1
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Usta NC, Gunay BO. Is the ganglion cell layer thickness to macular thickness ratio a new biomarker for multiple sclerosis? Int Ophthalmol 2023; 43:3841-3852. [PMID: 37578548 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-023-02839-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ganglion cell layer thickness (GCLT)-to-total macular thickness (MT) is a new parameter that has not been studied in multiple sclerosis (MS) before. The current study aims to reveal the status of the GCLT-to-MT ratio in MS and its role in supporting the diagnosis of MS. METHODS In this retrospective and cross sectional study, the medical records of the MS patients between January 2016 and December 2021 were reviewed. Age-sex matched healthy control group was generated. Demographic and clinical data recorded. All participants were examined using a spectral-domain optic coherence tomography (OCT) device. Retinal layers, choroidal thickness (CT) was recorded. GCLT-to-MT ratio was calculated. RESULTS A total of 74 eyes of 37 MS (9 male,28 female) patients and 82 eyes of 41 control (13 male, 28 female) were included in the study. The mean age was 37 ± 9.0 (years) in MS group. The MS patients and the control group were compared in terms of OCT parameters, CT was thicker at all regions in MS patients (p < 0.001). Macular thickness, GCLT, and inner plexiform layer thickness (IPLT) were thinner than the control group (p < 0.05). For distinguishing MS patients from healthy subjects, AUROC values for central GCLT/MT, temporal GCLT/MT, superior GCLT/MT, nasal GCLT/MT, and inferior GCLT/MT were 0.717, 0.689, 0.694, 0.733, and 0.740, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion MT, GCLT, and IPLT thickness were thinner in MS patients, regardless of optic neuritis. The AUROC values of GCLT/MT were high and GCLT/MT ratio may be a helpful modality in demonstrating retinal neurodegeneration in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuray Can Usta
- Department of Neurology, Trabzon Kanuni Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Inonu Mah., Maras Cad., Ortahisar, Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - Betul Onal Gunay
- Department of Ophthalmology, Trabzon Kanuni Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ortahisar, Trabzon, Turkey
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Minakaran N, de Carvalho ER, Petzold A, Wong SH. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) in neuro-ophthalmology. Eye (Lond) 2021; 35:17-32. [PMID: 33239763 PMCID: PMC7852683 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-020-01288-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive medical imaging technology that is playing an increasing role in the routine assessment and management of patients with neuro-ophthalmic conditions. Its ability to characterise the optic nerve head, peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer and cellular layers of the macula including the ganglion cell layer enables qualitative and quantitative assessment of optic nerve disease. In this review, we discuss technical features of OCT and OCT-based imaging techniques in the neuro-ophthalmic context, potential pitfalls to be aware of, and specific applications in more common neuro-ophthalmic conditions including demyelinating, inflammatory, ischaemic and compressive optic neuropathies, optic disc drusen and raised intracranial pressure. We also review emerging applications of OCT angiography within neuro-ophthalmology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Minakaran
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - Emanuel R de Carvalho
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Axel Petzold
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Neuro-ophthalmology Expertise Centre, University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Sui H Wong
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Guys and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Eslami F, Ghiasian M, Khanlarzade E, Moradi E. Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness and Total Macular Volume in Multiple Sclerosis Subtypes and Their Relationship with Severity of Disease, a Cross-Sectional Study. Eye Brain 2020; 12:15-23. [PMID: 32021529 PMCID: PMC6974299 DOI: 10.2147/eb.s229814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Optic neuritis (ON) is an inflammatory demyelinating lesion in the optic nerve, which is strongly associated with multiple sclerosis (MS). Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive technique for the evaluation of the retinal layers. Our aim was to examine OCT metrics including retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT), and total macular volume (TMV), in MS subtypes and their relationship with duration, first manifestation, and severity of disease. Material and Methods In this cross-sectional study, patients with a definite diagnosis of MS underwent complete ophthalmic and neurologic examination. OCT parameters including TMV and RNFLT were compared between MS subtypes and different first manifestations of MS. Their relationships were also studied with the duration and severity of disease based on the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score. Results A total of 240 eyes were examined in 120 enrolled MS patients. The differences in RNFLT were not analytically meaningful between the subtypes of MS, but the differences in TMV values were statistically significant between the subtypes of MS (P: 0.39 and P: 0.04, respectively). The differences between RNFLT and TMV of eyes with and without ON were statistically significant between these two groups (P<0.001 and P<0.001). There was also an inverse correlation between EDSS disability score and RNFLT and TMV values (P: 0.00, r: −0.33 and P: 0.034, r: −0.11, respectively) and a significant inverse correlation between the duration of MS and RNFLT (P: 0.00, r: −0.47). The differences in RNFLT and TMV values were analytically meaningful between the categories of first manifestations of MS (P: 0.000 and P: 0.027, respectively). Conclusion RNFLT and TMV represent noninvasive parameters for assessment of neuroaxonal degeneration in the anterior visual pathway that correlate with the severity and duration of multiple sclerosis. The lowest RNFLT and TMV values were also seen in the perceptual category between the first manifestations of MS. Therefore, they may be useful in the evaluation of MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Eslami
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Masoud Ghiasian
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Elham Khanlarzade
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ehsan Moradi
- School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Soelberg K, Specovius S, Zimmermann HG, Grauslund J, Mehlsen JJ, Olesen C, Neve ASB, Paul F, Brandt AU, Asgari N. Optical coherence tomography in acute optic neuritis: A population-based study. Acta Neurol Scand 2018; 138:566-573. [PMID: 30109704 DOI: 10.1111/ane.13004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To measure early structural damage caused by autoimmune inflammatory optic neuritis (ON) by optical coherence tomography (OCT) in a population-based cohort. METHODS In a prospective population-based study over 24 months in Southern Denmark, patients diagnosed with acute ON and without prior diagnosis of a chronic neuroinflammatory disorder were included and examined with OCT, visual evoked potentials (VEP), visual fields, high contrast visual acuity (HCVA), and low contrast letter acuity (LCLA). Structural and functional outcomes were determined at 6-month follow-up based on interocular differences. RESULTS The 50 included patients had on average 16.9 μm peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer loss, 10.6 μm ganglion cell and inner plexiform layer (GCIP) loss, and an average HCVA decrease of 0.22 dec. Based on a linear regression model, average GCIP loss amounted to -0.2 μm per day and started 8 days after onset. OCT outcomes but not VEP correlated well with all visual function measurements at follow-up. Structural and functional damage in 20 patients (40%) diagnosed de novo with multiple sclerosis (MS) and in 2 patients (4%) with positive myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies (MOG-IgG) test did not differ from patients with idiopathic ON. CONCLUSIONS Optic neuritis causes substantial retinal damage and vision loss independent of the underlying disease. Our study supports that GCIP damage starts closely to clinical onset. Good structure-function correlations between OCT and vision support the importance of OCT in monitoring acute ON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Soelberg
- Institutes of Regional Health Research and Molecular Medicine; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
- OPEN, Odense Patient data Explorative Network; Odense University Hospital; Odense Denmark
- Department of Neurology; Slagelse Hospital; Slagelse Denmark
- Department of Neurology; Lillebaelt Hospital; Vejle Denmark
- Department of Ophthalmology; Odense University Hospital; Odense Denmark
| | - Svenja Specovius
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Berlin Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health; Berlin Germany
| | - Hanna G. Zimmermann
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Berlin Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health; Berlin Germany
| | - Jakob Grauslund
- Department of Ophthalmology; Odense University Hospital; Odense Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | | | - Clement Olesen
- Institutes of Regional Health Research and Molecular Medicine; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - Allan S. B. Neve
- Institutes of Regional Health Research and Molecular Medicine; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - Friedemann Paul
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Berlin Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health; Berlin Germany
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Alexander U. Brandt
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
- Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Berlin Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health; Berlin Germany
- Department of Neurology; University of California Irvine; Irvine CA USA
| | - Nasrin Asgari
- Institutes of Regional Health Research and Molecular Medicine; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
- OPEN, Odense Patient data Explorative Network; Odense University Hospital; Odense Denmark
- Department of Neurology; Slagelse Hospital; Slagelse Denmark
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Stangel M, Kuhlmann T, Matthews PM, Kilpatrick TJ. Achievements and obstacles of remyelinating therapies in multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol 2017; 13:742-754. [PMID: 29146953 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2017.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Remyelination in the CNS is the natural process of damage repair in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). However, remyelination becomes inadequate in many people with MS, which results in axonal degeneration and clinical disability. Enhancement of remyelination is a logical therapeutic goal; nevertheless, all currently licensed therapies for MS are immunomodulatory and do not support remyelination directly. Several molecular pathways have been identified as potential therapeutic targets to induce remyelination, and some of these have now been assessed in proof-of-concept clinical trials. However, trial design faces several obstacles: optimal clinical or paraclinical outcome measures to assess remyelination remain ill-defined, and identification of the ideal timing of therapy is also a crucial issue. In addition, realistic expectations are needed concerning the probable benefits of such therapies. Nevertheless, approaches that enhance remyelination are likely to be protective for axons and so could prevent long-term neurodegeneration. Future MS treatment paradigms, therefore, are likely to comprise a combinatorial approach that involves both immunomodulatory and regenerative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Stangel
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Tanja Kuhlmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Pottkamp 2, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Paul M Matthews
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, and UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, Burlington Danes, Hammersmith Hospital, DuCane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Trevor J Kilpatrick
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience and Melbourne Neuroscience Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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SWEPT-SOURCE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY OF THE OPTIC DISK IN OPTIC NEUROPATHY. Retina 2017; 36 Suppl 1:S168-S177. [PMID: 28005675 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000001259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the optic nerve head microvasculature in eyes with acute and chronic optic neuropathies using swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography. METHODS In this cross-sectional, observational study, optical coherence tomography angiography images were obtained from the optic nerve heads of 21 eyes of 12 patients with optic disk edema, pseudoedema and atrophy, and 12 eyes of 6 healthy subjects using a 1,050-nm optical coherence tomography angiography (Topcon DRI OCT; Triton). Peripapillary vasculature was assessed within five horizontal slabs consisting of the nerve fiber layer (NFL), ganglion cell layer, inner nuclear layer, choroidal layer, and full-thickness retinal layer. In addition, prelaminar and laminar slabs were evaluated. Vessel density was measured within a 3.4-mm diameter circle centered on the optic disk. RESULTS The abnormalities of the peripapillary capillary network were most apparent in the NFL and total retinal slabs. In eyes with disk edema, an increase or decrease in the visibility of the peripapillary capillary network was observed. Eyes with optic atrophy had decreased visibility of peripapillary capillary network corresponding to the region or sector of NFL thinning. Prelaminar capillary network was dilated and tortuous in eyes with disk edema. The mean vessel density was statistically significantly lower and the mean NFL thickness was statistically significantly thinner in eyes with optic atrophy compared with normal eyes (both P < 0.001). Vessel density was significantly correlated with the peripapillary NFL thickness (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Optical coherence tomography angiography provides high-resolution, noninvasive visualization of the microvasculature of the optic nerve head and peripapillary region. Changes in the microvasculature in this region may prove useful in better characterization of optic neuropathies.
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Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness by Stratus and Cirrus OCT in retrobulbar optic neuritis and nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy. Eur J Ophthalmol 2017; 27:80-85. [PMID: 27312208 DOI: 10.5301/ejo.5000822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) measurements by Stratus and Cirrus optical coherence tomography (OCT) and to evaluate agreement between the 2 instruments in retrobulbar optic neuritis (RON), nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION), and healthy controls. METHODS A total of 89 eyes with RON, 92 with NAION (6 to 12 months after diagnosis of acute disease), and 159 control eyes were studied. Average RNFLT was measured by Stratus and Cirrus OCTs. Comparisons among groups were performed by analysis of variance. Agreement between the 2 instruments was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) with 95% confidence interval (CI) and Bland-Altman analysis. Statistical significance was set at p≤0.05. RESULTS Average RNFLT was lower in NAION eyes than in RON and control ones using both OCT devices (60.0 ± 1.2, 69.9 ± 1.2, and 97.4 ± 0.9 μm, p<0.001 by Cirrus; 49.7 ± 1.5, 65.9 ± 1.9, and 99.2 ± 1.3 μm, p<0.001 by Stratus). The RNFLT values were higher with Cirrus than with Stratus in NAION (+10.30 μm, confidence interval [CI] 7.82-12.79 μm) and RON (+4.01 μm, CI 1.32-6.70 μm) eyes, and slightly lower in control ones (-1.75 μm, CI -3.51 to 0.01 μm). A stronger agreement between the 2 instruments was found in control and RON eyes than in NAION ones (ICC 0.682, CI 0.566-0.771; 0.635, CI 0.467-0.758; 0.321, CI 0.132-0.472, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Both Stratus and Cirrus OCT can identify RNFLT reduction in previous RON and NAION. Absolute RNFLT values differ between the 2 instruments; hence they are not to be considered interchangeable.
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8
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Gordon LK. Optic Nerve. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 242:369-386. [PMID: 27787712 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Optic nerve diseases arise from many different etiologies including inflammatory, neoplastic, genetic, infectious, ischemic, and idiopathic. Understanding some of the characteristics of the most common optic neuropathies along with therapeutic approaches to these diseases is helpful in designing recommendations for individual patients. Although many optic neuropathies have no specific treatment, some do, and it is those potentially treatable or preventable conditions which need to be recognized in order to help patients regain their sight or develop a better understanding of their own prognosis. In this chapter several diseases are discussed including idiopathic intracranial hypertension, optic neuritis, ischemic optic neuropathies, hereditary optic neuropathies, trauma, and primary tumors of the optic nerve. For each condition there is a presentation of the signs and symptoms of the disease, in some conditions the evaluation and diagnostic criteria are highlighted, and where possible, current therapy or past trials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn K Gordon
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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Erlich-Malona N, Mendoza-Santiesteban CE, Hedges TR, Patel N, Monaco C, Cole E. Distinguishing ischaemic optic neuropathy from optic neuritis by ganglion cell analysis. Acta Ophthalmol 2016; 94:e721-e726. [PMID: 27364519 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether a pattern of altitudinal ganglion cell loss, as detected and measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT), can be used to distinguish non-arteritic ischaemic optic neuropathy (NAION) from optic neuritis (ON) during the acute phase, and whether the rate or severity of ganglion cell loss differs between the two diseases. METHODS We performed a retrospective, case-control study of 44 patients (50 eyes) with ON or NAION and 44 age-matched controls. Non-arteritic ischaemic optic neuropathy and ON patients had OCT at presentation and four consecutive follow-up visits. Controls had OCT at one point in time. The ganglion cell complex (GCC) was evaluated in the macula, and the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) was evaluated in the peripapillary region. Ganglion cell complex thickness, RNFL thickness and GCC mean superior and inferior hemispheric difference were compared between NAION and ON patients at each time-point using unpaired t-tests and between disease and control subjects at first measurement using paired t-tests. RESULTS Mean time from onset of symptoms to initial presentation was 10.7 ± 6.6 days in NAION and 11.7 ± 8.6 days in ON (p = 0.67). There was a significantly greater vertical hemispheric difference in GCC thickness in NAION patients than ON patients at all time-points (5.5-10.7 μm versus 3.1-3.6 μm, p = 0.01-0.049). Mean GCC thickness was significantly decreased at less than 2 weeks after onset in NAION compared to age-matched controls (72.1 μm versus 82.1 μm, p < 0.001), as well as in ON compared to age-matched controls (74.3 μm versus 84.5 μm, p < 0.001). Progression and severity of GCC and RNFL loss did not differ significantly between NAION and ON. CONCLUSION A quantitative comparison of mean superior and inferior hemispheric GCC thickness with OCT may be used to distinguish NAION from ON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Erlich-Malona
- New England Eye Center; Tufts University School of Medicine; Tufts Medical Center; Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Carlos E. Mendoza-Santiesteban
- New England Eye Center; Tufts University School of Medicine; Tufts Medical Center; Boston Massachusetts USA
- Dysautonomia Center; New York University Schools of Medicine; NYU Langone Medical Center; New York USA
- Ophthalmology Department; Pontifical Catholic University of Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Thomas R. Hedges
- New England Eye Center; Tufts University School of Medicine; Tufts Medical Center; Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Nimesh Patel
- New England Eye Center; Tufts University School of Medicine; Tufts Medical Center; Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Caitlin Monaco
- New England Eye Center; Tufts University School of Medicine; Tufts Medical Center; Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Emily Cole
- New England Eye Center; Tufts University School of Medicine; Tufts Medical Center; Boston Massachusetts USA
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Esen E, Sizmaz S, Balal M, Yar K, Demirkiran M, Unal I, Demircan N. Evaluation of the Innermost Retinal Layers and Visual Evoked Potentials in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis. Curr Eye Res 2016; 41:1353-1358. [PMID: 26882356 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2015.1119283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study was conducted to investigate alterations in the innermost layers of the retina using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and to assess potential associations of structural measures with functional markers in patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninety-four eyes of 47 MS patients and 60 eyes of 30 healthy individuals were included in the study. All patients underwent complete ophthalmological examination and OCT imaging to analyze peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness. Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) and expanded disability status scale (EDSS) score were assessed for MS patients. RESULTS The average RNFL and GCIPL thicknesses were thinner in MS patients (86.2 ± 11.9 µm and 73.6 ± 9.7 µm, respectively) when compared with those of healthy controls (96.7 ± 8.2 µm and 85.9 ± 4.6 µm, respectively, p < 0.001 for both). Within MS patients, the average RNFL and GCIPL thicknesses were lower in eyes with a prior history of optic neuritis (MS ON) than in eyes with no optic neuritis history (MS non-ON) (p = 0.012 and p < 0.001, respectively). RNFL and GCIPL thicknesses were inversely correlated with VEP latency (r = -0.40, p < 0.001 and r = -0.36, p < 0.001, respectively) in MS patient eyes. There was a correlation between GCIPL thickness and VEP amplitude in eyes with previous ON history (r = 0.34, p = 0.035). No significant correlations were found between OCT measurements and EDSS score. CONCLUSIONS Innermost layers of the retina are highly affected by the pathophysiologic process in MS disease, manifesting as a reduction in RNFL and GCIPL thickness. The structural retinal changes show correlation with alterations in potentials showing the optic pathway function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Esen
- a Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine , Cukurova University , Adana , Turkey
| | - Selcuk Sizmaz
- a Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine , Cukurova University , Adana , Turkey
| | - Mehmet Balal
- b Department of Neurology, School of Medicine , Cukurova University , Adana , Turkey
| | - Kemal Yar
- a Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine , Cukurova University , Adana , Turkey
| | - Meltem Demirkiran
- b Department of Neurology, School of Medicine , Cukurova University , Adana , Turkey
| | - Ilker Unal
- c Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine , Cukurova University , Adana , Turkey
| | - Nihal Demircan
- a Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine , Cukurova University , Adana , Turkey
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Zakharov S, Nurieva O, Kotikova K, Urban P, Navratil T, Pelclova D. Factors predicting optic nerve axonal degeneration after methanol-induced acute optic neuropathy: a 2-year prospective study in 54 patients. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-015-1581-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Petzold A, Nijland PG, Balk LJ, Amorini AM, Lazzarino G, Wattjes MP, Gasperini C, van der Valk P, Tavazzi B, Lazzarino G, van Horssen J. Visual pathway neurodegeneration winged by mitochondrial dysfunction. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2014; 2:140-50. [PMID: 25750919 PMCID: PMC4338955 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To test for structural and functional contribution of mitochondrial dysfunction to neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis (MS). A visual pathway model void of MS lesions was chosen in order to exclude neurodegeneration secondary to lesion related axonotmesis. Methods A single-centre cohort study (230 MS patients, 63 controls). Spectral domain optical coherence tomography of the retina, 3T magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, spectrophotometric assessment of serum lactate levels. Postmortem immunohistochemistry. Results The visual pathway was void of MS lesions in 31 patients and 31 age-matched controls. Serum lactate was higher in MS compared to controls (P = 0.029). High serum lactate was structurally related to atrophy of the retinal nerve fiber layer at the optic disc (P = 0.041), macula (P = 0.025), and the macular ganglion cell complex (P = 0.041). High serum lactate was functionally related to poor color vision (P < 0.01), Expanded Disability Status Scale score (R = 0.37, P = 0.041), Guy's Neurological disability score (R = 0.38, P = 0.037), MS walking scale (R = 0.50, P = 0.009), upper limb motor function (R = 0.53, P = 0.002). Immunohistochemistry demonstrated increased astrocytic expression of a key lactate generating enzyme in MS lesions as well as profound vascular expression of monocarboxylate transporter-1, which is involved in lactate transport. Interpretation This study provides structural, functional, and translational evidence for visual pathway neurodegeneration in MS related to mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Petzold
- Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Department of Ophthalmology, VU University Medical Center De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom ; Moorfields Eye Hospital, Neuro-ophthalmology City Road, London, UK
| | - Philip G Nijland
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lisanne J Balk
- Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Angela Maria Amorini
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University of Rome Largo F. Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lazzarino
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University of Rome Largo F. Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Mike P Wattjes
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claudio Gasperini
- Department of Neurosciences, S Camillo Forlanini Hospital Circonvallazione Gianicolense 87, 00152, Rome, Italy
| | - Paul van der Valk
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Tavazzi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University of Rome Largo F. Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lazzarino
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Geology and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Jack van Horssen
- Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Aleman TS, Huang J, Garrity ST, Carter SB, Aleman WD, Ying GS, Tamhankar MA. Relationship Between Optic Nerve Appearance and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness as Explored with Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2014; 3:4. [PMID: 25374773 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.3.6.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the relationship between the appearance of the optic nerve and the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness determined by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT). METHODS Records from patients with spectral domain-OCT imaging in a neuro-ophthalmology practice were reviewed. Eyes with glaucoma/glaucoma suspicion, macular/optic nerve edema, pseudophakia, and with refractive errors > 6D were excluded. Optic nerve appearance by slit lamp biomicroscopy was related to the RNFL thickness by spectral domain-OCT and to visual field results. RESULTS Ninety-one patients (176 eyes; mean age: 49 ± 15 years) were included. Eighty-three eyes (47%) showed optic nerve pallor; 89 eyes (50.6%) showed RNFL thinning (sectoral or average peripapillary). Average peripapillary RNFL thickness in eyes with pallor (mean ± SD = 76 ± 17 μm) was thinner compared to eyes without pallor (91 ± 14 μm, P < 0.001). Optic nerve pallor predicted RNFL thinning with a sensitivity of 69% and a specificity of 75%. Optic nerve appearance predicted RNFL thinning (with a sensitivity and specificity of 81%) when RNFL had thinned by ∼ 40%. Most patients with pallor had RNFL thinning with (66%) or without (25%) visual field loss; the remainder had normal RNFL and fields (5%) or with visual field abnormalities (4%). CONCLUSIONS Optic nerve pallor as a predictor of RNFL thinning showed fair sensitivity and specificity, although it is optimally sensitive/specific only when substantial RNFL loss has occurred. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE Finding an acceptable relationship between the optic nerve appearance by ophthalmoscopy and spectral domain-OCT RNFL measures will help the clinician's interpretation of the information provided by this technology, which is gaining momentum in neuro-ophthalmic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas S Aleman
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jiayan Huang
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA ; Center for Preventive Ophthalmology and Biostatistics, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sean T Garrity
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stuart B Carter
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wendy D Aleman
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gui-Shuang Ying
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA ; Center for Preventive Ophthalmology and Biostatistics, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Madhura A Tamhankar
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Burton JM, Costello F. A review of the anterior visual pathway model and the study of vitamin D in demyelinating disease. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2014; 3:22-7. [PMID: 25877968 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, theories about the anti-inflammatory properties of vitamin D in demyelinating disease have been well substantiated by human studies examining relapse reduction, MRI lesion activity and risk of MS conversion. However, the evidence that vitamin D may protect against neurodegeneration has not been established as of yet, and comes with the challenges of a manageable target over a manageable time period. Such challenges might be overcome by the anterior visual pathway (AVP) model of the central nervous system, which allows the non-invasive study (e.g. imaging, electrophysiology and clinical) of form and function within a much shorter time frame than pure clinical activity. This review outlines the state of current knowledge about vitamin D in demyelinating disease, and highlights the potential utility of using the AVP to study its neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie M Burton
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences Room 1195 - Foothills Hospital 1403 - 29 Street N.W. Calgary Alberta T2N 2T9; Department of Community Health SciencesFaculty of Medicine University of CalgaryTRW Building 3rd Floor 3280 Hospital Drive NW Calgary, Alberta CANADA T2N 4Z6; Hotchkiss Brain InstituteHealth Research Innovation CentreRoom 1A103330 Hospital Drive NWCalgary, Alberta, CanadaT2N 4N1; Calgary Optic Neuritis Research Group (CORE), Canada; University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4.
| | - Fiona Costello
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences Room 1195 - Foothills Hospital 1403 - 29 Street N.W. Calgary Alberta T2N 2T9; Hotchkiss Brain InstituteHealth Research Innovation CentreRoom 1A103330 Hospital Drive NWCalgary, Alberta, CanadaT2N 4N1; Calgary Optic Neuritis Research Group (CORE), Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Calgary Foothills Medical Centre North Tower 10th Floor 1403 - 29th Street NWCalgary, AB T2N 2T9; University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4
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Costello F. The afferent visual pathway: designing a structural-functional paradigm of multiple sclerosis. ISRN NEUROLOGY 2013; 2013:134858. [PMID: 24288622 PMCID: PMC3830872 DOI: 10.1155/2013/134858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease of the central nervous system (CNS) believed to arise from a dysfunctional immune-mediated response in a genetically susceptible host. The actual cause of MS is not known, and there is ongoing debate about whether this CNS disorder is predominantly an inflammatory versus a degenerative condition. The afferent visual pathway (AVP) is frequently involved in MS, such that one in every five individuals affected presents with acute optic neuritis (ON). As a functionally eloquent system, the AVP is amenable to interrogation with highly reliable and reproducible tests that can be used to define a structural-functional paradigm of CNS injury. The AVP has numerous unique advantages as a clinical model of MS. In this review, the parameters and merits of the AVP model are highlighted. Moreover, the roles the AVP model may play in elucidating mechanisms of brain injury and repair in MS are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Costello
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Surgery (Ophthalmology), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada
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