Systemic lead poisoning due to an intra-articular bullet

Clinical and Forensic Signs Resulting from Exposure to Heavy Metals and Other Chemical Elements of the Periodic Table

Several heavy metals and other chemical elements are natural components of the Earth's crust and their properties and toxicity have been recognized for thousands of years. Moreover, their use in industries presents a major source of environmental and occupational pollution. Therefore, this ubiquity in daily life may result in several potential exposures coming from natural sources (e.g., through food and water contamination), industrial processes, and commercial products, among others. The toxicity of most chemical elements of the periodic table accrues from their highly reactive nature, resulting in the formation of complexes with intracellular compounds that impair cellular pathways, leading to dysfunction, necrosis, and apoptosis. Nervous, gastrointestinal, hematopoietic, renal, and dermatological systems are the main targets. This manuscript aims to collect the clinical and forensic signs related to poisoning from heavy metals, such as thallium, lead, copper, mercury, iron, cadmium, and bismuth, as well as other chemical elements such as arsenic, selenium, and fluorine. Furthermore, their main sources of occupational and environmental exposure are highlighted in this review. The importance of rapid recognition is related to the fact that, through a high degree of suspicion, the clinician could rapidly initiate treatment even before the toxicological results are available, which can make a huge difference in these patients' outcomes.

Gunshot Wound Resulting in Femoral Neck Fracture Treated With Staged Total Hip Arthroplasty

A 39-year-old male presented with multiple gunshot wounds and resultant left comminuted femoral head and neck fractures with retained intraarticular bullet fragments. Successful staged reconstruction was performed with initial placement of an antibiotic spacer and subsequent conversion to total hip arthroplasty. Staged reconstruction with an antibiotic spacer and conversion to total hip arthroplasty is a viable treatment approach for a gunshot wound resulting in intraarticular bullet fragments and comminuted femoral head and neck fractures not amenable to open reduction and internal fixation to reduce the risk of periprosthetic joint infection.

Gunshot Wounds to The Hip

Gunshot wounds to the hip region are likely to cause complex peritrochanteric fracture. The fracture patterns are often highly comminuted and accompanied by injuries to local structures and abdominal viscera. Our case series analyses 25 orthopaedic procedures performed. The overall union rate for primary fixation was 66%. Two patients underwent revision surgery for failed primary fixation. Two cases where fixation had failed were revised to total hip replacement successfully. These types of injuries present a formidable challenge. Preservation of the femoral head should be prioritised to avoid arthroplasty. Long-term follow-up is necessary in assessing the success of these procedures.

Pseudotumor Caused by a Retained Intra-articular Bullet: A Case Report

CASE

A 54-year-old man presented with systemic lead poisoning due to a gunshot wound to the hip suffered 35 years prior to presentation. He urgently underwent removal of the bullet with total hip arthroplasty and was found to have a pseudotumor. This case highlights the team-based approach to manage systemic lead poisoning caused by an intra-articular bullet.

CONCLUSION

We report on the first documented case of systemic lead toxicity and a pseudotumor caused by an intra-articular bullet. An expeditious, team-based approach is necessary for appropriate treatment. Our treatment algorithm can guide future teams on the management of this reversible disorder.

Arthroscopic Treatment of a Low-Velocity Gunshot Injury to a Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Case Report

CASE

An immunosuppressed 51-year-old man sustained a ballistic injury about the site of a primary total hip arthroplasty, which had been performed for osteonecrosis of the femoral head 2 years earlier. He was treated with arthroscopic debridement and irrigation, inspection of the implants, and removal of foreign bodies.

CONCLUSION

Ballistic injury to a hip arthroplasty site with retained foreign bodies is an unusual injury. Hip arthroscopy may represent a minimally invasive treatment option for implant inspection, joint debridement, and removal of intra-articular fragments while minimizing the risk of soft-tissue complications.

Management of gunshot pelvic fractures with bowel injury: is fracture debridement necessary?

BACKGROUND

Low-velocity pelvic gunshot injuries occur commonly in urban trauma centers, occasionally involving concomitant intestinal viscus injury leading to potential fracture site contamination. Surgical debridement of the fractures may be necessary to prevent osteomyelitis, although not routinely performed in many centers. The purpose of this study was to determine whether fracture debridement should be done to prevent osteomyelitis in these injuries.

METHODS

A 5-year retrospective review of all patients older than 12 years with low-velocity gunshot pelvic fractures was performed at an urban Level I trauma center. Medical records and radiographs/computed tomographic scans were reviewed, and data regarding fracture location, concomitant intestinal viscus injury, orthopedic surgical intervention, antibiotic treatment, and bone and/or joint infection were recorded.

RESULTS

Of a total of 103 patients identified, 19 had expired within 48 hours and were excluded, resulting in a total of 84 study subjects for review. Fifty of 84 patients (59%) had a perforated viscus with 31 large bowel injuries and 30 small bowel injuries. Eighteen patients (21%) had intra-articular fractures, 15 of which involved the hip joint. Orthopedic surgical fracture debridement was done only in intra-articular fractures with retained bullet fragments (seven cases). Deep infection occurred in one patient with a missile injury to the hip joint with concomitant intestinal spillage. Immediate joint debridement was performed in this case, but successful missile fragment removal was not achieved until the second debridement after 48 hours. No infections occurred in any extra-articular fractures, regardless of the presence of intestinal spillage.

CONCLUSIONS

Extra-articular gunshot pelvic fractures do not require formal orthopedic fracture debridement even in cases with concomitant intestinal viscus injury. However, debridement with bullet removal should be done in cases with intra-articular involvement, particularly if there are retained bullet fragments in the joint, to prevent deep infection.

Unique complications of foot and ankle injuries secondary to warfare

This article discusses the common complications associated with lower extremity trauma and amputations secondary to combat injuries. The complications include retained fragments, soft tissue adhesions, poor wound healing, painful bursae, neuroma formation, heterotopic ossification, and depleted uranium. Although there is some literature on these topics, most is based on noncombat injuries, indicating a need for further research into the management of these devastating injuries.

Heavy metal poisoning: management of intoxication and antidotes

Of the known elements, nearly 80% are either metals or metalloids. The highly reactive nature of most metals result in their forming complexes with other compounds such oxygen, sulfide and chloride. Although this reactivity is the primary means by which they are toxic, many metals, in trace amounts, are vital to normal physiological processes; examples include iron in oxygen transport, manganese and selenium in antioxidant defense and zinc in metabolism. With these essential metals toxicity occurs when concentrations are either too low or too high. For some metals there are no physiological concentrations that are beneficial; as such these metals only have the potential to cause toxicity. This chapter focuses on four of these: arsenic, mercury, lead and thallium.

Lead arthropathy: radiographic, CT and MRI findings

OBJECTIVE

Lead arthropathy is a well-known complication of gunshot injuries with retained intra-articular bullets. Although several previous reports have discussed the radiological findings of this entity, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings have never been described before in this setting.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this paper the authors review the imaging findings of 11 patients with lead arthropathy (1 of whom had clinical signs of lead poisoning as well), all of them studied by means of radiographs. In addition, non-enhanced CT scans were obtained in 3 patients and gadolinium-enhanced MRI in 1.

RESULTS

Classic findings of intra-articular speckled lead deposits (occasionally with a "lead arthrogram" appearance), joint space narrowing and preserved bone density were found at radiographs in the great majority of cases. Furthermore, extension of intra-articular lead to adjacent tendon sheaths was observed in almost half of the patients, an observation rarely reported in the literature. CT scans and MRI, in their turn, were superior with regard to soft tissue abnormalities, accurately depicting joint effusion and the thickened synovium with lead particles embedded in it.

CONCLUSION

Post-gadolinium MRI had the advantage of showing the enhancement pattern of the inflamed synovium and associated bone marrow edema pattern. Although it is not possible to establish the role of axial imaging in lead arthropathy from the small number of cases studied, this initial experience shows that both methods hold promise in this setting and may be useful, at least in selected cases.