Response of public health workers to various emergencies

Role Performance of Community Health Volunteers and Its Associated Factors in Kuching District, Sarawak

The objective of this study was to assess the role performance among KOSPEN community health volunteer in Kuching district and its associated factors. This was a cross-sectional study, conducted in 21 localities in Kuching with a total of 210 respondents. Data were collected using validated interviewer-administered questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. The respondents comprised 55.2% females, 81.9% married, and 41.4% aged above 45 and above and 72.4% completed their education up to secondary school. The result revealed that 59.0% of the respondents agreed and understood their role performances. Multiple Logistics analysis revealed that factors associated with role performance were age group (p = 0.003), education level (p < 0.001), marital status (p = 0.025), prestige and respect (p = 0.012), being seen as "doctor" in community (p = 0.003), job aids (p = 0.009), training location (p = 0.001), and supervision by community (p < 0.001). To increase and maintain the work performance of CHVs, commitment from the government, policy makers, stakeholders, and the communities is required.

The evidence base of primary research in public health emergency preparedness: a scoping review and stakeholder consultation

BACKGROUND

Effective public health emergency preparedness and response systems are important in mitigating the impact of all-hazards emergencies on population health. The evidence base for public health emergency preparedness (PHEP) is weak, however, and previous reviews have noted a substantial proportion of anecdotal event reports. To investigate the body of research excluding the anecdotal reports and better understand primary and analytical research for PHEP, a scoping review was conducted with two objectives: first, to develop a thematic map focused on primary research; and second, to use this map to inform and guide an understanding of knowledge gaps relevant to research and practice in PHEP.

METHODS

A scoping review was conducted based on established methodology. Multiple databases of indexed and grey literature were searched based on concepts of public health, emergency, emergency management/preparedness and evaluation/evidence. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied iteratively. Primary research studies that were evidence-based or evaluative in nature were included in the final group of selected studies. Thematic analysis was conducted for this group. Stakeholder consultation was undertaken for the purpose of validating themes and identifying knowledge gaps. To accomplish this, a purposive sample of researchers and practicing professionals in PHEP or closely related fields was asked to complete an online survey and participate in an in-person meeting. Final themes and knowledge gaps were synthesized after stakeholder consultation.

RESULTS

Database searching yielded 3015 citations and article selection resulted in a final group of 58 articles. A list of ten themes from this group of articles was disseminated to stakeholders with the survey questions. Survey findings resulted in four cross-cutting themes and twelve stand-alone themes. Several key knowledge gaps were identified in the following themes: attitudes and beliefs; collaboration and system integration; communication; quality improvement and performance standards; and resilience. Resilience emerged as both a gap and a cross-cutting theme. Additional cross-cutting themes included equity, gender considerations, and high risk or at-risk populations.

CONCLUSIONS

In this scoping review of the literature enhanced by stakeholder consultation, key themes and knowledge gaps in the PHEP evidence base were identified which can be used to inform future practice-oriented research in PHEP.

Factors influencing Australian agricultural workers' self-efficacy using chemicals in the workplace

A hypothetical model was formulated to explore which factors can simultaneously influence the self-reported ability of agricultural employees to embrace chemical safety practices. Eight variables were considered in the study, including the employees' gender, age, duration of current employment status, and whether they were employed full-time or part-time. The self-efficacy measures of 169 participants were then estimated by measuring their self-rated ability to understand and perform different chemical safety practices. Models identifying employee self-efficacy pathways leading to worker readiness to engage in chemical safety were then tested using Partial Least Squares Path Analysis. Study results suggest that employees' self-efficacy to successfully engage in safe chemical practices in their workplace can be directly predicted by four variables, with additional indirect effects offered by one other variable, which cumulatively account for 41% of the variance of employees' chemical safety self-efficacy scores. The most significant predictor variables that directly influenced employees' self-efficacy in adopting chemical safety practices in the workplace were worker age, gender, years of employment, and concurrent confidence (self-efficacy) arising from prior experience using chemicals in the workplace. The variables of employees' prior knowledge and understanding about the use of administrative controls and personal protective equipment to protect workers from chemical exposure had no direct influence on self-efficacy to handle chemical emergencies. Employees' unfamiliarity with risk control strategies and reliance on material safety data sheets for information suggest that ongoing and targeted training are necessary if chemical safety issues are to be addressed.

Call to action: Integrating student pharmacists, faculty, and pharmacy practitioners into emergency preparedness and response

OBJECTIVES

To describe the pharmacist experience in emergency preparedness and response and to provide information and resources to help practitioners engage in this public health effort in their local communities.

SETTING

Spokane, WA, health care community, 1998 through 2009.

PRACTICE DESCRIPTION

The College of Pharmacy at Washington State University, Spokane, has developed partnerships with local public health and community providers to address emergency preparedness and response needs. Working through the Metropolitan Medical Response System has created opportunities to participate in emergency preparedness planning and exercises. Collaboration with local agencies has provided opportunities for faculty and student pharmacists to respond to meet emergency needs in the community.

PRACTICE INNOVATION

Emergency preparedness and response education, training, and service implemented in partnership with public health and community providers prepared student pharmacists and experienced pharmacy practitioners to respond to emergency needs in our community.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Not applicable.

RESULTS

Not applicable.

CONCLUSION

Colleges and schools of pharmacy can take a lead in preparing student pharmacists for this role by incorporating emergency preparedness training into curricula. Community pharmacists can develop their knowledge and skills in emergency preparedness through individualized continuing education plans and integration into community teams through volunteerism. Partnerships developed with local public health and emergency response agencies provide opportunities for pharmacists to become integral members of planning and response teams. Training exercises provide opportunities to test preparedness plans and provide professional education and experience. Actual emergency response activities demonstrate the value of the pharmacist as an important member of the emergency response team.