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Sardar SK, Ghosal A, Haldar T, Maruf M, Das K, Saito-Nakano Y, Kobayashi S, Dutta S, Nozaki T, Ganguly S. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Entamoeba moshkovskii in diarrheal patients from Eastern India. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011287. [PMID: 37167334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Importance of the amphizoic amoeba Entamoeba moshkovskii is increasing in the study of amoebiasis as a common human pathogen in some settings. Limited studies are found on the genetic and phylogenetic characterization of E. moshkovskii from India; hence remain largely unknown. In this study, we determined the prevalence and characterized the E. moshkovskii isolates in eastern India. METHODS A three-year systemic surveillance study among a total of 6051 diarrhoeal patients from ID Hospital and BC Roy Hospital, Kolkata was conducted for E. moshkovskii detection via a nested PCR system targeting 18S rRNA locus. The outer primer set detected the genus Entamoeba and the inner primer pair identified the E. moshkovskii species. The 18S rRNA locus of the positive samples was sequenced. Genetic and phylogenetic structures were determined using DnaSP.v5 and MEGA-X. GraphPad Prism (v.8.4.2), CA, USA was used to analyze the statistical data. RESULT 4.84% (95%CI = 0.0433-0.0541) samples were positive for Entamoeba spp and 3.12% (95%CI = 0.027-0.036) were infected with E. moshkovskii. E. moshkovskii infection was significantly associated with age groups (X2 = 26.01, P<0.0001) but not with gender (Fisher's exact test = 0.2548, P<0.05). A unique seasonal pattern was found for E. moshkovskii infection. Additionally, 46.56% (95%CI = 0.396-0.537) were sole E. moshkovskii infections and significantly associated with diarrheal incidence (X2 = 335.5,df = 9; P<0.0001). Sequencing revealed that the local E. moshkovskii strains were 99.59%-100% identical to the prototype (GenBank: KP722605.1). The study found certain SNPs that showed a correlation with clinical features, but it is not necessarily indicative of direct control over pathogenicity. However, SNPs in the 18S rRNA gene could impact the biology of the amoeba and serve as a useful phylogenetic marker for identifying pathogenic E. moshkovskii isolates. Neutrality tests of different coinfected subgroups indicated deviations from neutrality and implied population expansion after a bottleneck event or a selective sweep and/or purifying selection in co-infected subgroups. The majority of FST values of different coinfected subgroups were <0.25, indicating low to moderate genetic differentiation within the subgroups of this geographical area. CONCLUSION The findings reveal the epidemiological significance of E. moshkovskii infection in Eastern India as the first report in this geographical area and expose this species as a possible emerging enteric pathogen in India. Our findings provide useful knowledge for further research and the development of future control strategies against E. moshkovskii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjib K Sardar
- Division of Parasitology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata, India
| | - Ajanta Ghosal
- Division of Parasitology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata, India
| | - Tapas Haldar
- Division of Parasitology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata, India
| | - Maimoon Maruf
- Division of Parasitology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata, India
| | - Koushik Das
- Division of Parasitology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata, India
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India
| | - Yumiko Saito-Nakano
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiki Kobayashi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata, India
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sandipan Ganguly
- Division of Parasitology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata, India
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Wei M, Feng M, Guan Y, Guo C, Zhou H, Fu Y, Tachibana H, Cheng X. Correlation of genetic diversity between hosts and parasites in Entamoeba nuttalli isolates from Tibetan and rhesus macaques in China. Biosci Trends 2018; 12:375-381. [PMID: 30101826 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2018.01157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Entamoeba nuttalli infection is prevalent in captive and wild macaques. Recent studies have suggested that genotypes of E. nuttalli isolates are correlated with the geographical distribution of host macaques. Correlation of amoebic genotypes with genetic diversity of host macaques was analyzed in present study. Sixty fresh stool samples were obtained from wild Tibetan macaques living in Mount Huang (HS) of the An-hui Province in China. PCR analysis revealed that the most prevalent Entamoeba species was E. chattoni (E. polecki ST2) (86.7%) followed by E. nuttalli (58.3%) and E. coli (25%). Six E. nuttalli HS isolates were successfully cultured. The tRNA-linked short tandem repeat (STR) loci and serine-rich protein gene of E. nuttalli isolates from four different regions of China (Mount Long-hu, Gui-yang, Mount E-mei, and HS, the former three isolates were obtained in previous studies) were studied and high numbers of polymorphisms were detected. When genetic diversity of different populations of E. nuttalli isolates was compared with geographical distance, an r2 value of 0.919 was assigned by a Mantel test based on the tRNA-STR loci. In host macaques, the mtDNA HVS-I gene was also highly polymorphic in each of the genomes. Multiple regression analysis using E. nuttalli tRNA-STR loci genetic, macaque mtDNA HVS-I gene, and geographic distances showed an r2 value of 0.943, indicating that a higher relevance was demonstrated when geographic and host gene factors were considered. Analysis of genetic factor of host would benefit for better understanding of the evolution of E. nuttalli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wei
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University
| | - Meng Feng
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University
| | - Yue Guan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University
| | - Ce Guo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University
| | - Hang Zhou
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University
| | - Yongfeng Fu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University
| | - Hiroshi Tachibana
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokai University School of Medicine
| | - Xunjia Cheng
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokai University School of Medicine
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Feng M, Pandey K, Yanagi T, Wang T, Putaporntip C, Jongwutiwes S, Cheng X, Sherchand JB, Pandey BD, Tachibana H. Prevalence and genotypic diversity of Entamoeba species in inhabitants in Kathmandu, Nepal. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:2467-2472. [PMID: 29808233 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5935-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In Nepal, gastrointestinal infections due to parasites including Entamoeba species are common. The main aim of this study was to identify species of Entamoeba using genotypic analysis. The prevalence of Entamoeba infections was examined by PCR in fecal samples from 143 inhabitants living close to wild rhesus macaques in Kathmandu, Nepal. The numbers of positive cases were one (0.7%) for E. histolytica, eight (5.6%) for E. dispar, seven (4.9%) for E. coli, and two (1.4%) for E. chattoni (E. polecki ST2). No infections with E. nuttalli, E. moshkovskii, and E. polecki ST1 were found. In E. dispar, at least seven different genotypes were detected from the eight samples by sequence analysis of tRNA-linked short tandem repeats. Different genotypes were found even in a couple from the same family. This is the first report demonstrating that E. dispar with high genotypic diversity is prevalent, rather than E. histolytica, in Kathmandu, and that zoonotic transmission of E. chattoni from rhesus macaques might occur in the inhabitants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Feng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kishor Pandey
- Everest International Clinic and Research Center, Kathmandu, Nepal.,Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Tetsuo Yanagi
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Ting Wang
- Support Center for Medical Research and Education, Tokai University, Isehara, Japan
| | - Chaturong Putaporntip
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somchai Jongwutiwes
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Xunjia Cheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jeevan B Sherchand
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Center, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Basu Dev Pandey
- Everest International Clinic and Research Center, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Hiroshi Tachibana
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan.
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Philips SA, Manochitra K, Parija SC. Chitinase-gene-based analysis of the genetic variability among the clinical isolates of Entamoeba dispar from Puducherry, India. Trop Parasitol 2017; 7:107-110. [PMID: 29114489 PMCID: PMC5652047 DOI: 10.4103/tp.tp_31_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Amebiasis is known to be caused by the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Entamoeba dispar is considered to be a sibling species of E. histolytica, as the two are phylogenetically closest. There are reports that certain strains of E. dispar isolated were capable of causing hepatic lesions in the experimental animal models. The intra-/inter-species genetic variation has been found to have profound implication in the invasiveness of the disease. Thus, studying polymorphism in E. dispar aids to improve our perspective related to the variability in the genome of the parasite. Materials and Methods: The highly polymorphic region of the gene encoding the enzyme chitinase was targeted for the strain variation analysis in E. dispar. Isolates from the stool and liver abscess aspirate were subjected to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the amplification of the targeted polymorphic loci. The PCR products were sequenced, and genetic variability analysis was carried out. Results: A total of 23 samples in the stool and 1 sample from liver abscess pus were positive for E. dispar by nested multiplex PCR which was confirmed by sequencing. Of these positive samples, 13 amplified for chitinase gene by PCR. We observed seven genotypes in our study isolates, of which four were found to be distinct. Conclusion: This study shows that high degree of genetic variation exists among the clinical isolates of E. dispar in our location. The future studies including the analysis of other genetic makers such as serine-rich E. dispar protein or other loci have to be carried out to get an idea about the distribution of the different strains of E. dispar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvarathinam Ajay Philips
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Kumar Manochitra
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Subhash Chandra Parija
- Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
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Comparative analysis of genotypic diversity in Entamoeba nuttalli isolates from Tibetan macaques and rhesus macaques in China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 38:126-131. [PMID: 26723919 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated the potentially virulent species Entamoeba nuttalli as one of the highly prevalent parasites in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) in Mount Long-hu and Gui-yang in China. Tibetan macaque (Macaca thibetana) is a unique species living in China. To evaluate the prevalence of Entamoeba species in wild Tibetan macaques, we obtained 89 stool samples in Mount E-mei of Si-chuan Province in China. PCR analysis detected E. nuttalli, Entamoeba coli, and Entamoeba polecki ST2 in 17%, 42%, and 66% of the samples, respectively, whereas Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar were undetected. This study is the first to report on the detection of E. nuttalli from Tibetan macaques. Six E. nuttalli isolates were obtained, 18S rRNA gene and six tRNA-linked short tandem repeat (STR) loci of the isolates were sequenced. The Mantel test results gave an r value of 0.97 of relationships between geographical distance and genetic diversity of Chinese E. nuttalli populations, indicating a significant isolation-by-distance effect in Chinese E. nuttalli according to the tRNA-STR loci sequences. Structural analysis of E. nuttalli isolates based on tRNA-linked STR loci demonstrated three Chinese E. nuttalli populations with their respective features, but the Gui-yang population was located in the middle. In the distance-based NJ tree, E. nuttalli isolates were divided into five different branches, and E-mei isolates were attributed to an independent branch to distinguish them from Gui-yang and Long-hu isolates. Genetic analysis in this study provided clues of the genetic differences between E. nuttalli isolates from Tibetan macaques and rhesus macaques in China.
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Zebardast N, Gharavi MJ, Abadi A, Seyyed Tabaei SJ, Yeganeh F, Khazan H, Fallahi S, Kohansal K, Salehi N, Naderi F, Haghighi A. Frequency of Intestinal Parasites in Patients With Gastrointestinal Disorders, in Different Parts of Iran During 2012-2013. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENTERIC PATHOGENS 2015. [DOI: 10.17795/ijep22682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Prevalence and genetic diversity of Entamoeba species infecting macaques in southwest China. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:1529-36. [PMID: 23354942 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3299-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Many colonies of macaques (Macaca fascicularis and Macaca mulatta) are maintained in China, especially in Guangxi and Guizhou. A total of 803 fresh stool samples infected with Entamoeba were obtained from three big colonies of macaques located in southwest China. The samples were examined for the presence of five Entamoeba species using PCR. Entamoeba nuttalli, Entamoeba dispar, Entamoeba coli, and Entamoeba chattoni infections were detected, but Entamoeba histolytica infection was not. This study is the first to report on the prevalence of E. nuttalli in wild macaques from China. Eighteen E. nuttalli isolates and five E. dispar isolates were obtained by culturing the samples in Tanabe-Chiba medium. The serine-rich protein (SRP), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), hexokinase (HXK), glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI), and phosphoglucomutase (PGM) genes of E. nuttalli isolates were compared with other reported isolates. The results showed clear differences among the Chinese E. nuttalli isolates and other isolates based on the SRP gene sequences. However, HXK, GPI, and PGM genes of these strains were similar to those of other isolates. The rRNA genes of E. coli and E. chattoni were also amplified and analyzed from these samples. The results suggested that host species might be a more important factor than geographic location in amebic genetic diversity.
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He GZ, Chen YX, Tian WY, Feng Y, Wang AN, Wei Y, He Q, An C. Entamoeba histolytica Infections in a King Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus rex): A First Case Report. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/ajava.2011.1026.1030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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High prevalence of Entamoeba infections in captive long-tailed macaques in China. Parasitol Res 2011; 109:1093-7. [PMID: 21484347 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2351-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) are bred in China for export and for use in experiments. Entamoeba infections in captive long-tailed macaques were surveyed in one of the biggest colonies located in Guangxi Province, China. One stool sample was obtained from each of the 152 different cages representing >3,000 macaques in the colony. The samples were examined by PCR for five Entamoeba species. The number of detected Entamoeba coli infections comprised 94% of the samples, 93% for Entamoeba chattoni, and 83% for Entamoeba dispar. In contrast, Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba nuttalli were not detected. Six isolates of E. dispar were obtained by culture in Tanabe-Chiba medium. Analysis of serine-rich protein genes in these isolates showed two genotypes, one of which is identical to that of the E. dispar SAW760 strain in humans. This suggests transmission of E. dispar between humans and nonhuman primates. These results demonstrate that Entamoeba infections are common, but virulent Entamoeba species are absent in this colony. This work also confirms the need for monitoring with PCR-based identification of Entamoeba species for captive macaques in breeding colonies to ensure animal health and protection of humans from zoonotic hazards.
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Weedall GD, Hall N. Evolutionary genomics of Entamoeba. Res Microbiol 2011; 162:637-45. [PMID: 21288488 PMCID: PMC3268252 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is a human pathogen that causes amoebic dysentery and leads to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Understanding the genome and evolution of the parasite will help explain how, when and why it causes disease. Here we review current knowledge about the evolutionary genomics of Entamoeba: how differences between the genomes of different species may help explain different phenotypes, and how variation among E. histolytica parasites reveals patterns of population structure. The imminent expansion of the amount genome data will greatly improve our knowledge of the genus and of pathogenic species within it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth D Weedall
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
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