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Halpern L, Kogan CJ, Arnzen G. Peripheral Nerve Blockade for Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction in Pediatric Patients: The Addition of a Proximal Single-Injection Sciatic Nerve Block Provides Improved Analgesia. Local Reg Anesth 2022; 15:31-43. [PMID: 35782524 PMCID: PMC9249091 DOI: 10.2147/lra.s360738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We tested the hypothesis that the addition of a single-injection proximal sciatic nerve block to an adductor canal block would significantly reduce pain scores and opioid requirements compared to a group of patients that received only an adductor canal or femoral nerve block for medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction in pediatric patients. The primary end-point is the number of patients achieving a Patient Acceptable Symptom State (PASS) (pain score less than four) for the entire 24-hour postoperative period in patients with and without a proximal sciatic block. Patients and Methods This is a retrospective cohort study of 144 consecutive pediatric patients, ages 10 to 18 years, undergoing medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction with peripheral nerve blockade for postoperative analgesia from 2016–2020 at a pediatric orthopedics children’s hospital. Patients were divided into 2 cohorts with and without a proximal sciatic nerve block: group A/F: adductor canal or femoral CPNB and group AS: adductor canal CPNB and a proximal single-injection sciatic nerve block. Results There was strong evidence for an increase in the number of patients who reported a pain score less than four for the entire 24-hour postoperative period in the group that received the additional proximal sciatic block. (PASS: A/F 13/62 (21%) vs AS 43/82 (52%), p<0.001) There was strong evidence for a reduction in mean and maximum pain scores and opioid requirements in the first 24-hours after surgery in the proximal sciatic group. Conclusion The addition of a proximal sciatic nerve block was associated with significantly reduced mean and maximum pain scores and opioid requirements after medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction in pediatric patients and supports a randomized clinical trial to confirm these findings. Based on the results of this study we recommend the addition of a proximal sciatic nerve block, anterior or posterior, to an adductor canal block to provide improved analgesia and reduced opioid requirements in the 24-hours after MPFLR in pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd Halpern
- Department of Anesthesia, Shriners Children’s Hospital, Spokane, WA, USA
- Correspondence: Lloyd Halpern, Department of Anesthesia, Shriners Children’s Hospital, 911 W. 5th Ave, Spokane, WA, 99204, USA, Email
| | - Clark J Kogan
- Department of Interdisciplinary Statistical Education and Research, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Grady Arnzen
- Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
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Sanchis-Alfonso V, Alastruey-López D, Ginovart G, Montesinos-Berry E, García-Castro F, Ramírez-Fuentes C, Monllau JC, Alberich-Bayarri A, Pérez MA. Parametric finite element model of medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction model development and clinical validation. J Exp Orthop 2019; 6:32. [PMID: 31278510 PMCID: PMC6611858 DOI: 10.1186/s40634-019-0200-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Currently, there is uncertainty regarding the long-term outcome of medial patellofemoral ligament reconstructions (MPFLr). Our objectives were: (1) to develop a parametric model of the patellofemoral joint (PFJ) enabling us to simulate different surgical techniques for MPFLr; (2) to determine the negative effects on the PFJ associated with each technique, which could be related to long-term deterioration of the PFJ. Methods A finite element model of the PFJ was created based on CT data from 24 knees with chronic lateral patellar instability. Patella contact pressure and maximum MPFL-graft stress at five angles of knee flexion (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120°) were analysed in three types of MPFLr: anatomic, non-anatomic with physiometric behaviour, and non-anatomic with non-physiometric behaviour. Results An increase in patella contact pressure was observed at 0 and 30° of knee flexion after both anatomic and non-anatomic MPFLr with physiometric behaviour. In both reconstructions, the ligament was tense between 0 and 30° of knee flexion, but at 60, 90 and 120°, it had no tension. In the third reconstruction, the behaviour was completely the opposite. Conclusion A parametric model of the PFJ enables us to evaluate different types of MPFLr throughout the full range of motion of the knee, regarding the effect on the patellofemoral contact pressure, as well as the kinematic behaviour of the MPFL-graft and the maximum MPFL-graft stress. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40634-019-0200-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Sanchis-Alfonso
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, C/Sant Climent, 12, 46015, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Diego Alastruey-López
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering (M2BE), Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Gerad Ginovart
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital Terres de l'Ebre, Tortosa, Spain
| | | | | | - Cristina Ramírez-Fuentes
- Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe and Biomedical Imaging Research Group (GIBI230), IIS La Fe Research Group, Valencia, Spain
| | - Joan Carles Monllau
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Hospital del Mar, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angel Alberich-Bayarri
- QUIBIM SL, Quantitative Imaging Biomarkers in Medicine, GIBI230, Biomedical Imaging Research Group, La Fe Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Angeles Pérez
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering (M2BE), Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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The medial patellofemoral ligament: Review of the literature. J Orthop 2018; 15:596-599. [PMID: 29881201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jor.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Joyner PW, Bruce J, Roth TS, Mills FB, Winnier S, Hess R, Wilcox L, Mates A, Frerichs T, Andrews JR, Roth CA. Biomechanical tensile strength analysis for medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction. Knee 2017; 24:965-976. [PMID: 28684171 DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction is a surgery for acute and chronic dislocating patella. Several surgical techniques have been described. No biomechanical study has compared suture anchors, interference screws, and suspensory cortical fixation for MPFL reconstruction using human gracilis allograft. METHODS Twelve human cadaver knees were used for the analysis of five MPFL reconstruction techniques on the femur (F) and patella (P): suspensory cortical (SC), interference screw (IS) and suture anchor (SA) fixation (SC-F/SC-P, SC-F/IS-P, SC-F/SA-P, IS-F/SC-P, IS-F/IS-P). Each method was examined six times, each using a new human gracilis allograft. The force necessary for 50% patellar displacement and 100% patellar displacement were recorded for each method. Additionally, we examined the peak force to fixation failure for all methods. Patella dislocation or loss of fixation was considered failure. RESULTS SC-F/SC-P, IS-F/SC-P, and SC-F/IS-P required force to failure greater than that of the native MPFL. The SC-F/IS-P required the largest force to failure. The SC-F/SA-P fixation technique required significantly less force to failure (P<0.05) than the native MPFL and significantly less force to failure (P<0.05) than all four other fixation techniques. All methods of fixation employing an interference screw failed secondary to graft pullout at the interference screw-bone interface. Methods employing suture anchors and two suspensory cortical fixations failed at the graft-suture anastomosis. CONCLUSION SC-F/SC-P, IS-F/SC-P, and SC-F/IS-P fixations were found to be stronger than the native MPFL, with the strongest being SC-F/IS-P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W Joyner
- Bone & Joint/Sports Medicine Institute, Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, 620 John Paul Jones Circle, Portsmouth, VA 23708, United States
| | - Jeremy Bruce
- University of Tennessee - Chattanooga, 1806 Gunbarrel Rd., Chattanooga, TN 37421, United States
| | - Travis S Roth
- 1222 S. Orange Ave., 5th Floor Orthopaedic Institute, Orlando, FL 32806, United States
| | - Frederic Baker Mills
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, 6311 Garners Ferry Road, Columbia, SC 29209, United States.
| | - Scott Winnier
- The Andrews Institute for Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine, 1040 Gulf Breeze Parkway, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561, United States
| | - Ryan Hess
- Twin Cities Orthopedics, 9630 Grove Circle N, #200 Maple Grove, MN 55369, United States
| | - Luke Wilcox
- Michigan State University, 4660 S. Hagadorn Rd., Suite 420, East Lansing, MI 48823, United States
| | - Aaron Mates
- Florida Joint Care Institute, 2165 Little Road, Trinity, FL 34655, United States
| | - Tim Frerichs
- The Orthopedic Group, 1711 North McKenzie Street, Foley, AL 36535, United States
| | - James R Andrews
- The Andrews Institute for Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine, 1040 Gulf Breeze Parkway, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561, United States
| | - Charles A Roth
- The Andrews Institute for Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine, 1040 Gulf Breeze Parkway, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561, United States
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Neri T, Philippot R, Carnesecchi O, Boyer B, Farizon F. Medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction: clinical and radiographic results in a series of 90 cases. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2015; 101:65-9. [PMID: 25530480 DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2014.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Among the numerous techniques available, medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction is increasingly used for the surgical treatment of objective patellar instability. The main objective of the present study was to assess efficacy in preventing recurrence of patellar dislocation and in correcting radiographic patellar tilt. The study hypothesis was that MPFL reconstruction, isolated or with associated bone surgery, by restoring "favorable" graft anisometry, provides a good trade-off between patellar stability and absence of postoperative stiffness. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty-seven patients (90 reconstructions) presenting with objective patellar instability were prospectively included. The standardized procedure comprised MPFL reconstruction using the gracilis tendon. Femoral fixation used an interference screw in a blind tunnel between the adductor magnus tubercle and the medial epicondyle; patellar fixation used 2 anchors. Complementary distal bone graft was associated in 21 patients due to a preoperative tibial tubercle-trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance exceeding 20mm or to patella alta. Functional IKDC and Kujala scores and radiographic measurement of patellar tilt and femoral tunnel position were assessed preoperatively and at end of follow-up. RESULTS Mean follow-up was 24.3months (range, 6-49months). Three patients showed recurrence of patellar dislocation. Mean Kujala score rose from 53.88 preoperatively to 86.24 postoperatively, and mean real IKDC score from 45.15 to 73.92 (P<0.001). Patellar tilt decreased significantly between pre- and postoperative X-ray (P<0.001). DISCUSSION MPFL gracilis reconstruction provides good clinical results and good radiologic correction of patellar tilt, making it a technique of choice in the treatment of objective patellar instability. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV. Retrospective case series study.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Neri
- Service d'orthopédie et traumatologie, hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne, avenue Albert-Raimond, 42270 Saint-Priest en Jarez, France.
| | - R Philippot
- Service d'orthopédie et traumatologie, hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne, avenue Albert-Raimond, 42270 Saint-Priest en Jarez, France; Laboratoire de physiologie de l'exercice, EA 4338, CHU de Saint-Etienne, 25, boulevard Pasteur, 42023 Saint-Étienne, France
| | - O Carnesecchi
- Service d'orthopédie et traumatologie, hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne, avenue Albert-Raimond, 42270 Saint-Priest en Jarez, France
| | - B Boyer
- Service d'orthopédie et traumatologie, hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne, avenue Albert-Raimond, 42270 Saint-Priest en Jarez, France
| | - F Farizon
- Service d'orthopédie et traumatologie, hôpital Nord, CHU de Saint-Étienne, avenue Albert-Raimond, 42270 Saint-Priest en Jarez, France
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Kita K, Tanaka Y, Toritsuka Y, Yonetani Y, Kanamoto T, Amano H, Nakamura N, Horibe S. Patellofemoral chondral status after medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction using second-look arthroscopy in patients with recurrent patellar dislocation. J Orthop Sci 2014; 19:925-32. [PMID: 25104603 DOI: 10.1007/s00776-014-0612-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most patients with recurrent patellar dislocation show cartilage damage in the patellofemoral joint. Medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction has become one of the most important surgical techniques for treating recurrent patellar dislocation. However, patellofemoral chondral status after this reconstruction has not been elucidated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction on articular cartilage in the patellofemoral joint by comparing the arthroscopic chondral status at the time of reconstruction with that at second-look arthroscopy. METHODS Participants in the present study comprised 31 patients (22 females, 9 males; 32 knees) who underwent second-look arthroscopy at a median of 12 months (range 6-40 months) after dual tunnel medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction using a double-looped autologous semitendinosus tendon graft. Median age at the time of initial surgery was 20 years (range 13-43 years). The patellofemoral joint was divided into six portions, comprising the medial facet of the patella, central ridge, lateral facet of the patella, anterior medial femoral condyle, femoral groove, and anterior lateral femoral condyle. Chondral status in each portion according to the International Cartilage Repair Society classification was retrospectively evaluated at the time of initial surgery and second-look arthroscopy. RESULTS Before medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction, chondral lesions were observed in the patellofemoral joint in 31 knees (97%). At the central ridge of the patella, chondral damage was observed in 22 knees (69%) at initial surgery and damaged cartilages showed recovery in 6 knees. No significant difference in the alteration of chondral status was seen for the medial facet, lateral facet of the patella, anterior medial femoral condyle, femoral groove, and anterior lateral femoral condyle. CONCLUSIONS According to short-term results, the patellofemoral chondral status after medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction was not altered at second-look arthroscopy in most part of patellofemoral joint. At the central ridge of the patella, significant improvement of the International Cartilage Repair Society grading was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kita
- Department of Sports Orthopaedics, Osaka Rosai Hospital, 1179-3 Nagasone-cho, Kita-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 591-8025, Japan,
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An isolated medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction with patellar tendon autograft. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:637678. [PMID: 24224173 PMCID: PMC3810442 DOI: 10.1155/2013/637678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the results of the medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction with a medial strip of patellar tendon autograft after a minimum 2-year followup. Ten patients (10 knees) were operated on by one surgeon, according to the modified technique, described by Camanho, without any bone plug at free graft end. The mean age of the patients was 27.2 years (ranging from 18 to 42 years). The mean follow-up period was 3 years and 7 months. All patients were reviewed prospectively. At the last follow-up visit, all the patients demonstrated a significant improvement in terms of patellofemoral joint stability, all aspects of the KOOS questionnaire, and Kujala et al.'s score (59.7 points preoperatively and 84.4 points at the last followup). No patient revealed recurrent dislocation. The SF-36 score revealed a significant improvement in bodily pain, general health, physical role functioning, social role functioning, and physical functioning domains. The described MPFL reconstruction with the use of the medial 1/3rd of patella tendon is an effective procedure that gives satisfactorily patellofemoral joint functions, improves the quality of life, and provides much pain relief. It is relatively simple, surgically not extensive, and economically cost-effective procedure.
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Gracilis tendon transfer associated with distal alignment for patella alta with recurrent dislocations: an original surgical technique. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2011; 97:S5-11. [PMID: 21530441 DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Many surgical techniques for the medial patellofemoral ligament have recently been suggested, all of which included problems identifying the femoral anchorage point and determining the proper extent of knee flexion for the transplant. P. Burdin proposed a different and original approach consisting in performing a gracilis muscle transfer to the medial edge of the patella, thus obtaining progressive tension of the transfer during knee flexion by means of the myotatic reflex. We report the results herein. We retrospectively assessed 17 knees treated for patellofemoral instability using this technique. Two cases presented subjective patellofemoral instability and 15 presented objective patellofemoral instability. The patients' mean age was 17.4 years (range, 8-47 years) during the first episode of dislocation. Two cases of instability were secondary to advanced neuromuscular disease. Two knees had already undergone two stabilization attempts. Fifteen knees presented trochlear dysplasia (four stage A, eight stage B, and three stage C). The mean age at surgery was 28.2 years (range, 16-47 years). In 15 cases, the gracilis transfer was associated with lowering the anterior tibial tuberosity (mean, 10mm). No patellar fracture occurred. A persistent sensory deficit of the anterior branch of the internal saphenous nerve was observed in 15 cases. One knee remained painful and retained subjective instability; total knee arthroplasty was performed 3 years after the intervention. The mean follow-up at revision was 5.5 years (range, 1.5-16.5 years). No recurrence of dislocation was reported. Eight cases retained subjective instability. The SF-36 and IKDC scores were good or excellent in 12 cases and the KOOS was good or excellent in 13 cases. Radiologically, patellar tilt persisted in six cases out of 14, translation persisted in two cases out of 14, and secondary patella baja was observed in one. Medial patellofemoral osteoarthritis was observed in five cases: one case IWANO stage I and four cases IWANO stage II. These satisfactory results seem stable over time and were acquired using a simple procedure with reduced morbidity, making it possible to avoid significant displacement of the anterior tibial tuberosity and stabilize the extensor apparatus. It can also be hoped that the onset of secondary patellofemoral osteoarthritis, undoubtedly inevitable, has been delayed.
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Servien E, Fritsch B, Lustig S, Demey G, Debarge R, Lapra C, Neyret P. In vivo positioning analysis of medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 2011; 39:134-9. [PMID: 20929935 DOI: 10.1177/0363546510381362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several techniques have been described for reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL). The anatomical insertion of the MPFL has been defined; however, there are no reports describing the accuracy of femoral graft positioning assessed postoperatively. PURPOSE To analyze our femoral tunnel positioning for MPFL reconstruction in correlation with our clinical results. STUDY DESIGN Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS The authors reported a prospective series of 29 MPFL reconstructions with a minimum follow-up of 24 months. The tunnel positioning analysis was performed using plain radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging at 1-year follow-up. RESULTS Twenty-nine femoral tunnels were analyzed; 20 femoral tunnels (69%) were considered to be in good position on plain radiographs. On magnetic resonance imaging, the authors found 19 femoral tunnels (65%) in a proper location, 5 (17.5%) in a high position, and 5 in an anterior and/or high position. CONCLUSION The study highlights the difficulty of reproducible MPFL reconstruction. The surgical procedure continues to be improved and finding a reliable technique to anatomically place the graft remains challenging. Verifying femoral tunnel placement radiographically may be recommended during surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvire Servien
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Centre Albert Trillat, Groupement hospitalier nord-Lyon Université, Lyon, France.
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Melegari TM, Parks BG, Matthews LS. Patellofemoral contact area and pressure after medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med 2008; 36:747-52. [PMID: 18296543 DOI: 10.1177/0363546508314410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is not known whether nonisometric femoral graft attachment diminishes the effectiveness of medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction. PURPOSE To determine whether a nonisometric femoral attachment point is associated with differences in contact area and pressure in the patellofemoral joint as compared with an isometric attachment point. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Eleven cadaveric knees were amputated and secured in a loading fixture. The quadriceps tendon was clamped 5 cm above the proximal pole of the patella and fixed to a plate. Colinear compressive forces were applied. Forces were set to achieve isometric quadriceps moments at 30 degrees, 45 degrees, 60 degrees, and 90 degrees of knee flexion. Contact areas and pressures were measured using a sensor system. Initially, isometric reconstruction was done using the known isometric femoral attachment point of the posterior medial epicondyle. The attachment was then revised in each specimen to the known nonisometric femoral attachment of the adductor tubercle. RESULTS Before medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction, average facet patellofemoral contact area and pressure generally increased with angle of knee flexion. With few exceptions, initial versus postprocedure data and isometric versus nonisometric contact area and pressure data did not differ significantly at any angle tested. Percentage contact area and contact pressure in the medial facet did not differ significantly from the initial percentage for either attachment, and no difference was found in the percentage medial contact area or pressure for isometric versus nonisometric attachment at the angles tested. CONCLUSION Use of the nonisometric attachment point of the adductor tubercle in medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction did not appear to alter knee contact area or contact pressures as compared with isometric femoral attachment at the posterior medial epicondyle. CLINICAL RELEVANCE In medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction, patellofemoral contact area and pressure may not be adversely affected by use of the nonisometric femoral attachment point used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd M Melegari
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Barber FA, McGarry JE. Elmslie-Trillat procedure for the treatment of recurrent patellar instability. Arthroscopy 2008; 24:77-81. [PMID: 18182206 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2007.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Revised: 06/24/2007] [Accepted: 07/29/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mid-term results of the Elmslie-Trillat procedure for the treatment of patella instability. Patella instability can be addressed by proximal, distal, and combined approaches. The Elmslie-Trillat procedure is a combined bony distal realignment with medial soft tissue technique offering a more rapid recovery than more extensive distal realignments. METHODS A consecutive series of patients with recurrent patellar instability treated with a modified Elmslie-Trillat procedure were assessed subjectively by visual analog scale, Tegner scale, and both pre-and postoperatively by physical examination, International Knee Documentation Committee activity, Lysholm, and Fulkerson knee scores. Inclusion criteria were patients with recurrent lateral dislocations or increasingly frequent subluxations who failed nonoperative therapy. Exclusion criteria were open growth plates, patellofemoral arthritis, and concurrent cruciate ligament or meniscal injuries. The primary endpoint was evidence of recurrent instability. The secondary endpoint was the functional scoring status. RESULTS Thirty-five knees were evaluated for an average of 98 months (range, 25 to 209) postsurgery. The average age was 27.7 years. Twelve had failed a previous surgery to correct the patellar instability. The mean Lysholm and Fulkerson scores improved from 44.5 and 42.4 to 83.4 and 84.3, respectively. Follow-up Tegner score was 3.8, and the average visual analog scale score was 7.9 out of 10. Two patients had recurrent dislocations and 1 had a single subluxation 6 weeks after surgery. CONCLUSIONS The Elmslie-Trillat procedure successfully eliminated recurrent patellar instability in 91.4%. Functionally, all patients were improved at an average of 98 months after surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, therapeutic case series.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Alan Barber
- Plano Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Center, Plano, Texas 75093, USA
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Mulford JS, Wakeley CJ, Eldridge JDJ. Assessment and management of chronic patellofemoral instability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 89:709-16. [PMID: 17613491 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.89b6.19064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Chronic patellofemoral instability can be a disabling condition. Management of patients with this condition has improved owing to our increased knowledge of the functional anatomy of the patellofemoral joint. Accurate assessment of the underlying pathology in the unstable joint enables the formulation of appropriate treatment. The surgical technique employed in patients for whom non-operative management has failed should address the diagnosed abnormality. We have reviewed the literature on the stabilising features of the patellofemoral joint, the recommended investigations and the appropriate forms of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Mulford
- Avon Orthopaedic Centre, Southmead Hospital, Southmead Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
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Abstract
Awareness of the medial patellofemoral ligament has increased markedly over the past decade. Previously, this structure, which was delineated in anatomical studies, had been little recognized and underestimated with regard to its importance in stabilizing the patella. The goal of this review of the medial patellofemoral ligament is to develop a current understanding of how this ligament functions in patellofemoral stability and to review the current treatment options for medial patellofemoral ligament disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Bicos
- JRSI Sports Medicine, St. Vincent Medical Center, 8402 Harcourt Road, Suite 128, Indianapolis, IN 46260, USA.
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Noyes FR, Albright JC. Reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament with autologous quadriceps tendon. Arthroscopy 2006; 22:904.e1-7. [PMID: 16904594 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2005.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2005] [Revised: 12/12/2005] [Accepted: 12/12/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In knees with insufficient or previously disrupted medial retinacular and patellofemoral ligaments caused by subluxation or dislocation, anatomic reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament may be performed. This procedure involves harvesting of an 8 x 70-mm medial quadriceps tendon graft, which leaves the quadriceps tendon retinacular attachment intact and avoids patellar and femoral drill holes. This graft is passed beneath the retinaculum adjacent to the femoral epicondyle and is sutured to the medial intermuscular septum-a procedure that reproduces the medial patellofemoral ligament and is supported by imbrication of the remaining medial retinaculum. The tension of the graft and of the medial retinaculum is set at closure with the knee in 30 degrees to 45 degrees of flexion; this allows the patella to be moved a distance equal to 25% of its width. Avoidance of drill holes allows the procedure to be used regardless of skeletal maturity and reduces fracture complications, inadequate graft placement, and failure of fixation. Postoperative rehabilitation includes immediate knee motion from 0 degrees to 90 degrees and partial weight bearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank R Noyes
- Cincinnati Sportsmedicine and Orthopaedic Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
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Steiner TM, Torga-Spak R, Teitge RA. Medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction in patients with lateral patellar instability and trochlear dysplasia. Am J Sports Med 2006; 34:1254-61. [PMID: 16567459 DOI: 10.1177/0363546505285584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament has been proven to restore stability in patients with lateral patellar instability. No study to date has examined the results in a patient population with the predisposing factor of femoral trochlear dysplasia. HYPOTHESIS Reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament restores stability and provides pain relief in patients who have lateral patellar instability in association with trochlear dysplasia. STUDY DESIGN Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS Thirty-four patients with chronic patellar instability and trochlear dysplasia were treated with medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction using an adductor tendon autograft, bone-quadriceps tendon autograft, or bone-patellar tendon allograft. All patients were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively with Kujala, Lysholm, and Tegner scores at a minimum of 24 months. RESULTS Thirty-four patients were followed for a mean of 66.5 months (range, 24-130 months) after surgery. Kujala scores improved from 53.3 to 90.7, Lysholm scores improved from 52.4 to 92.1, and Tegner activity scores improved from 3.1 to 5.1. All improvements were highly statistically significant (P < .001). No statistical difference was found between the postoperative Lysholm, Kujala, and Tegner scores and the degree of dysplasia, graft type, or degree of symptoms. There were 85.3% and 91.1% good and excellent results based on Kujala and Lysholm scores, respectively. No recurrent dislocations have occurred. CONCLUSION Medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction provides excellent long-term pain relief and functional return in patients with patellar instability and femoral trochlear dysplasia. In addition, reconstruction prevents recurrent dislocation, despite the diminished bony constraint of a dysplastic trochlea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Steiner
- Wayne State University, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, UHC-7C, 4201 St Antoine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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