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Wood EH, Kreymerman A, Kowal T, Buickians D, Sun Y, Muscat S, Mercola M, Moshfeghi DM, Goldberg JL. Cellular and subcellular optogenetic approaches towards neuroprotection and vision restoration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 96:101153. [PMID: 36503723 PMCID: PMC10247900 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Optogenetics is defined as the combination of genetic and optical methods to induce or inhibit well-defined events in isolated cells, tissues, or animals. While optogenetics within ophthalmology has been primarily applied towards treating inherited retinal disease, there are a myriad of other applications that hold great promise for a variety of eye diseases including cellular regeneration, modulation of mitochondria and metabolism, regulation of intraocular pressure, and pain control. Supported by primary data from the authors' work with in vitro and in vivo applications, we introduce a novel approach to metabolic regulation, Opsins to Restore Cellular ATP (ORCA). We review the fundamental constructs for ophthalmic optogenetics, present current therapeutic approaches and clinical trials, and discuss the future of subcellular and signaling pathway applications for neuroprotection and vision restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward H Wood
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Kreymerman
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Tia Kowal
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - David Buickians
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Yang Sun
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Muscat
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Mark Mercola
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Darius M Moshfeghi
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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Park JG, Xu CL, Boyd A, Aghajanova L, Mahajan VB, Wood EH. REPRODUCTIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY: The Intersection of Inherited Eye Diseases and Reproductive Technologies. Retina 2022; 42:2025-2030. [PMID: 35963004 PMCID: PMC10593127 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000003591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To propose a working framework for patients with inherited eye diseases presenting to ophthalmologists who are interested in assisted reproductive technology and preimplantation genetic testing. METHODS Retrospective chart review and case series of three families with inherited eye diseases who successfully underwent preimplantation genetic testing, in vitro fertilization, and birth of unaffected children. RESULTS Preimplantation genetic testing was performed for three families with different inherited eye diseases, which included autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa, autosomal recessive achromatopsia, and X-linked Goltz syndrome. Preimplantation genetic testing led to the identification of unaffected embryos, which were then selected for in vitro fertilization and resulted in the birth of unaffected children. CONCLUSION A close collaboration between patients, families, ophthalmologists, reproductive genetic counselors, and reproductive endocrinology and infertility specialists is the ideal model for taking care of patients interested in preimplantation genetic testing for preventing the transmission of inherited eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong G Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California; and
| | - Christine L Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California; and
| | - Allison Boyd
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Sunnyvale, California
| | - Lusine Aghajanova
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Sunnyvale, California
| | - Vinit B Mahajan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California; and
| | - Edward H Wood
- Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California; and
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The retina revolution: signaling pathway therapies, genetic therapies, mitochondrial therapies, artificial intelligence. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2020; 31:207-214. [PMID: 32205471 DOI: 10.1097/icu.0000000000000656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this article is to review and discuss the history, current state, and future implications of promising biomedical offerings in the field of retina. RECENT FINDINGS The technologies discussed are some of the more recent promising biomedical developments within the field of retina. There is a US Food and Drug Administration-approved gene therapy product and artificial intelligence device for retina, with many other offerings in the pipeline. SUMMARY Signaling pathway therapies, genetic therapies, mitochondrial therapies, and artificial intelligence have shaped retina care as we know it and are poised to further impact the future of retina care. Retina specialists have the privilege and responsibility of shaping this future for the visual health of current and future generations.
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