, not only with emphasis on its diagnosis, biology, transmission and host-parasite relationship, but also on some information that may be useful to researchers in determining the correct diagnosis in fish farms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Natalia Marchiori
- Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina, Brasil
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Tavares-Dias M, Marchiori NDC, Martins ML. Paratrichodina africana (Ciliophora: Trichodinidae) of wild and cultured Nile tilapia in the Northern Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2013; 22:248-52. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612013005000025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present work morphologically characterizes Paratrichodina africana from the gills of wild and farmed Nile tilapia from Northern Brazil (eastern Amazonia). Ninety fish were captured for parasitological analysis in Macapá, State of Amapá, from a wetland area bathed by the Amazon River commonly called ‘Ressaca do Zerão’ (n = 52), as well as from a local fish farm (n = 38). Wet smears of the skin and gills of the captured fish were air dried at room temperature and impregnated with silver nitrate by Klein's method for posterior examination of the adhesive disc structures. Total prevalence of parasitism was 16.6% (23% in fish from wetland and 7.8% in farmed fish). Characterized as a small-sized trichodinid, it presented the following measures: 33.2 ± 4.7 µm body diameter, 17.5 ± 2.1 µm adhesive disc, 10.0 ± 0.9 µm denticulate ring, and 22.6 ± 2.0 denticles. Paratrichodina africana reported in this study strongly resembles those described for other localities, but it differs by presenting greater body length. This is the fourth report of P. africana parasitizing a host fish.
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Valladão GMR, Pádua SB, Gallani SU, Menezes-Filho RN, Dias-Neto J, Martins ML, Ishikawa MM, Pilarski F. Paratrichodina africana (Ciliophora): a pathogenic gill parasite in farmed Nile tilapia. Vet Parasitol 2013; 197:705-10. [PMID: 23731856 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trichodinids are ciliated protozoa that are widely known as one of the main groups of fish parasites. The genus Trichodina presents the greatest species diversity. However, records of Paratrichodina species are scarce, and little is known about their pathogenicity in hosts. The present study provides new records of Paratrichodina africana Kazubski and El-Tantawy (1986) in Nile tilapia from South America and descriptions of pathological changes and seasonality. A total of 304 farmed fish were examined. From gill scraping, parasites were identified using Klein's nitrate impregnation method. Gill samples were fixed for histopathological analysis. Small trichodinid found in this study have a prominent blade apophysis and narrow central part and blade shape that corresponds to the characteristics of P. africana Kazubski and El-Tantawy (1986). Gill lesions were proportional to parasite intensity, in which the gill tissue was compromised in heavy infestation. Proliferative disturbances were found, including epithelial hyperplasia, desquamation, and mononuclear and eosinophilic infiltrate that culminated in necrosis. We did not observe a seasonality effect on the occurrence of P. africana. This ciliated protozoan causes compromised respiratory capacity that leads to severe gill lesions and currently is an important pathogen that afflicts intensive tilapia cultures in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M R Valladão
- Aquaculture Center of São Paulo State University (CAUNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
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Martins ML, Marchiori N, Roumbedakis K, Lami F. Trichodina nobilis Chen, 1963 and Trichodina reticulata Hirschmann et Partsch, 1955 from ornamental freshwater fishes in Brazil. BRAZ J BIOL 2012; 72:281-6. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-69842012000200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work Trichodina reticulata and T. nobilis (Ciliophora: Trichodinidae) are morphologically characterised from ornamental freshwater fish culture in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The prevalence of infection and a list of comparative measurements are discussed. We examined "southern platyfish" Xiphophorus maculatus (n = 35), "goldfish" Carassius auratus (n = 31), "guppy" Poecilia reticulata (n = 20), "sailfin molly" Poecilia latipinna (n = 6), "beta" Betta splendens (n = 2) and "spotted headstander" Chilodus punctatus (n = 1). After being anesthetised in a benzocaine solution, fishes were examined for parasitological evaluation. A total of 51.57% fishes were parasitised by Trichodina spp. Carassius auratus was the most parasitised species, followed by X. maculatus and P. reticulata. Beta splendens, C. punctatus and P. latipinna were not parasitised by any trichodinid species. Two species of Trichodina were collected from the skin of fish: T. nobilis was found in C. auratus, P. reticulata and X. maculatus and T. reticulata was only observed in C. auratus. The importance of adequate handling in ornamental fish culture are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- ML Martins
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - N Marchiori
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - F Lami
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Martins ML, Marchiori N, Nunes G, Rodrigues MP. First record of Trichodina heterodentata (Ciliophora: Trichodinidae) from channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus cultivated in Brazil. BRAZ J BIOL 2010; 70:637-44. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-69842010000300022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study characterises morphologically Trichodina heterodentata Duncan, 1977 from channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque, 1818) in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Body and gill smears were air-dried at room temperature, impregnated with silver nitrate and/or stained with Giemsa. Ten characteristics were selected to compare the present material with other morphological characterisations of T. heterodentata. Prevalence rate was 100%, mean intensity 89,333.70 (3,125 to 299,100 parasites per host). Trichodina heterodentata was considered medium-sized trichodinid with mean body diameter 59.4 ± 8.5 μm, denticulate ring 38.5 ± 4.5 μm, adhesive disc 60.2 ± 6.7 μm diameter and 24.4 ± 1.6 denticles. In relation to previous reports of T. heterodentata this material resembles in 90% of the analysed characters. This work confirms the biometrical variation that exists in the different populations of T. heterodentata. A list of hosts and comparative measurements of T. heterodentata are presented and the channel catfish is considered a new host.
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Dias RJP, Fernandes NM, Sartini B, da Silva-Neto ID, D'Agosto M. Occurrence of Trichodina heterodentata (Ciliophora: Trichodinidae) infesting tadpoles of Rhinella pombali (Anura: Bufonidae) in the Neotropical area. Parasitol Int 2009; 58:471-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2009.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Revised: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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