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Emadi A, Eslami M, Yousefi B, Abdolshahi A. In vitro strain specific reducing of aflatoxin B1 by probiotic bacteria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. TOXIN REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2021.1929323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Emadi
- Semnan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Semnan, Iran
| | - Majid Eslami
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Anna Abdolshahi
- Semnan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Semnan, Iran
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2
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Aalipanah S, Fazeli MR, Akhavan Sepahi A, Shariatmadari F. Synergistic Effects of Probiotic Bifidobacterium Isolated from Chicken's Intestine in Combination with Polyvinylpyrrolidone on Reduction of Aflatoxin B 1. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 75:1160-1170. [PMID: 35778982 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Food contamination with aflatoxin is one of the most critical concerns of health professionals. One of the best ways to reduce aflatoxin content in food is probiotics. Therefore, this study was performed to isolate Bifidobacterium from the chick's intestine; evaluate its probiotic activities and its application with Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to reduce aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 ) in the medium were investigated. Samples were isolated from the chick's intestine, and Bifidobacterium was isolated and identified by biochemical and molecular methods. Next, the potential probiotic characterization was assessed. Afterward, the effect of selected isolate and PVP on reducing AFB1 in the medium was studied using ELISA and HPLC. Biochemical and molecular evaluations indicated isolation of Bifidobacterium bifidum strain from chick's intestine. One of the B. bifidum strains was selected for the next steps, which showed potential probiotic characterization and the ability to reduce the concentration of AFB1 in the medium (50% reduction). When used in combination with PVP showed synergistic effects in reducing the concentration of AFB1 from the medium (up to 90%). In conclusion, it was found that selected B. bifidum strains and PVP could have synergistic effects in reducing AFB1 toxin in a medium up to 90%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorour Aalipanah
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Fazeli
- Department of drug and food control, Pharmaceutical quality assurance research center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Akhavan Sepahi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farid Shariatmadari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Massoud R, Zoghi A. Potential probiotic strains with heavy metals and mycotoxins bioremoval capacity for application in foodstuffs. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:1288-1307. [PMID: 35751476 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Heavy metals and mycotoxins in foodstuffs are one of the major concerns of our world nowadays. Food decontamination with the help of microbial biomass is a cheap, easy, efficient, and green method known as bioremoval. Probiotics are able to reduce the availability of heavy metals and toxins in food products. The purpose of this review is to summarize the probiotics and potential probiotics' interesting role in food bio-decontamination. After a brief glance at the definition of potential probiotic strains with bioremoval ability, LABs (lactic acid bacteria) are described as they are the most important groups of probiotics. After that, the role of the main probiotic and potential probiotic strains (Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Enterococcus, Bifidobacterium, Pediococcus, Propionibacterium, Streptococcus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) for heavy metals and mycotoxins bioremoval are described. Additionally, the bioremoval mechanism and the effect of some factors in bioremoval efficiency are explained. Finally, the investigations about probiotic and contaminant stability are mentioned. It is worth mentioning that this review article can be exerted in different food and beverage industries to eliminate the heavy metals and mycotoxins in foodstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Massoud
- Department of Food and Technology, Standard Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alaleh Zoghi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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4
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El‐Sayed SM, El‐Sayed HS, Elgamily HM, Youssef AM. Preparation and Evaluation of Yogurt fortified with Probiotics Jelly Candy Enriched with Grape Seeds Extract Nanoemulsion. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samah M. El‐Sayed
- Dairy science Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St. (former El Tahrir st.), Dokki Giza, P.O. 12622 Egypt
| | - Hoda S. El‐Sayed
- Dairy science Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St. (former El Tahrir st.), Dokki Giza, P.O. 12622 Egypt
| | - Hanaa M. Elgamily
- Restorative and Dental Materials Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St. (former El Tahrir st.), Dokki Giza, P.O. 12622 Egypt
| | - Ahmed. M. Youssef
- Packaging Materials Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St. (former El Tahrir st.), Dokki Giza, P.O. 12622 Egypt
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5
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Nasrollahzadeh A, Mokhtari S, Khomeiri M, Saris P. Mycotoxin detoxification of food by lactic acid bacteria. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD CONTAMINATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s40550-021-00087-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
AbstractToday, a few hundred mycotoxins have been identified and the number is rising. Mycotoxin detoxification of food and feed has been a technically uphill task for the industry. In the twenty-first century, the public demand is healthy food with minimum use of chemicals and preservatives. Among all the fungal inhibition and mycotoxin detoxification methods so far developed for food, biopreservation and biodetoxification have been found safe and reliable. Nowadays, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are of great interest as biological additives in food owing to their Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) classification and mycotoxin detoxification capability. The occurrence of fungul growth in the food chain can lead to health problems such as mycotoxicosis and cancer to humans due to producing mycotoxins such as aflatoxins. Biopreservation is among the safest and most reliable methods for inhibition of fungi in food. This review highlights the great potential of LAB as biodetoxificant by summarizing various reported detoxification activities of LAB against fungal mycotoxins released into foods. Mechanisms of mycotoxin detoxification, also the inherent and environmental factors affecting detoxifying properties of LAB are also covered.
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Zoghi A, Massoud R, Todorov SD, Chikindas ML, Popov I, Smith S, Khosravi-Darani K. Role of the lactobacilli in food bio-decontamination: Friends with benefits. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 150:109861. [PMID: 34489020 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Food contamination such as toxins and heavy metals has been increasing in the last few decades as a result of industrialization in general and as part of food production in particular. Application of microorganisms in toxins and heavy metals bio-removal has been documented and applied as a favorable decontamination approach due to being environmentally friendly, reasonably simple, and economically feasible. Lactobacilli have been proposed and applied as a beneficial biologic sorbent for toxins and heavy metals in processes of reducing their hazardous bio-availability. The purpose of this review is to summarize the known role of Lactobacillus bacterial species in food bio-decontamination processes. After a quick glimpse of the worthy properties of lactobacilli, their cell wall structure is mentioned. Then the potential role of Lactobacillus strains for mycotoxins (aflatoxins, patulin, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, zearalenone, cyanotoxins, and trichothecenes) and heavy metals (lead, arsenic copper, mercury, cadmium, zinc, aluminum, chromium, and iron) bio-removal were described. In addition, the role of various factors in removal yield and the decontamination mechanism were explained. Finally, the lactobacilli-contaminant stability, in vivo studies, and being a friend or foe of Lactobacillus bacteria are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaleh Zoghi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramona Massoud
- Department of Food and Technology, Standard Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Svetoslav Dimitrov Todorov
- ProBacLab, Department of Advanced Convergence, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37554, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael Leonidas Chikindas
- Health Promoting Naturals Laboratory, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08901, USA; Center for Agrobiotechnology, Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor Popov
- Center for Agrobiotechnology, Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Stephanie Smith
- Project SUPER, Douglass Residential College, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Kianoush Khosravi-Darani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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8
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Pourmohammadi K, Sohrabi M, Hashemi SMB, Amiri MJ. A kinetic analysis of the aflatoxin detoxification potential of lactic acid bacteria in Terxine (a cereal-based food). FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 368:6356562. [PMID: 34424325 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnab104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a hazardous component that can seriously threaten the public health. Terxine is a component used in traditional soup and found in the western mountainous regions of Iran. Several microorganisms have been reported to bind or degrade aflatoxins (AFs) in foods and feeds. This research aimed to investigate the effect of Terxine fermentation by Lactobacillus plantarum strains AF1 and LU5 on AFB1. Fermentation was carried out, and pH, lactic acid and AFB1 amount and microbial count were further determined. In addition, the kinetic experimental data of AFB1 by L. plantarum AF1 and LU5 (obtained at 37°C) were fitted to the zero-order, first-order and parabolic diffusion models. According to the coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square of errors (RMSE), the zero-order model best described AF degradation. The growth of Lactobacillus strains was increased by the rise in the fermentation time; in this regard, the number of L. plantarum AF1 increased from 4.2 to 5.1 log cfu/g and that of L. plantarum LU5 increased from 4.1 to 5.2 log cfu/g in the first 8 h, reaching 7.2 and 7.4 log cfu/g in the next 8 h, respectively. The results also showed that the amount of lactic acid increased whereas the pH value decreased during the 24 h fermentation. Both microorganisms reduced the amount of AFB1 while L. plantarum AF1 was more effective. Therefore, L. plantarum strains AF1 and LU5 can be effectively used to reduce AFB1 in fermented foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiana Pourmohammadi
- College of Agriculture, Department of Food Science and Technology, Fasa University, Fasa, Iran
| | - Maryam Sohrabi
- College of Agriculture, Department of Food Science and Technology, Kherad Institute, Booshehr University, Booshehr, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Javad Amiri
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Water Engineering, Fasa University, Fasa, Iran
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Peles F, Sipos P, Kovács S, Győri Z, Pócsi I, Pusztahelyi T. Biological Control and Mitigation of Aflatoxin Contamination in Commodities. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020104. [PMID: 33535580 PMCID: PMC7912779 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are toxic secondary metabolites produced mostly by Aspergillus species. AF contamination entering the feed and food chain has been a crucial long-term issue for veterinarians, medicals, agroindustry experts, and researchers working in this field. Although different (physical, chemical, and biological) technologies have been developed, tested, and employed to mitigate the detrimental effects of mycotoxins, including AFs, universal methods are still not available to reduce AF levels in feed and food in the last decades. Possible biological control by bacteria, yeasts, and fungi, their excretes, the role of the ruminal degradation, pre-harvest biocontrol by competitive exclusion or biofungicides, and post-harvest technologies and practices based on biological agents currently used to alleviate the toxic effects of AFs are collected in this review. Pre-harvest biocontrol technologies can give us the greatest opportunity to reduce AF production on the spot. Together with post-harvest applications of bacteria or fungal cultures, these technologies can help us strictly reduce AF contamination without synthetic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Peles
- Institute of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi str. 138, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Péter Sipos
- Institute of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi str. 138, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (P.S.); (Z.G.)
| | - Szilvia Kovács
- Central Laboratory of Agricultural and Food Products, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi str. 138, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Zoltán Győri
- Institute of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi str. 138, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (P.S.); (Z.G.)
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Square 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Tünde Pusztahelyi
- Central Laboratory of Agricultural and Food Products, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi str. 138, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-20-210-9491
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Ibitoye OA, Olaniyi OO, Ogidi CO, Akinyele BJ. Lactic acid bacteria bio-detoxified aflatoxins contaminated cereals, ameliorate toxicological effects and improve haemato-histological parameters in albino rats. TOXIN REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2020.1817088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Clement Olusola Ogidi
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Kings University, Odeomu, Nigeria
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11
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Mousavi Khaneghah A, Hashemi Moosavi M, Oliveira CA, Vanin F, Sant'Ana AS. Electron beam irradiation to reduce the mycotoxin and microbial contaminations of cereal-based products: An overview. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 143:111557. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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12
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Zolfaghari H, Khezerlou A, Ehsani A, Yari Khosroushahi A. Detoxification of Aflatoxin B1 by Probiotic Yeasts and Bacteria Isolated From Dairy Products of Iran. Adv Pharm Bull 2020; 10:482-487. [PMID: 32665910 PMCID: PMC7335981 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2020.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The present study was conducted to assess the ability of probiotic bacteria and yeasts strains to reduce aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in gastrointestinal simulated conditions. Aflatoxins are potent carcinogenic and immunosuppressive agents. Acute exposure to a high level of aflatoxins leads to aflatoxicosis, which cause rapid death due to liver failure. It is anticipated that consumption of probiotic microorganisms capable of binding aflatoxins can reduce the risk of AFB1 on human health to a certain extent.
Methods: For this purpose, the bacteria (1 × 1010 cfu/mL) and yeasts count (2 × 108 cells/mL) and AFB1 concentration (10 ppb) were adjusted. Then, the samples were incubated in the simulated medium, human gastric secretions and small intestine. The concentration of residual AFB1 was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results were statistically analyzed by SPSS 16 software.
Results: The native isolated bacteria and yeasts in the simulated gastrointestinal tract condition showed a significant effect on AFB1 reduction (P <0.05). The AFB1 reduction ability of native probiotic microorganisms was strain dependent. The highest binding ability in bacteria belonged to Lactobacillus rhamnosus (31.14%) and at yeasts belonged to Saccharomyces cerevisiae (30.46%).
Conclusion: The use of probiotic strains is the appropriate biological method to reduce AFB1 in the human gastrointestinal tract. Probiotic bacteria could help to decrease the harmful effects of AFB1 in humans through enhancing the food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Zolfaghari
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Nutrition and Food Science Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Arezou Khezerlou
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Ehsani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Nutrition and Food Science Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Yari Khosroushahi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Assaf JC, Nahle S, Chokr A, Louka N, Atoui A, El Khoury A. Assorted Methods for Decontamination of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk Using Microbial Adsorbents. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E304. [PMID: 31146398 PMCID: PMC6628408 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AF) are carcinogenic metabolites produced by different species of Aspergillus which readily colonize crops. AFM1 is secreted in the milk of lactating mammals through the ingestion of feedstuffs contaminated by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Therefore, its presence in milk, even in small amounts, presents a real concern for dairy industries and consumers of dairy products. Different strategies can lead to the reduction of AFM1 contamination levels in milk. They include adopting good agricultural practices, decreasing the AFB1 contamination of animal feeds, or using diverse types of adsorbent materials. One of the most effective types of adsorbents used for AFM1 decontamination are those of microbial origin. This review discusses current issues about AFM1 decontamination methods. These methods are based on the use of different bio-adsorbent agents such as bacteria and yeasts to complex AFM1 in milk. Moreover, this review answers some of the raised concerns about the binding stability of the formed AFM1-microbial complex. Thus, the efficiency of the decontamination methods was addressed, and plausible experimental variants were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Claude Assaf
- Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche (CAR), Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation agro-Alimentaire (UR-TVA), Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, Campus des sciences et technologies, Mar Roukos, Matn 1104-2020, Lebanon .
- Research Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadat Campus, Beirut P.O Box 5, Lebanon.
- Platform of Research and Analysis in Environmental Sciences (PRASE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technologies, Lebanese University, Hadat Campus, Beirut P.O. Box 6573/14, Lebanon.
| | - Sahar Nahle
- Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche (CAR), Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation agro-Alimentaire (UR-TVA), Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, Campus des sciences et technologies, Mar Roukos, Matn 1104-2020, Lebanon .
- Research Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadat Campus, Beirut P.O Box 5, Lebanon.
- Platform of Research and Analysis in Environmental Sciences (PRASE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technologies, Lebanese University, Hadat Campus, Beirut P.O. Box 6573/14, Lebanon.
| | - Ali Chokr
- Research Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadat Campus, Beirut P.O Box 5, Lebanon.
- Platform of Research and Analysis in Environmental Sciences (PRASE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technologies, Lebanese University, Hadat Campus, Beirut P.O. Box 6573/14, Lebanon.
| | - Nicolas Louka
- Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche (CAR), Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation agro-Alimentaire (UR-TVA), Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, Campus des sciences et technologies, Mar Roukos, Matn 1104-2020, Lebanon .
| | - Ali Atoui
- Research Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadat Campus, Beirut P.O Box 5, Lebanon.
| | - André El Khoury
- Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche (CAR), Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisation agro-Alimentaire (UR-TVA), Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, Campus des sciences et technologies, Mar Roukos, Matn 1104-2020, Lebanon .
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