1
|
Yan Q, Han B, Ma ZC. Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Ophthalmic Surgery: From Laser Fundamentals to Clinical Applications. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1653. [PMID: 36296006 PMCID: PMC9611681 DOI: 10.3390/mi13101653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Femtosecond laser (FSL) technology has created an evolution in ophthalmic surgery in the last few decades. With the advantage of high precision, accuracy, and safety, FSLs have helped surgeons overcome surgical limits in refractive surgery, corneal surgery, and cataract surgery. They also open new avenues in ophthalmic areas that are not yet explored. This review focuses on the fundamentals of FSLs, the advantages in interaction between FSLs and tissues, and typical clinical applications of FSLs in ophthalmology. With the rapid progress that has been made in the state of the art research on FSL technologies, their applications in ophthalmic surgery may soon undergo a booming development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quan Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai 200080, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Bing Han
- Institute of Medical Robotics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhuo-Chen Ma
- Institute of Medical Robotics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sánchez-González JM, Alonso-Aliste F, Amián-Cordero J, Sánchez-González MC, De-Hita-Cantalejo C. Refractive and Visual Outcomes of SUPRACOR TENEO 317 LASIK for Presbyopia in Hyperopic Eyes: 24-Month Follow-up. J Refract Surg 2019; 35:591-598. [DOI: 10.3928/1081597x-20190815-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
3
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Presbyopia is the most prevalent refractive error. With a progressive aging population, its surgical correction is an important challenge for the ophthalmology community, as well as the millions of patients who suffer from it, and who are increasingly demanding alternatives to its correction with glasses or contact lenses. MATERIAL AND METHODS A review is presented with a synthesised discussion on the pathophysiological theories of presbyopia and an updated and analytical description of the non-lens involvement surgical techniques used to treat presbyopia. RESULTS Corneal procedures include various types of corneal implants and photo-ablative techniques that generate a multifocal cornea, or monovision. Scleral procedures exert a traction on supralenticular sclera that supposedly would improve the amplitude of accommodation. CONCLUSIONS None of the techniques are able to completely eliminate the need for near -vision glasses, but many of them manage to improve the refractive status of the patients. More studies with rigorous and standardised methods and longer follow-up are needed to evaluate the changes in the near vision of the patients, in order to corroborate the real and practical usefulness of many of these techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Bilbao-Calabuig
- Unidad de Cirugía Refractiva y Cataratas, Clínica Baviera Madrid, Madrid, España.
| | - F Llovet-Osuna
- Unidad de Cirugía Refractiva y Cataratas, Clínica Baviera Madrid, Madrid, España
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Moussa K, Jehangir N, Mannis T, Wong WL, Moshirfar M. Corneal Refractive Procedures for the Treatment of Presbyopia. Open Ophthalmol J 2017; 11:59-75. [PMID: 28553423 PMCID: PMC5427700 DOI: 10.2174/1874364101711010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Refractive surgery has been in use for a long time and is evolving at a fast pace with several new corneal procedures being used for the correction of presbyopia. The purpose of this article is to give a comprehensive review of the literature to evaluate the outcome and success of different corneal refractive surgical procedures in presbyopic patients. Methods: We performed a comprehensive search on PubMed to identify published reports of the various procedures utilized in the past and present to correct presbyopia. The outcomes of these procedures were recorded. Results and conclusion: We found that varying rates of success have been reported with these procedures. The results of our exhaustive search are presented in this report for review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kareem Moussa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Naz Jehangir
- Research Associate, Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tova Mannis
- Clinical fellow, Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Wai L Wong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Majid Moshirfar
- Medical Director HDR Research Center, Hoopes Vision and Professor of Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mai ELC, Lian IB, Chang DCK. Assessment of contrast sensitivity loss after intrastromal femtosecond laser and LASIK procedure. Int J Ophthalmol 2016; 9:1798-1801. [PMID: 28003982 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2016.12.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess the loss of contrast sensitivity (CS) function for INTRACOR or intrastromal femtosecond laser presbyopia procedure to conventional LASIK procedures. METHODS Patients were recruited from a refractive surgery center for either INTRACOR or conventional LASIK. INTRACOR was performed on 8 eyes and LASIK was performed for 40 eyes in an overlapping period. Pre-operative evaluation and post-operative follow up for up to three months was done. Drops of CS in 4 spatial frequency (3 cpd, 6 cpd, 12 cpd and 18 cpd) right before and 3mo after the surgery were compared by Wilcoxon signed ranks test. RESULTS For INTRACOR, CS threshold showed significant drop at both glare and non-glare condition, the drop was seen in all 4 spatial frequency. The averaged loss over the 4 spatial frequencies 3mo after surgery was 1.18 for non-glare and 0.71 for glare. For LASIK the CS threshold drop was most significant in 12 cpd for glare. CONCLUSION INTRACOR procedure produces a gain of near vision for presbyopia patients but also introduces a high lost of contrast sensitivity plus worsen of vision quality. Pre-surgical patient selection and advise should be given with specific regards to night driving and glare conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elsa L C Mai
- Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan, China
| | - Ie-Bin Lian
- National Changhua University of Education, Changhua 500, Taiwan, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Thomas BC, Fitting A, Khoramnia R, Rabsilber TM, Auffarth GU, Holzer MP. Long-term outcomes of intrastromal femtosecond laser presbyopia correction: 3-year results. Br J Ophthalmol 2016; 100:1536-1541. [DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2015-307672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
7
|
Aristeidou A, Taniguchi EV, Tsatsos M, Muller R, McAlinden C, Pineda R, Paschalis EI. The evolution of corneal and refractive surgery with the femtosecond laser. EYE AND VISION 2015; 2:12. [PMID: 26605365 PMCID: PMC4655461 DOI: 10.1186/s40662-015-0022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The use of femtosecond lasers has created an evolution in modern corneal and refractive surgery. With accuracy, safety, and repeatability, eye surgeons can utilize the femtosecond laser in almost all anterior refractive procedures; laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE), penetrating keratoplasty (PKP), insertion of intracorneal ring segments, anterior and posterior lamellar keratoplasty (Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) and Descemet's stripping endothelial keratoplasty (DSEK)), insertion of corneal inlays and cataract surgery. As the technology matures, it will push surgical limits and open new avenues for ophthalmic intervention in areas not yet explored. As we witness the transition from femto-LASIK to femto-cataract surgery it becomes obvious that this innovation is here to stay. This article presents some of the most relevant advances of femtosecond lasers to modern corneal and refractive surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elise V Taniguchi
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ; Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary/Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston Keratoprosthesis Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02114 MA USA
| | | | - Rodrigo Muller
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Colm McAlinden
- Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia Australia ; Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Roberto Pineda
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Eleftherios I Paschalis
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ; Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary/Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston Keratoprosthesis Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02114 MA USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Venter JA, Pelouskova M, Bull CEL, Schallhorn SC, Hannan SJ. Visual outcomes and patient satisfaction with a rotational asymmetric refractive intraocular lens for emmetropic presbyopia. J Cataract Refract Surg 2015; 41:585-93. [PMID: 25728131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2014.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy, safety, predictability, and patient satisfaction after refractive lens exchange with a zonal refractive intraocular lens (IOL) with an inferior reading addition in emmetropic patients. SETTING Optical Express, London, United Kingdom. DESIGN Retrospective case series. METHODS Emmetropic presbyopic patients who had implantation of a Lentis Mplus LS-313 MF30 IOL were evaluated. Inclusion criteria were sphere between -0.50 diopter (D) and +1.00 D with no more than 0.75 D of refractive cylinder and an uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) of 6/6 or better in each eye. The main outcome measures were monocular and binocular UDVA, uncorrected near visual acuity (UNVA), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), and patient satisfaction. Three months data are presented. RESULTS Four hundred forty eyes of 220 patients were evaluated. The mean monocular UDVA changed from -0.04 logMAR ± 0.06 (SD) preoperatively to -0.04 ± 0.11 logMAR postoperatively (P = .39). The mean CDVA was -0.10 ± 0.05 logMAR preoperatively and -0.09 ± 0.06 logMAR postoperatively (P = .06). At 3 months, 99.7% of eyes were within ±1.00 D of emmetropia. The mean UNVA was 0.13 ± 0.14 logMAR monocularly and 0.10 ± 0.12 logMAR binocularly. On the patient satisfaction questionnaire, 91.9% of patients said the refractive procedure improved their lives and 93.5% were willing to recommend it to friends and family. Three patients requested IOL exchange because of severe night-vision phenomena or unsatisfactory quality of vision. CONCLUSION Refractive lens exchange with this zonal refractive IOL was safe in emmetropic presbyopic patients. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE Dr. Schallhorn is a consultant to Abbott Medical Optics. No other author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Collapse
|
9
|
Malandrini A, Martone G, Canovetti A, Menabuoni L, Balestrazzi A, Fantozzi C, Lenzetti C, Fantozzi M. Morphologic study of the cornea by in vivo confocal microscopy and optical coherence tomography after bifocal refractive corneal inlay implantation. J Cataract Refract Surg 2014; 40:545-57. [PMID: 24680518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2013.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the biocompatibility of the Flexivue Microlens intracorneal inlay based on healing of corneal wounds and analysis of corneal structural features using in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) and anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT). SETTING Ophthalmology Department, Misericordia e Dolce Hospital, Prato, Italy. DESIGN Case series. METHODS The intracorneal inlay was inserted in a stromal pocket created in the nondominant eye of emmetropic presbyopic patients using a femtosecond laser. In vivo confocal microscopy and AS-OCT examinations were performed preoperatively and 1, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. RESULTS The mean follow-up was 7.6 months. In the early postoperative period, IVCM showed intense cellular activity in the stroma around the inlay, edema, inflammation, and degenerative material deposition but normal regularity after 12 months. Anterior segment OCT showed a regular planar shape of the corneal pocket in all eyes. The mean of the side-cut angles was 30.7 degrees. The mean difference between the measured and planned pocket depth was 9.77 μm. At 1 month, hyperreflective areas beneath the inlay and microfolds were observed in 21 of the 52 eyes. After 12 months, the anterior segment profile was regular and interface pocket reflectivity decreased over time. Six patients had inlay removal postoperatively (3 before 6 months; 3 before 12 months); after removal, IVCM and AS-OCT showed clear corneas without signs of irregularity. CONCLUSION In vivo confocal microscopy and AS-OCT analysis showed that the inlay elicited a low-level wound-healing response in its immediate vicinity with no alteration in the corneal structures. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE Dr. M. Fantozzi is a member of the Presbia medical advisory board. No other author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Malandrini
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (Malandrini, Canovetti, Menabuoni, C. Fantozzi, M. Fantozzi, Lenzetti), Misericordia e Dolce Hospital, Prato, and the Department of Ophthalmology (Martone, Balestrazzi), University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Martone
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (Malandrini, Canovetti, Menabuoni, C. Fantozzi, M. Fantozzi, Lenzetti), Misericordia e Dolce Hospital, Prato, and the Department of Ophthalmology (Martone, Balestrazzi), University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Annalisa Canovetti
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (Malandrini, Canovetti, Menabuoni, C. Fantozzi, M. Fantozzi, Lenzetti), Misericordia e Dolce Hospital, Prato, and the Department of Ophthalmology (Martone, Balestrazzi), University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Luca Menabuoni
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (Malandrini, Canovetti, Menabuoni, C. Fantozzi, M. Fantozzi, Lenzetti), Misericordia e Dolce Hospital, Prato, and the Department of Ophthalmology (Martone, Balestrazzi), University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Angelo Balestrazzi
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (Malandrini, Canovetti, Menabuoni, C. Fantozzi, M. Fantozzi, Lenzetti), Misericordia e Dolce Hospital, Prato, and the Department of Ophthalmology (Martone, Balestrazzi), University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Chiara Fantozzi
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (Malandrini, Canovetti, Menabuoni, C. Fantozzi, M. Fantozzi, Lenzetti), Misericordia e Dolce Hospital, Prato, and the Department of Ophthalmology (Martone, Balestrazzi), University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Chiara Lenzetti
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (Malandrini, Canovetti, Menabuoni, C. Fantozzi, M. Fantozzi, Lenzetti), Misericordia e Dolce Hospital, Prato, and the Department of Ophthalmology (Martone, Balestrazzi), University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Marco Fantozzi
- From the Department of Ophthalmology (Malandrini, Canovetti, Menabuoni, C. Fantozzi, M. Fantozzi, Lenzetti), Misericordia e Dolce Hospital, Prato, and the Department of Ophthalmology (Martone, Balestrazzi), University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Khoramnia R, Fitting A, Rabsilber TM, Thomas BC, Auffarth GU, Holzer MP. Intrastromal femtosecond laser surgical compensation of presbyopia with six intrastromal ring cuts: 3-year results. Br J Ophthalmol 2014; 99:170-6. [DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-305642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
11
|
Charman WN. Developments in the correction of presbyopia II: surgical approaches. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2014; 34:397-426. [PMID: 24716827 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To discuss the various static and dynamic surgical approaches which attempt to give presbyopes good vision at far, intermediate and near viewing distances. CONTENT Static methods broadly adopt the same optical techniques as those used in presbyopic contact lens correction and aim to satisfy the needs of the presbyope by increasing binocular depth-of-focus, often using monovision as well as simultaneous-imagery. Dynamic methods generally attempt to make use of at least some of the still-active elements of the accommodation system. They include procedures which are supposed to modify the relative geometry of the ciliary muscle and lens, or which reduce the stiffness of the presbyopic lens either by replacing it with other natural or man-made material or by subjecting it to femtosecond laser treatment. Alternatively the natural lens may be replaced by some form of intraocular lens which changes power as a result of forces derived from the still-active ciliary muscle, zonule and capsule, or other sources. CONCLUSIONS At present, multifocal intraocular lenses appear to offer the most consistent and reliable surgical approach to surgical presbyopic correction. They have obvious advantages in convenience and stability over optically-similar, simultaneous-image presbyopic contact lenses but this must be balanced against their relative inflexibility in cases of patient dissatisfaction. Dynamic methods remain largely experimental. Although some approaches show promise, as yet no method has demonstrated a reliable, long-term ability to correct distance refractive error and to appropriately change ocular power in response to changes in viewing distance over the normal range of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Neil Charman
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vignetting and field of view with the KAMRA corneal inlay. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:154593. [PMID: 24324954 PMCID: PMC3845687 DOI: 10.1155/2013/154593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of the KAMRA corneal inlay on the retinal image brightness in the peripheral visual field. METHODS A KAMRA inlay was "implanted" into a theoretical eye model in a corneal depth of 200 microns. Corneal radius was varied to a steep, normal, and flat (7.37, 7.77, and 8.17 mm) version keeping the proportion of anterior to posterior radius constant. Pupil size was varied from 2.0 to 5.0 mm. Image brightness was determined for field angles from -70° to 70° with and without KAMRA and proportion of light attenuation was recorded. RESULTS In our parameter space, the attenuation in brightness ranges in between 0 and 60%. The attenuation in brightness is not affected by corneal shape. For large field angles where the incident ray bundle is passing through the peripheral cornea, brightness is not affected. For combinations of small pupil sizes (2.0 and 2.5 mm) and field angles of 20-40°, up to 60% of light may be blocked with the KAMRA. CONCLUSION For combinations of pupil sizes and field angles, the attenuation of image brightness reaches levels up to 60%. Our theoretical findings have to be clinically validated with detailed investigation of this vignetting effect.
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang L, Moss H, Ventura BV, Padilha H, Hester C, Koch DD. Advances in Refractive Surgery. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2013; 2:317-27. [PMID: 26107036 DOI: 10.1097/apo.0b013e3182a90647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to review advances in the field of refractive surgery as reported in the peer-reviewed literature over the previous year. DESIGN This was a literature review. METHODS We conducted a PubMed search for terms related to refractive surgery and reviewed prominent international ophthalmic journals published from May 2012 through April 2013. All pertinent articles were reviewed, and selected articles with the greatest relevance were included. RESULTS Many studies over the previous year have highlighted progress in the field of refractive surgery; topics included keratoconus screening, photorefractive keratectomy and laser in situ keratomileusis, corneal cross-linking, small-incision lenticule extraction, phakic intraocular lenses, corneal inlays, presbyopic corneal treatments, and femtosecond laser-assisted astigmatic keratotomy. CONCLUSIONS The field of refractive surgery continues to provide exciting developments. Improvements in established procedures and promising new surgical options make the current climate an appealing one for refractive surgeons and patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- From the *Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and †Altino Ventura Foundation, Recife; and ‡Hospital de Olhos do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Krueger RR. What's New and Important in Refractive Surgery? A Year in Review. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2013; 2:279-81. [PMID: 26107028 DOI: 10.1097/apo.0000000000000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald R Krueger
- From the Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195
| |
Collapse
|