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Lapid-Gortzak R. Consultation Section: Refractive. March consultation #2. J Cataract Refract Surg 2019; 45:382-383. [PMID: 30851811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Gomes JAP, Azar DT, Baudouin C, Efron N, Hirayama M, Horwath-Winter J, Kim T, Mehta JS, Messmer EM, Pepose JS, Sangwan VS, Weiner AL, Wilson SE, Wolffsohn JS. TFOS DEWS II iatrogenic report. Ocul Surf 2017; 15:511-538. [PMID: 28736341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dry eye can be caused by a variety of iatrogenic interventions. The increasing number of patients looking for eye care or cosmetic procedures involving the eyes, together with a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of dry eye disease (DED), have led to the need for a specific report about iatrogenic dry eye within the TFOS DEWS II. Topical medications can cause DED due to their allergic, toxic and immuno-inflammatory effects on the ocular surface. Preservatives, such as benzalkonium chloride, may further aggravate DED. A variety of systemic drugs can also induce DED secondary to multiple mechanisms. Moreover, the use of contact lens induces or is associated with DED. However, one of the most emblematic situations is DED caused by surgical procedures such as corneal refractive surgery as in laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) and keratoplasty due to mechanisms intrinsic to the procedure (i.e. corneal nerve cutting) or even by the use of postoperative topical drugs. Cataract surgery, lid surgeries, botulinum toxin application and cosmetic procedures are also considered risk factors to iatrogenic DED, which can cause patient dissatisfaction, visual disturbance and poor surgical outcomes. This report also presents future directions to address iatrogenic DED, including the need for more in-depth epidemiological studies about the risk factors, development of less toxic medications and preservatives, as well as new techniques for less invasive eye surgeries. Novel research into detection of early dry eye prior to surgeries, efforts to establish appropriate therapeutics and a greater attempt to regulate and oversee medications, preservatives and procedures should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Alvaro P Gomes
- Dept. of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Federal University of Sao Paulo/Paulista School of Medicine (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Dimitri T Azar
- University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Nathan Efron
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
| | - Masatoshi Hirayama
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Terry Kim
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Duke University Eye Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Elisabeth M Messmer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Jay S Pepose
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | - Steven E Wilson
- Cole Eye Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Manning S, Barry P, Henry Y, Rosen P, Stenevi U, Lundström M. Cataract surgery outcomes in corneal refractive surgery eyes. J Cataract Refract Surg 2015; 41:2358-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2015.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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