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Angevaare MJ, Roberts J, van Hout HPJ, Joling KJ, Smalbrugge M, Schoonmade LJ, Windle G, Hertogh CMPM. Resilience in older persons: A systematic review of the conceptual literature. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 63:101144. [PMID: 32835890 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Although ageing research increasingly incorporates resilience, a common notion on what resilience means is lacking. We aimed to give a comprehensive overview of the conceptual literature on resilience in older persons, identifying areas of consensus and variation/debate. A systematic search of eight databases from different disciplines led to the inclusion of 36 texts. Across the conceptual literature of resilience in older persons, three common features of descriptions of resilience were identified: a stressor, a response and a mechanism. Based on differences in their interpretation of how resilience is expressed we distinguished two perspectives. The first, classical and most widely applied perspective, describes the expression of resilience as a positive response to a high intensity stressor. The second, newer perspective, describes resilience in the context of responses relative to equilibrium, following low intensity stressors. Almost all descriptions across the two perspectives describe the resilience mechanism to be dynamic and emphasize the importance of the context in achieving resilience. This review provides clarity on the current conceptual status of resilience in older persons, an important step towards a higher level of consistency in the future use of resilience in ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Angevaare
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Medicine for Older People, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Van der Boechorststraat 7, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of General Practice, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Van der Boechorststraat 7, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - J Roberts
- Dementia Services Development Centre, School of Health Sciences, Bangor University, Ardudwy, Holyhead Road, Bangor, LL56 2PX, Gwynedd, UK
| | - H P J van Hout
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Medicine for Older People, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Van der Boechorststraat 7, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of General Practice, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Van der Boechorststraat 7, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - K J Joling
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Medicine for Older People, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Van der Boechorststraat 7, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of General Practice, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Van der Boechorststraat 7, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Smalbrugge
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Medicine for Older People, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Van der Boechorststraat 7, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - L J Schoonmade
- Medical Library, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - G Windle
- Dementia Services Development Centre, School of Health Sciences, Bangor University, Ardudwy, Holyhead Road, Bangor, LL56 2PX, Gwynedd, UK
| | - C M P M Hertogh
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Medicine for Older People, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Van der Boechorststraat 7, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Abstract
BACKGROUND We sought to investigate the relationship between neuroticism and depression in an elderly cohort. In this paper, we describe the methods of an National Institute of Mental Health-NIMH-supported study and present findings among the cohort enrolled to date. METHODS We used the NEO Personality Inventory to assess neuroticism, and we employed several cognitive neuroscience-based measures to examine emotional control. RESULTS Compared with a group of 27 non-depressed older control subjects, 33 older depressed subjects scored higher on measures of state and trait anxiety and neuroticism. On our experimental neuroscience-based measures, depressed subjects endorsed more negative words compared with controls on an emotional characterization test. In addition, we found a significant group-by-congruency effect on an emotional interference test where subjects were asked to identify the face's emotional expression while ignoring the words "fear" or "happy" labeled across the face. CONCLUSION Thus, in this preliminary work, we found significant differences in measures of neuroticism and emotional controls among older adults with and without depression.
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