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Gebregziabher SM, Yalew AW, Sime H, Abera A. Molecular detection of waterborne pathogens in infants' drinking water and their relationship with water quality determinants in eastern Ethiopia: loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)-based study. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2024; 22:1-20. [PMID: 38295069 PMCID: wh_2023_201 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium, Shigella, toxin-producing Escherichia coli, and rotavirus were reported to be the most responsible for severe and fatal diarrhea among infants. This study aimed to investigate the presence of these pathogens in infants' drinking water samples and analyzing using water quality determinants in eastern Ethiopia. A molecular (LAMP)-based cross-sectional study design was employed. A total of 410 and 37 water samples were tested from infant point-of-use at household and corresponding water source, respectively, from June 2020 to May, 2021. Cryptosporidium, Shigella, toxin-producing E. coli, and rotavirus were detected in 28.5, 30.0, 26.3, and 32.2%, of water samples tested from infant point-of-use, respectively. About 13.2% of the water samples were positive for all (four) pathogens together. Cryptosporidium, Shigella, toxin-producing E. coli, and rotavirus were detected in 27.0, 32.4, 29.7, and 37.8%, of water samples tested from water sources, respectively. Positive significant correlation was observed between infant point-of-consumption and water sources from which it is drawn toward the presence of each targeted pathogen. Unimproved water source showed a strong significant association with the presence of Cryptosporidium, Shigella and toxin-producing E. coli. Therefore, efforts should be made in development of improved water sources, source protection safety and health education to caretakers of infants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alemayehu Worku Yalew
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Heven Sime
- Bacterial, Parasitic and Zoonotic Diseases Research Directorate, EPHI, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Adugna Abera
- Bacterial, Parasitic and Zoonotic Diseases Research Directorate, EPHI, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Tijani MK, Köster PC, Guadano-Procesi I, George IS, Abodunrin E, Adeola A, Dashti A, Bailo B, González-Barrio D, Carmena D. High Diversity of Giardia duodenalis Assemblages and Sub-Assemblages in Asymptomatic School Children in Ibadan, Nigeria. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8030152. [PMID: 36977153 PMCID: PMC10051407 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8030152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a significant contributor to the burden of diarrheal disease in sub-Saharan Africa. This study assesses the occurrence and molecular diversity of G. duodenalis and other intestinal parasites in apparently healthy children (n = 311) in Ibadan, Nigeria. Microscopy was used as a screening method and PCR and Sanger sequencing as confirmatory and genotyping methods, respectively. Haplotype analyses were performed to examine associations between genetic variants and epidemiological variables. At microscopy examination, G. duodenalis was the most prevalent parasite found (29.3%, 91/311; 95% CI: 24.3–34.7), followed by Entamoeba spp. (18.7%, 58/311; 14.5–23.4), Ascaris lumbricoides (1.3%, 4/311; 0.4–3.3), and Taenia sp. (0.3%, 1/311; 0.01–1.8). qPCR confirmed the presence of G. duodenalis in 76.9% (70/91) of the microscopy-positive samples. Of them, 65.9% (60/91) were successfully genotyped. Assemblage B (68.3%, 41/60) was more prevalent than assemblage A (28.3%, 17/60). Mixed A + B infections were identified in two samples (3.3%, 2/60). These facts, together with the absence of animal-adapted assemblages, suggest that human transmission of giardiasis was primarily anthroponotic. Efforts to control G. duodenalis (and other fecal-orally transmitted pathogens) should focus on providing safe drinking water and improving sanitation and personal hygiene practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muyideen K. Tijani
- Cellular Parasitology Programme, Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Nigeria
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Pamela C. Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Guadano-Procesi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
- PhD Program in Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Imo S. George
- Cellular Parasitology Programme, Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Nigeria
| | - Elizabeth Abodunrin
- Cellular Parasitology Programme, Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Nigeria
| | - Adedamola Adeola
- Cellular Parasitology Programme, Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Nigeria
| | - Alejandro Dashti
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Bailo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - David González-Barrio
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (D.G.-B.); (D.C.)
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research Network (CIBER) in Infectious Diseases, Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (D.G.-B.); (D.C.)
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