Duane retraction syndrome type I, Marcus Gunn jaw-winking and crocodile tears in the same eye

Marcus-Gunn jaw winking syndrome: case series study and management algorithm

PURPOSE

To identify a rationale for treatment of patients with Marcus Gunn jaw winking syndrome (MGJWS).

METHODS

Retrospective review of 38 consecutive patients with MGJWS referred to a single tertiary institution. Clinical data included visual acuity, ocular motility, side of jaw-wink, presence or absence of ptosis, levator function, clinical photographs, and management undertaken. Thirty-two patients were operated on with customized surgery by a senior surgeon (FQL).

RESULTS

Cases with no ptosis or mild ptosis were managed conservatively. Levator advancement (LA) was successful in case of moderate ptosis and negligible synkynesis but resulted in a more evident synkinesis. Levator resection (LR) in patients with severe ptosis was associated with high rate of ptosis recurrence. Ptosis was adequately corrected in all patients submitted to uni- or bilateral levator excision (LE) and bilateral frontalis suspension (FS) or unilateral frontalis flap (FF). Jaw winking resolved in all patients submitted to LE but recurred in three cases at a later stage. Strabismus surgery was performed simultaneously in case of associated esotropia or hypotropia.

CONCLUSIONS

Moderate ptosis can be corrected with LA, but success is not related to levator function and synkinesis becomes more evident postoperatively. In severe ptosis, LR showed unpredictable results. In case of severe ptosis and severe synkinesis, uni- or bilateral LE and bilateral FS are recommended; unilateral FF is an alternative in patients who refuse bilateral treatment, as the cosmetic outcome is usually better than after unilateral FS.

Anomalous Vertical Deviations in Attempted Abduction Occur in the Majority of Patients With Esotropic Duane Syndrome

PURPOSE

To describe a phenomenon, depression in attempted abduction, not previously recognized as a feature of Duane syndrome (DS).

DESIGN

Retrospective, observational case series.

METHODS

Setting: Institutional practice.

PATIENT POPULATION

Patients diagnosed with esotropic DS at Boston Children's Hospital from 2002 to 2015. Patients with clinical photographs documenting horizontal gaze were included. Patients with prior strabismus surgery were excluded.

OBSERVATION PROCEDURES

Patients were classified into 3 groups according to their vertical eye position in attempted abduction: midline group, depression group, and elevation group. Group assignment was performed by 3 independent ophthalmologists. Baseline characteristics, eye movement, and ocular deviation were compared among the 3 groups.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Horizontal and vertical deviation on attempted abduction in the DS eye.

RESULTS

Depression in attempted abduction was present in 74 of 113 unilateral patients (66%) and 18 of 42 gradable eyes (43%) of bilateral patients. Abduction limitation was significantly less severe in the midline group (median: -3.0) than in the depression group (median: -4.0) (P = .01). Vertical deviation in attempted abduction was more severe in the elevation group than in the depression group (P = .003).

CONCLUSIONS

Depression of the eye in attempted abduction has not been widely described, yet it is present in the majority of DS patients. It is more likely to occur with more severe abduction limitation. This phenomenon is likely another form of dysinnervation in DS, the result either of anomalous vertical rectus muscle activation or asymmetric lateral rectus muscle innervation during attempted abduction. Awareness of vertical deviation in attempted abduction may facilitate surgical planning in affected patients.