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Pittman Ratterree DC, Chitlapilly Dass S, Ndeffo-Mbah ML. The Reproduction Number of Swine Viral Respiratory Diseases: A Systematic Review. Vet Sci 2024; 11:300. [PMID: 39057984 PMCID: PMC11281358 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11070300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Diseases in the swine industry can cause significant economic and health impacts. This review examines R0 estimates for respiratory diseases in pigs, assessing variations and comparing transmission risks within and between farms. A literature search of three databases aggregated peer-reviewed research articles on swine viral respiratory diseases' R0 values. The study focused on seven diseases: Aujeszky's disease (AD), Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV), Circovirus, Influenza A (IA), Encephalomyocarditis Virus (EV), Classical Swine Fever (CSF), and African Swine Fever (ASF). R0 values were estimated for transmission within and between herds/farms using various methods, from complex mathematical models to simple calculations. Data primarily came from disease surveillance and laboratory experiments. The median R0 for within-herd and between-herd transmission was 10 and 3.31 for AD, 2.78 and 1.14 for PRRSV, 5.9 and 0.89 for Circovirus, 1.75 and 1.6 for CSF, and 3.94 and 3.15 for ASF. For IA and EV, only within-herd R0 values were estimated at 8.65 and 1.3, respectively. Diseases with high R0 values highlight the need for prompt detection and response to outbreaks. Continuous monitoring and evaluation of pathogen transmissibility are crucial for enhancing disease surveillance and reducing the impact of livestock diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana C. Pittman Ratterree
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Sapna Chitlapilly Dass
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Martial L. Ndeffo-Mbah
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
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Wang H, Chen M, Guo Z, Shen Y, Chen Y, Luo T, Liu Y, Li J, Wang F, Wan J. The Influencing Factors of "Post-African Swine Fever" Pig Farm Biosecurity: Evidence from Sichuan Province, China. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3053. [PMID: 37835659 PMCID: PMC10571891 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective biosecurity measures are crucial in controlling and preventing major pig diseases, ultimately ensuring farm income and social stability. This study extracted data from 205 farmer surveys in Sichuan Province, China, to construct a biosecurity index system for pig farms. The biosecurity levels of pig farms were evaluated using a projection pursuit method to identify weak areas. The Tobit model was then utilized to determine the factors that influenced the biosecurity levels. The results indicated that the overall biosecurity levels of the pig farms were low. The study found that the average biosecurity score among farms was 0.61, with a minimum score of 0.37 and a maximum score of 0.89 (on a scale of 0 to 1). These results suggest that there are significant differences in biosecurity levels among the farms. The study also found that the scores for first-level indicators related to breeding environment management, as well as second-level indicators related to personnel management and awareness of African swine fever prevention and control, were significantly lower than scores for other indicators in the farmers' biosecurity systems. This study investigated the factors influencing biosecurity on farms and found that technical training, farm size, income share, production organization, and government inspections had a significant impact on the level of biosecurity implemented. This study emphasizes the significance of biosecurity in enhancing pig farm biosecurity and its role in improving farm resilience to major animal diseases like African swine fever. It also provides valuable insights for policymakers to make informed decisions regarding related policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- College of Management, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (H.W.); (M.C.); (Y.S.); (Y.C.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (F.W.)
| | - Meijun Chen
- College of Management, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (H.W.); (M.C.); (Y.S.); (Y.C.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (F.W.)
| | - Ziyao Guo
- College of Management, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (H.W.); (M.C.); (Y.S.); (Y.C.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (F.W.)
| | - Yangyang Shen
- College of Management, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (H.W.); (M.C.); (Y.S.); (Y.C.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (F.W.)
| | - Yufan Chen
- College of Management, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (H.W.); (M.C.); (Y.S.); (Y.C.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (F.W.)
| | - Ting Luo
- College of Management, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (H.W.); (M.C.); (Y.S.); (Y.C.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (F.W.)
| | - Yuying Liu
- College of Management, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (H.W.); (M.C.); (Y.S.); (Y.C.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (F.W.)
| | - Jianqiang Li
- College of Management, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (H.W.); (M.C.); (Y.S.); (Y.C.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (F.W.)
| | - Fang Wang
- College of Management, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (H.W.); (M.C.); (Y.S.); (Y.C.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (F.W.)
| | - Jiangjun Wan
- College of Architecture and Urban-Rural Planning, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611830, China
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Dou M, Azad MAK, Cheng Y, Ding S, Liu Y, Song B, Kong X. Expressions of Insulin-like Growth Factor System among Different Breeds Impact Piglets' Growth during Weaning. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3011. [PMID: 37835617 PMCID: PMC10571838 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and their receptors and binding proteins among three pig breeds during weaning. Sixty Duroc (DR), Taoyuan black (TYB), and Xiangcun black (XCB) piglets (20 piglets per breed) were selected at 21 and 24 (3 days of post-weaning) days of age to analyze organ indices, plasma concentrations of IGF and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) using ELISA kits, and gene expression of IGF-system-related components in different tissues. The plasma IGFBP-3 concentration in TYB piglets was higher (p > 0.05) than in the XCB and DR piglets at 21 days of age. At 21 days of age, compared with the DR piglets, the IGF-1 expression was lower (p < 0.05) in the kidney, but it was higher (p < 0.05) in the spleen of XCB and TYB piglets. At 24 days of age, the IGF-1 expression was higher (p < 0.05) in the kidney of TYB piglets than in the XCB and DR piglets, while IGFBP-3 in the stomach and IGFBP-4 in the liver of XCB and TYB piglets were lower (p < 0.05) compared with the DR piglets. Weaning down-regulated (p < 0.05) IGF-1 expression in the jejunum, spleen, and liver of piglets, while it up-regulated (p < 0.05) IGFBP-3 expression in the stomach, IGFBP-4 in the liver, IGFBP-5 in the ileum, and IGFBP-6 in the jejunum of DR piglets. Spearman's correlation analysis showed a negative correlation (p < 0.05) between plasma IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-5 concentration and the organ indices of piglets. Collectively, there were significant differences in the IGF system components among the three pig breeds. The IGF system components were altered during weaning, which might be involved in weaning stress to decrease the growth of piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Dou
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (M.D.); (M.A.K.A.); (Y.C.); (S.D.); (Y.L.); (B.S.)
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100008, China
| | - Md. Abul Kalam Azad
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (M.D.); (M.A.K.A.); (Y.C.); (S.D.); (Y.L.); (B.S.)
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100008, China
| | - Yating Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (M.D.); (M.A.K.A.); (Y.C.); (S.D.); (Y.L.); (B.S.)
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100008, China
| | - Sujuan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (M.D.); (M.A.K.A.); (Y.C.); (S.D.); (Y.L.); (B.S.)
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100008, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (M.D.); (M.A.K.A.); (Y.C.); (S.D.); (Y.L.); (B.S.)
| | - Bo Song
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (M.D.); (M.A.K.A.); (Y.C.); (S.D.); (Y.L.); (B.S.)
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100008, China
| | - Xiangfeng Kong
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; (M.D.); (M.A.K.A.); (Y.C.); (S.D.); (Y.L.); (B.S.)
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100008, China
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Liu H, Zou J, Liu R, Chen J, Li X, Zheng H, Li L, Zhou B. Development of a TaqMan-Probe-Based Multiplex Real-Time PCR for the Simultaneous Detection of African Swine Fever Virus, Porcine Circovirus 2, and Pseudorabies Virus in East China from 2020 to 2022. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10020106. [PMID: 36851410 PMCID: PMC9964870 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV), porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), and pseudorabies virus (PRV) are important DNA viruses that cause reproductive disorders in sows, which result in huge losses in pig husbandry, especially in China. The multiplex qPCR assay could be utilized as a simultaneous diagnostic tool for field-based surveillance and the control of ASFV, PCV2, and PRV. Based on the conserved regions on the p72 gene of ASFV, the Cap gene of PCV2, the gE gene of PRV, and the porcine endogenous β-Actin gene, the appropriate primers and probes for a multiplex TaqMan real-time PCR test effective at concurrently detecting three DNA viruses were developed. The approach demonstrated high specificity and no cross-reactivity with major pathogens related to swine reproductive diseases. In addition, its sensitivity was great, with a detection limit of 101 copies/L of each pathogen, and its repeatability was excellent, with intra- and inter-group variability coefficients of <2%. Applying this assay to detect 383 field specimens collected from 2020 to 2022, the survey data displayed that the ASFV, PCV2, and PRV single infection rates were 22.45%, 28.46%, and 2.87%, respectively. The mixed infection rates of ASFV + PCV2, ASFV + PRV, PCV2 + PRV, and ASFV + PCV2 + PRV were 5.22%, 0.26%, 1.83%, and 0.26%, respectively. Overall, the assay established in this study provides an effective tool for quickly distinguishing the viruses causing sow reproductive disorders, suggesting its huge clinical application value in the diagnosis of swine diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaicheng Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianwen Zou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Rongchao Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jing Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaohan Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Long Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (B.Z.)
| | - Bin Zhou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (B.Z.)
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Zhang P, Nie T, Ma J, Chen H. Identification of suitable areas for African swine fever occurrence in china using geographic information system-based multi-criteria analysis. Prev Vet Med 2022; 209:105794. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Casal J, Tago D, Pineda P, Tabakovski B, Santos I, Benigno C, Huynh T, Ciaravino G, Beltran‐Alcrudo D. Evaluation of the economic impact of classical and African swine fever epidemics using OutCosT, a new spreadsheet-based tool. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2474-e2484. [PMID: 35526144 PMCID: PMC9790658 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) and classical swine fever (CSF) are two major transboundary animal diseases of swine with important socioeconomic consequences at farm, subnational and national level. The objective of this study was to evaluate the direct cost of outbreaks and their control at country/regional level in four countries: namely CSF in Colombia in 2015-2016, the retrospective cost of ASF in the Philippines in 2019 and in a province of Vietnam in 2020 and a hypothetical ASF scenario in one region in North Macedonia, using the newly developed Outbreak Costing Tool (OutCosT). The tool calculates the costs of 106 different items, broken down by up to four types of farms, and by who assumes the cost (whether veterinary services, farmers or other stakeholders). The total cost of CSF in Colombia was US$ 3.8 million, of which 88% represented the cost of the vaccination campaign. For ASF, there were wide differences between countries: US$ 8,26,911 in Lao Cai (Vietnam), US$ 33,19,666 in North Macedonia and over US$ 58 million in the Philippines. While in the Philippines and Vietnam, 96-98% of the cost occurred in the affected farms, the highest expenditure in North Macedonia scenario was the movement control of the neighbouring and at-risk farms (77%). These important differences between countries depend on the spread of the disease, but also on the production systems affected and the measures applied. Apart from the financial cost, these diseases have other negative impacts, especially in the livelihoods of smallholder farms. The OutCosT tool also allows users to evaluate qualitatively other important aspects related to the epidemics, such as the impact on human health, the environment, animal welfare, socioeconomic vulnerability, trading and political response. OutCosT, which is a FAO corporate tool (available online at: https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/faoweb/animal-health/OutCosT_PIG.xlsx), can be an important tool to support country authorities to rapidly respond to a swine disease outbreak by estimating the associated costs and for advocacy purposes to mobilize resources at national or international levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Casal
- Department Sanitat i Anatomia AnimalsUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Damián Tago
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)Regional Office for Asia and the PacificBangkokThailand
| | - Pilar Pineda
- Department Sanitat i Anatomia AnimalsUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Blagojcho Tabakovski
- Food and Veterinary Agency of the Republic of North MacedoniaSkopjeNorth Macedonia
| | - Imelda Santos
- Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of AgricultureQuezon CityPhilippines
| | - Carolyn Benigno
- Philippine College of Veterinary EpidemiologistsQuezon CityPhilippines
| | - Tran Huynh
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)RomeItaly
| | - Giovanna Ciaravino
- Department Sanitat i Anatomia AnimalsUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Daniel Beltran‐Alcrudo
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)Regional Office for Europe and Central AsiaBudapestHungary
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