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Karimiravesh R, Mohabati Mobarez A, Behmanesh M, Nikkhah M, Talebi Bezmin Abadi A, Esmaeilli S. Design of an optical nanobiosensor for detection of Legionella pneumophila in water samples. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2022; 14:802-812. [PMID: 36721447 PMCID: PMC9867621 DOI: 10.18502/ijm.v14i6.11254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Legionella spp. is a causative agent of Legionnaires' disease that creates public health problems. Isolation of these bacteria from water sources is essential to identify outbreak origins and prevent disease. Diagnostic biosensors for water quality control to protect consumers from water-borne infections can predict many outbreaks. Gold nanoparticles conjugated probes are a new generation of diagnostic tools. In this study, an optical nano biosensor was designed and characterized to detect Legionella pneumophila in water samples rapidly. Materials and Methods Thiolated probes designed for the mip gene were attached to gold nanoparticles and then water samples containing Legionella pneumophila were examined. Results The limit of detection for PCR and biosensor was 104 and 103 copy numbers/μl, respectively. Biosensor sensitivity and PCR were reported to be 90% (18 out of 20) and 85% (17 out of 20), respectively. Specificity 100% has been reported for both methods. Conclusion According to the obtained results, this method has the potential to diagnose L. pneumophila with high sensitivity and specificity. This system can be employed as a practical tool for rapid, accurate, high-sensitivity, and acceptable detection of Legionella pneumophila in contaminated water, which is cost-effective in terms of cost and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheleh Karimiravesh
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashraf Mohabati Mobarez
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author: Ashraf Mohabati Mobarez, Ph.D, Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. Tel: +98-21-82883862 Fax: +98-21-82884555
| | - Mehrdad Behmanesh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Nikkhah
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Talebi Bezmin Abadi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saber Esmaeilli
- National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Hamadan, Iran,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Iliadi V, Staykova J, Iliadis S, Konstantinidou I, Sivykh P, Romanidou G, Vardikov DF, Cassimos D, Konstantinidis TG. Legionella pneumophila: The Journey from the Environment to the Blood. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11206126. [PMID: 36294446 PMCID: PMC9605555 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11206126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of a potentially fatal form of pneumonia in 1976 and in the annual convention of the American Legion was the first time that Legionella spp. was identified. Thereafter, the term Legionnaires’ disease (LD) was established. The infection in humans is transmitted by the inhalation of aerosols that contain the microorganisms that belong to the Legionellaceae family and the genus Legionella. The genus Legionella contains genetically heterogeneous species and serogroups. The Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 (Lp1) is the most often detected strain in outbreaks of LD. The pathogenesis of LD infection initiates with the attachment of the bacterial cells to the host cells, and subsequent intracellular replication. Following invasion, Legionella spp. activates its virulence mechanisms: generation of specific compartments of Legionella-containing vacuole (LCV), and expression of genes that encode a type IV secretion system (T4SS) for the translocation of proteins. The ability of L. pneumophila to transmigrate across the lung’s epithelium barrier leads to bacteremia, spread, and invasion of many organs with subsequent manifestations, complications, and septic shock. The clinical manifestations of LD depend on the bacterial load in the aerosol, the virulence factors, and the immune status of the patient. The infection has two distinct forms: the non- pneumatic form or Pontiac fever, which is a milder febrile flu-like illness, and LD, a more severe form, which includes pneumonia. In addition, the extrapulmonary involvement of LD can include heart, brain, abdomen, and joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Iliadi
- Izhevsk State Medical Academy, Kommunarov Street 281, 426034 Izhevsk, Russia
| | - Jeni Staykova
- Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Sofia, Byalo More Str. 8, 1527 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Sergios Iliadis
- Izhevsk State Medical Academy, Kommunarov Street 281, 426034 Izhevsk, Russia
| | | | - Polina Sivykh
- State Budgetary Health City Polyclinic No 2 (GBUZ GB2) of Krasnodar, Seleznev Street 4/10, 350059 Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Gioulia Romanidou
- Nephrology Department, General Hospital “Sismanogleio”, 69100 Komotini, Greece
| | - Daniil F. Vardikov
- Russian Research Center for Radiology and Surgical Technologies of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Tkachey Str. 70-16, 192029 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dimitrios Cassimos
- Pediatric Department, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Theocharis G. Konstantinidis
- Blood Transfusion Center, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis Dragana Campus, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2551-352005
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Sakhaee F, Mafi S, Zargar M, Vaziri F, Hajiesmaeili M, Siadat SD, Fateh A. Correlation between Legionella pneumophila serogroups isolated from patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia and water resources: a study of four hospitals in Tehran, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:41368-41374. [PMID: 35089517 PMCID: PMC8796176 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18867-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila (L. pneumophila) is one of the main pathogens, causing pneumonia and respiratory tract infections, especially in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). This study aimed to approve the hypothesis that the serogroup distribution of L. pneumophila isolates from patients is correlated with Legionella strains in the environment. A total of 280 bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples from VAP patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) as well as 116 water samples from different sources in four hospitals in Tehran, Iran, were evaluated for the presence of L. pneumophila infection by culture, nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time PCR, and sequencing for genetic diversity. The molecular and culture methods found 24 (8.6%) and 5 (1.8%) samples to be positive for L. pneumophila in VAP patients, while they found 23 (19.8%) and 8 (6.9%) positive samples in water resources, respectively. The sequencing results indicated that all positive clinical samples and 14 (60.8%) environmental samples were belonged to L. pneumophila serogroup 1. Smoking, age, length of ICU stay, and duration of ventilator use had strong relationship with L. pneumophila infectivity. In conclusion, this is the first report from Iran to determine minor differences in the serogroup distribution of environmental and clinical strains. However, further studies are needed to confirm this relationship in different regions of Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sakhaee
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Mafi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Zargar
- Department of Microbiology, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran
| | - Farzam Vaziri
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Hajiesmaeili
- Critical Care Quality Improvement Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Davar Siadat
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Fateh
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
- Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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Investigation of Conditions for Capture of Live Legionella pneumophila with Polyclonal and Recombinant Antibodies. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12060380. [PMID: 35735528 PMCID: PMC9221320 DOI: 10.3390/bios12060380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Since Legionella pneumophila has caused punctual epidemics through various water systems, the need for a biosensor for fast and accurate detection of pathogenic bacteria in industrial and environmental water has increased. In this report, we evaluated conditions for the capture of live L. pneumophila on a surface by polyclonal antibodies (pAb) and recombinant antibodies (recAb) targeting the bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Using immunoassay and PCR quantification, we demonstrated that, when exposed to live L. pneumophila in PBS or in a mixture containing other non-target bacteria, recAb captured one third fewer L. pneumophila than pAb, but with a 40% lower standard deviation, even when using the same batch of pAb. The presence of other bacteria did not interfere with capture nor increase background by either Ab. Increased reproducibility, as manifested by low standard deviation, is a characteristic that is coveted for biosensing. Hence, the recAb provided a better choice for immune adhesion in biosensors even though it was slightly less sensitive than pAb. Polyclonal or recombinant antibodies can specifically capture large targets such as whole bacteria, and this opens the door to multiple biosensor approaches where any of the components of the bacteria can then be measured for detection or characterisation.
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Bavari S, Mirkalantari S, Masjedian Jazi F, Darban-Sarokhalil D, Golnari Marani B. Risk assessment and quantitative measurement along with monitoring of Legionella in hospital water sources. New Microbes New Infect 2022; 45:100948. [PMID: 35399198 PMCID: PMC8984627 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2021.100948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Legionella spp. as a causative agent of Legionnaires' disease (LD) and an opportunistic pathogen creates a public health problem. Isolation and quantification of this bacteria from clinic water sources are essential for hazard appraisal and sickness avoidance. This study aimed at risk assessment and quantitative measurement along with Legionella monitoring in educational hospital water sources in Tehran, Iran. A cross-sectional study was carried out in 1 year. The conventional culture method was used in this study to isolate Legionella from water samples. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was used to confirm the identity of the isolates and ensure that they were all Legionella. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to determine the count of bacteria, and HeLa cell culture was used to determine the invasion of isolates. A total of 100 water samples were collected and inoculated on GVPC (glycine, vancomycin, polymyxin, and cycloheximide) agar; 12 (12%) and 42 (42%) cases were culture and PCR positive, respectively. Percentage of Legionella presence in PCR-positive samples by the qPCR method in <103 GU/L, in about 103 and lower than 104 GU/L, and in 104 GU/L was 40.47 (17 cases), 4.76% (two cases), and 54.76% (23 cases), respectively. Invasion analysis revealed that five and four isolates had invaded HeLa cells more than twice and equally, respectively, and the others had a lower invasion than the reference strain. The findings revealed that the spread of LD in hospitals was linked to the water system. Given the importance of nosocomial infections in the medical community, establishing a hospital water monitoring system is the most effective way to control these infections, particularly Legionella infections.
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Ghorbani A, Hashemzadeh M, Amin M, Moosavian M, Nashibi R, Mehraban Z. Occurrence of the Legionella species in the respiratory samples of patients with pneumonia symptoms from Ahvaz, Iran; first detection of Legionella cherrii. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:7141-7146. [PMID: 34618288 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06704-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of Legionella species in the respiratory samples of patients with pneumonia symptoms from Ahvaz, Iran by culture and the real-time PCR of 23S-5S rRNA gene spacer region. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 123 clinical respiratory samples including 63 pleural aspirates, 57 bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and 3 sputum were collected from 65 males and 58 females with pneumonia symptoms. All samples were cultured on the Modified Wadowsky-Yee (MWY) agar. The Legionella species was identified by routine bacteriological tests. The presence of the 16S-23S rRNA spacer region gene was investigated by real-time PCR. The Legionella species were differentiated by sequencing of 16S-23S rRNA gene. A total of 2 (1.6%) BAL specimens were positive for Legionella species by culture method. No Legionella spp. were identified in pleural aspirates and sputum samples by the culture method. Using real-time PCR, 9 (7.3%) samples including 6 BAL, 1 sputum, and 2 pleural aspirates were positive for legionella species. These species were detected in 3 (5.2%) females and 6 males (9.2%). The results of sequencing showed that eight species were L. pneumophila while one was L. cherrii. Also, the 2 isolates that were identified by culture method, were confirmed as L. pneumophila by sequencing. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that using the real-time PCR has a more efficacy for detecting of Legionella species in respiratory samples. Also, L. pneumophila was the most prevalent species circulating in the southwest region of Iran. So, periodic monitoring programs is recommended to prevent epidemics due to this bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atosa Ghorbani
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. .,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hashemzadeh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mansour Amin
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. .,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Mojtaba Moosavian
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Rohangiz Nashibi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Ward, Razi Teaching Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Zahra Mehraban
- Department of Pulmonology, Golestan Teaching Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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