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Hamid A, Riaz A, Noor F, Mazhar I. Assessment and mapping of total suspended particulate and soil quality around brick kilns and occupational health issues among brick kilns workers in Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:3335-3350. [PMID: 35947264 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22428-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Brick kilns constitute one of the major sources of environmental degradation in Pakistan. The present study was conducted to determine the soil quality and total suspended particulates (TSPs) around the brick kilns and assess the health effects on brick kiln workers. Four brick kilns were selected, two each at Sheikhupura and Pattoki city. The soil quality was assessed by analyzing pH, electrical conductivity, moisture content, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium content, and heavy metal concentration while TSPs were measured by hand-held Microdust Pro Real time monitor. Average TSP concentration around brick kilns at Sheikhupura and Pattoki ranged between 1100 and 1200 µg/m3 and between 550 and 600 µg/m3 respectively which exceeded the Punjab Ambient Air Standards. The soil was slightly acidic (Sheikhupura: average pH = 6.41; Pattoki: average pH = 6.6) while all other analyzed parameters, except heavy metals, were lower than the required FAO Standards for good quality agriculture soil. Heavy metal accumulation in soil samples followed the general order zinc (Zn) > chromium (Cr) > nickel (Ni) > manganese (Mn) > cadmium (Cd) > copper (Cu). For assessment of occupational health and safety issues, all 440 brick kiln workers from the study areas were interviewed. Mostly, brick kiln workers suffered from chronic back pain (84%), skin issues (80.5%), dry cough (72.9%), common cold (46.1%), and shortness of breath (17.1%). The vulnerability risk varied with the nature of the work as workers engaged in brick baking were more vulnerable to respiratory issues than were those in molding task. The study concludes that brick kilns are a source of increased TSP, deteriorated surrounding soil quality, and impaired worker health. It is necessary to regulate these activities and implement requisite health and safety measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almas Hamid
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Kinnaird College for Women, 93, Jail Road, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Aiman Riaz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Kinnaird College for Women, 93, Jail Road, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Faiza Noor
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Kinnaird College for Women, 93, Jail Road, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Mazhar
- Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
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Serrani D, Ajmone-Marsan F, Corti G, Cocco S, Cardelli V, Adamo P. Heavy metal load and effects on biochemical properties in urban soils of a medium-sized city, Ancona, Italy. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:3425-3449. [PMID: 34617246 PMCID: PMC9522685 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01105-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Urban soils are often mixed with extraneous materials and show a high spatial variability that determine great differences from their agricultural or natural counterparts. The soils of 18 localities of a medium-sized city (Ancona, Italy) were analysed for their main physicochemical and biological properties, and for chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), and mercury (Hg) total content, distribution among particle-size fractions, and extractability. Because of the absence of thresholds defining a hot spot for heavy metal pollution in urban soils, we defined a "threshold of attention" (ToA) for each heavy metal aiming to bring out hot spot soils where it is more impellent to intervene to mitigate or avoid potential environmental concerns. In several city locations, the soil displayed sub-alkaline pH, large contents of clay-size particles, and higher TOC, total N, and available P with respect to the surrounding rural areas, joined with high contents of total heavy metals, but low availability. The C biomass, basal respiration, qCO2, and enzyme activities were compared to that detected in the near rural soils, and results suggested that heavy metals content has not substantially compromised the soil ecological services. We conclude that ToA can be considered as a valuable tool to highlight soil hot spots especially for cities with a long material history and, for a proper risk assessment in urban soils, we suggest considering the content of available heavy metals (rather than the total content) and soil functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Serrani
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 10, 60131, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Franco Ajmone-Marsan
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Corti
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 10, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefania Cocco
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 10, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Valeria Cardelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 10, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Paola Adamo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, Italy
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Ahmad I, Ahmad HR, Farooqi ZUR, Sabir M, Rizwan M, Maqsood MA. Apportionment of heavy metals in a soil-water-plant system via brick kiln emissions in heavily industrialized city of Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:54855-54864. [PMID: 35314930 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19753-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
One of the major environmental problems is the fast accumulation of brick kiln emissions near the peripheries of almost all urban centers. An enormous quantity of substandard coal, wood, rubber tires, or saw wood is used as fuel in these brick kilns, creating environmental pollution through carbon and heavy metals present in the emissions. The present study was designed to determine the distribution pattern of heavy metals in a soil-water-plant system under the influence of brick kiln emissions. Ash, soil (0-15 cm), water, and plant samples were collected from the adjacent areas of the brick kilns. Geo-accumulation index and contamination factors were used to assess the toxicity of metals to soil and plants. It was found that the concentrations of Cd in water, soil, coal, and plant samples were found in the range of 0.004-0.024 mg L-1, 0.02-0.66, 0.002-0.042, and 0.06 to 0.07 mg kg-1, respectively, while Pb concentration was found within the range of 0-0.08 mg L-1, 0.30-8.60, 0.011-0, and 0.01-0.08 mg kg-1 in water, soil, and plant samples, respectively. The concentration of Cd in brick kilns ash was in the range of 0-0.04 mg kg-1 while Pb was found within the range of 0.01-0.05 mg kg-1 for ash. Geo-accumulation index and contamination factor values for Cd were found higher suggesting proper pollution prevention measures to be implemented. Based on the results, it was concluded that Cd concentrations in soil, plants, and water samples were higher in the subject area due to brick kiln emissions and higher Cd concentrations in the fuel material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ahmad
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Hamaad Raza Ahmad
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Zia Ur Rahman Farooqi
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, 23 St Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, Scotland, UK
| | - Muhammad Sabir
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, 23 St Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, Scotland, UK.
| | - Muhammad Aamer Maqsood
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Ishtiaq M, Hussain I, Bhatti KH, Maqbool M, Shafique Ahmed K, Ajaib M, ullah Shah A, Mushtaq W, Hussain T, Ghani A, Khanum H, Waqas Mazhar M, Mazhar M, Sardar T, Nasif O, Javed Ansari M, Ondrisik P. Study of impacts of brickkiln emanations on soil quality of agriculture lands in selected areas of District Bhimber, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0258438. [PMID: 35148326 PMCID: PMC8836308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pollution is hot issue of current era in world and the current study was carried to explore impacts of brickkilns' emanations on physiochemical properties of agricultural lands from District Bhimber of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) Pakistan. In this research, various edaphic characteristics: pH, soil organic matter, organic carbon, water holding capacity, cation exchange capacity and heavy metal contamination in soils nearby of brickkilns were determined. The pH of soil ranged from 5.55 to 7.50, soil organic matter was 0.35-0.90% and organic carbon content was 0.65-1.40%. The water holding capacity ranged from 2.10 to 3.20 mgL-1 and carbon exchange capacity was 1250 to 4202 meq/100g. The contamination profile of heavy metal depicted that Pb showed highest conc. 0.065 mg/g followed by Co (0.053 mg/g) and Ni with 0.52 mg/g in the soil. Pb and Cr had high conc. in soil samples around brickkilns due to burning of coal and rubber tyres as fuel. The conc. of sulphate and nitrate ranged from 0.90±0.50 mol L-1 to 4.25±0.65 mol L-1 and 2.30±0.50 mol L-1 to 6.55±0.25 mol L-1, respectively. The fertility of agriculture lands was depicted that edaphic properties were directly related while nutritive features were inversely commensurate to distance from brickkilns. The research proved that emanations of brickkilns causes severe impact on quality of agriculture land, plant growth and its yield. Hence, reclamation measures should be taken to mitigate and/or eradicate nuisance of brickkilns emanations by using environmental friendly strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ishtiaq
- Department of Botany, Mirpur University of Science & Technology (MUST), Mirpur, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
- * E-mail:
| | - Iqbal Hussain
- Department of Botany, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Mehwish Maqbool
- Department of Botany, Mirpur University of Science & Technology (MUST), Mirpur, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Ajaib
- Department of Botany, Mirpur University of Science & Technology (MUST), Mirpur, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Amin ullah Shah
- Department of Botany, Sargodha University, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Waheeda Mushtaq
- Department of Botany, Mirpur University of Science & Technology (MUST), Mirpur, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Tanveer Hussain
- Department of Botany, Mirpur University of Science & Technology (MUST), Mirpur, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Ghani
- Department of Botany, Sargodha University, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Humaira Khanum
- Department of Botany, Mirpur University of Science & Technology (MUST), Mirpur, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waqas Mazhar
- Department of Botany, Mirpur University of Science & Technology (MUST), Mirpur, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Mubashir Mazhar
- Department of Botany, Mirpur University of Science & Technology (MUST), Mirpur, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Tauqeer Sardar
- Department of Botany, Mirpur University of Science & Technology (MUST), Mirpur, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Omaima Nasif
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Javed Ansari
- Department of Botany, Hindu College Moradabad (Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University Bareilly), Moradabad, India
| | - Peter Ondrisik
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Biology, Slovak Agricultural University, Nitra, Slovakia
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Parihar JK, Parihar PK, Pakade YB, Katnoria JK. Bioaccumulation potential of indigenous plants for heavy metal phytoremediation in rural areas of Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar, Punjab (India). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:2426-2442. [PMID: 32888151 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10454-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study was planned to explore the bioaccumulation potential of 23 plant species via bioaccumulation factor (BAf), metal accumulation index (MAI), translocation potential (Tf), and comprehensive bioconcentration index (CBCI) for seven heavy metals (cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc). The studied plants, in the vicinity of ponds at Sahlon: site 1, Chahal Khurd: site 2, and Karnana: site 3 in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar, Punjab (India), were Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L., Amaranthus spinosus L., Amaranthus viridis L., Brassica napus L., Cannabis sativa L., Dalbergia sissoo DC., Duranta repens L., Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants, Ficus infectoria Roxb., Ficus palmata Forssk., Ficus religiosa L., Ipomoea carnea Jacq., Medicago polymorpha L., Melia azedarach L., Morus indica L., Malva rotundifolia L., Panicum virgatum L., Parthenium hysterophorus L., Dolichos lablab L., Ricinus communis L., Rumex dentatus L., Senna occidentalis (L.) Link, and Solanum nigrum L. BAf and Tf values showed high inter-site deviations for studied metals. MAI values were found to be more substantial in shoots as compared with that of roots of plants. Maximum CBCI values were observed for M. azedarach (0.626), M. indica (0.572), D. sissoo (0.497), and R. communis (0.474) for site 1; F. infectoria (0.629), R. communis (0.541), D. sissoo (0.483), F. palmata (0.457), and D. repens (0.448) for site 2; D. sissoo (0.681), F. religiosa (0.447), and R. communis (0.429) for site 3. Although, high bioaccumulation of individual metals was observed in herbs like C. sativa, M. polymorpha, and Amaranthus spp., cumulatively, trees were found to be the better bioaccumulators of heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagdeep Kaur Parihar
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Pardeep Kaur Parihar
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Yogesh B Pakade
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
| | - Jatinder Kaur Katnoria
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India.
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Adrees M, Ibrahim M, Shah AM, Abbas F, Saleem F, Rizwan M, Hina S, Jabeen F, Ali S. Gaseous pollutants from brick kiln industry decreased the growth, photosynthesis, and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:267. [PMID: 27048492 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5273-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Gaseous pollutant emissions from brick kiln industries deteriorate the current state of ambient air quality in Pakistan and worldwide. These gaseous pollutants affect the health of plants and may decrease plant growth and yield. A field experiment that was conducted to monitor the concentration of gaseous pollutants emitted mainly from brick kilns in the ambient air and associated impacts on the growth and physiological attributes of the two wheat (Triticum spp.) cultivars. Plants were grown at three sites, including control (Ayub Agriculture Research Institute, AARI), low pollution (LP) site (Small Estate Industry), and high pollution (HP) site (Sidar Bypass), of Faisalabad, Pakistan. Monitoring of ambient air pollution at experimental sites was carried out using the state-of-art ambient air analyzers. Plants were harvested after 120 days of germination and were analyzed for different growth attributes. Results showed that the hourly average concentration of gaseous air pollutants CO, NO2, SO2, and PM10 at HP site were significantly higher than the LP and control sites. Similarly, gaseous pollutants decreased plant height, straw and grain yield, photosynthesis and increased physical injury, and metal concentrations in the grains. However, wheat response toward gaseous pollutants did not differ between cultivars (Galaxy and 8173) studied. Overall, the results indicated that brick kiln emissions could reduce the performance of wheat grown in the soils around kilns and confirm the adverse impacts of pollutants on the growth, yield, and quality of the wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Adrees
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad-38000, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ibrahim
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad-38000, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Aamir Mehmood Shah
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad-38000, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Farhat Abbas
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad-38000, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Farhan Saleem
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad-38000, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad-38000, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Saadia Hina
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad-38000, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Fariha Jabeen
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad-38000, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shafaqat Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad-38000, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Solgi E, Khodabandelo H. Cadmium and Lead Disruption in Soils Around the Hegmatan Cement Factory, Iran. HEALTH SCOPE 2016. [DOI: 10.17795/jhealthscope-34184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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