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Schuchardt JP, Beinhorn P, Hu XF, Chan HM, Roke K, Bernasconi A, Hahn A, Sala-Vila A, Stark KD, Harris WS. Omega-3 world map: 2024 update. Prog Lipid Res 2024; 95:101286. [PMID: 38879135 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2024.101286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
In 2016, the first worldwide n3 PUFA status map was published using the Omega-3 Index (O3I) as standard biomarker. The O3I is defined as the percentage of EPA + DHA in red blood cell (RBC) membrane FAs. The purpose of the present study was to update the 2016 map with new data. In order to be included, studies had to report O3I and/or blood EPA + DHA levels in metrics convertible into an estimated O3I, in samples drawn after 1999. To convert the non-RBC-based EPA + DHA metrics into RBC we used newly developed equations. Baseline data from clinical trials and observational studies were acceptable. A literature search identified 328 studies meeting inclusion criteria encompassing 342,864 subjects from 48 countries/regions. Weighted mean country O3I levels were categorized into very low ≤4%, low >4-6%, moderate >6-8%, and desirable >8%. We found that the O3I in most countries was low to very low. Notable differences between the current and 2016 map were 1) USA, Canada, Italy, Turkey, UK, Ireland and Greece (moving from the very low to low category); 2) France, Spain and New Zealand (low to moderate); and 3) Finland and Iceland (moderate to desirable). Countries such as Iran, Egypt, and India exhibited particularly poor O3I levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Philipp Schuchardt
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, 5009 W. 12(th) St. Ste 5, Sioux Falls, SD 57106, United States; Institute of Food and One Health, Leibniz University Hannover, Am kleinen Felde 30, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Philine Beinhorn
- Institute of Food and One Health, Leibniz University Hannover, Am kleinen Felde 30, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Xue Feng Hu
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Hing Man Chan
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kaitlin Roke
- Global Organization for EPA and DHA Omega-3s (GOED), 222 South Main Street, Suite 500, Salt Lake City, UT 84101, United States
| | - Aldo Bernasconi
- Global Organization for EPA and DHA Omega-3s (GOED), 222 South Main Street, Suite 500, Salt Lake City, UT 84101, United States
| | - Andreas Hahn
- Institute of Food and One Health, Leibniz University Hannover, Am kleinen Felde 30, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Aleix Sala-Vila
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, 5009 W. 12(th) St. Ste 5, Sioux Falls, SD 57106, United States; Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ken D Stark
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - William S Harris
- The Fatty Acid Research Institute, 5009 W. 12(th) St. Ste 5, Sioux Falls, SD 57106, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 1400 W. 22nd St., Sioux Falls, SD 57105, United States
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Espinosa-Tamez P, Lajous M, Cantú-Brito C, Lopez-Ridaura R, Monge A, Yunes E, Rodríguez BL, Espinosa L, Sifuentes-Osornio J, Catzin-Kuhlmann A. Association of recurrent common infections and subclinical cardiovascular disease in Mexican women. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246047. [PMID: 33497395 PMCID: PMC7837493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute and agent-specific chronic infections have been associated with increased cardiovascular risk, however data on the burden of common recurrent infections on cardiovascular disease is limited. We hypothesized women with greater exposure to uncomplicated common infectious events had an increased risk of subclinical cardiovascular disease (sCVD). METHODS In a cross-sectional study, we assessed the relation of recurrent infections and carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) in 1946 disease-free women from the Mexican Teachers' Cohort. Through 2012-2016, participants answered structured questions on respiratory, urinary and vaginal infections during the previous year and their IMT was measured using ultrasound by standardized neurologists. We defined sCVD as mean right and left IMT ≥0.8 mm or the presence of atheromatous plaque. Multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the association of infectious events with IMT and sCVD adjusting for age, sociodemographic, and cardiovascular risk factors. RESULTS Among participants (50±5 years) 13% reported no infections, 20% one infection and 67% three or more episodes. Overall prevalence of sCVD was 12%(n = 240). Adjusted models for logistic regression showed that women with 2 or more infections had 91% higher odds of sCVD (OR 1.91; 95%CI 1.16, 3.13) compared to women without infections (p-trend:0.015). Sub-analyses by type of infection resulted not significant. Linear regression analysis did not show a significant association between mean IMT and recurrent infections. CONCLUSIONS Recurrent infectious events in young adult women are associated with greater sCVD, which supports the hypothesis of low-grade chronic inflammation in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Espinosa-Tamez
- Center for Population Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Martin Lajous
- Center for Population Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Carlos Cantú-Brito
- Division of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Ruy Lopez-Ridaura
- Center for Population Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adriana Monge
- Center for Population Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Elsa Yunes
- Center for Population Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Beatriz L. Rodríguez
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States of America
| | - Luis Espinosa
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - José Sifuentes-Osornio
- Department of Medicine, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Andres Catzin-Kuhlmann
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
- Department of Medicine, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
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Association between erythrocyte membrane n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and carotid atherosclerosis: A prospective study. Atherosclerosis 2020; 298:7-13. [PMID: 32126389 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The relationship of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with cardiovascular risk is still controversial. We aimed to determine whether erythrocyte n-3 and n-6 PUFAs are related to the risk of carotid atherosclerosis. METHODS From 2008 to 2019, baseline erythrocyte n-3 and n-6 PUFAs were determined in a cohort of 4040 Chinese adults (40-75 ys). The intima-media thickness (IMT) at the common carotid artery (CCA) and bifurcation of the carotid artery (BIF) and carotid plaque were assessed using ultrasonography at baseline and every 3 years. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 8.8 years, we identified the following newly diagnosed cases: 535 cases of CCAIMT thickening, 654 cases of BIFIMT thickening, and 850 cases of carotid plaque. Higher erythrocyte docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) and lower gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) were associated with decreased risks of BIFIMT thickening. N-3 eicosatrienoic acid (ETrA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and n-6 dodecylthioacetic acid (DTA) presented a significant beneficial association with carotid IMT thickening in the short-term (2.8 y) follow-up (all p trend <0.02), although the association was attenuated in the relatively long-term (8.8 y) follow-up. In addition, carotid plaque risk was found to be inversely associated with ETrA and DHA but positively associated with alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). N-6 linolenic acid (LA) and eicosadienoic acid (EDA) were not significantly associated with carotid atherosclerosis risk. CONCLUSIONS Higher erythrocyte very-long-chain n-3 and n-6 PUFAs (especially DHA and ARA) and lower erythrocyte GLA are associated with lower carotid atherosclerosis risk, suggesting potential cardioprotective roles of very-long-chain PUFAs.
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Metherel AH, Harris WS, Ge L, Gibson RA, Chouinard‐Watkins R, Bazinet RP, Liu L, Brenna JT, Aristizabal‐Henao JJ, Stark KD, Block RC. Interlaboratory Assessment of Dried Blood Spot Fatty Acid Compositions. Lipids 2019; 54:755-761. [DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam H. Metherel
- Department of Nutritional SciencesUniversity of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, MSB 5360 Toronto ON M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - William S. Harris
- OmegaQuant Analytics, LLC and Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of South Dakota School of Medicine, 1400 West 22nd Street Sioux Falls SD 57105 USA
| | - Liu Ge
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, PO Box 11060 Adelaide South Australia 5001 Australia
| | - Robert A. Gibson
- School of Agriculture, Food and WineUniversity of Adelaide Urrbrae South Australia 5005 Australia
| | - Raphaël Chouinard‐Watkins
- Department of Nutritional SciencesUniversity of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, MSB 5360 Toronto ON M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - Richard P. Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional SciencesUniversity of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, MSB 5360 Toronto ON M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - Lei Liu
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Departments of Chemistry, Pediatrics, and Nutrition, Dell Medical School and the College of Natural Sciences1400 Barbara Jordan Boulevard, University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78723 USA
| | - J. Thomas Brenna
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Departments of Chemistry, Pediatrics, and Nutrition, Dell Medical School and the College of Natural Sciences1400 Barbara Jordan Boulevard, University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78723 USA
| | - Juan J. Aristizabal‐Henao
- Department of KinesiologyUniversity of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, N2L 3G1 Waterloo ON Canada
| | - Ken D. Stark
- Department of KinesiologyUniversity of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, N2L 3G1 Waterloo ON Canada
| | - Robert C. Block
- Department of Public Health SciencesUniversity of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue Rochester NY 14642 USA
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Plasma marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cardiovascular risk factors: data from the ACE 1950 study. Eur J Nutr 2019; 59:1505-1515. [PMID: 31123865 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-02007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A high intake of marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) might improve cardiovascular (CV) health. We conducted a cross-sectional study to investigate associations between plasma phospholipid levels of marine n-3 PUFAs and CV risk factors, educational level, physical activity and smoking habits. METHODS A total of 3706 individuals from a general population, all born in 1950 and residing in Akershus County, Norway, were included in this study. The main statistical approach was multivariable adjusted linear regression. RESULTS Plasma marine n-3 PUFA levels ranged from 2.7 to 20.3 wt%, with a median level of 7.7 wt% (interquartile range 4.3-11.1 wt%). High levels of plasma marine n-3 PUFAs were associated with lower serum triglycerides [Standardized regression coefficient (Std.β-coeff.) - 0.14, p < 0.001], body mass index (Std. β-coeff. -0.08, p < 0.001), serum creatinine (Std. β-coeff. -0.03, p = 0.05), C-reactive protein levels (Std. β-coeff. - 0.03, p = 0.04), higher levels of serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Std. β-coeff. 0.08, p < 0.001) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Std. β-coeff. 0.04, p = 0.003). High levels of plasma marine n-3 PUFAs were also associated with lower glycated hemoglobin (Std. β-coeff. - 0.04, p = 0.01), however, only in individuals without diabetes. We found no associations between plasma marine n-3 PUFA levels and fasting plasma glucose or carotid intima-media thickness. High levels of plasma marine n-3 PUFAs were associated with higher educational level, more physical activity and lower prevalence of smoking. CONCLUSION In this cross-sectional study of Norwegian individuals born in 1950, high levels of plasma marine n-3 PUFAs were favourably associated with several CV risk factors, suggesting that fish consumption might improve CV health.
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West AL, Kindberg GM, Hustvedt SO, Calder PC. A Novel Self-Micro-Emulsifying Delivery System Enhances Enrichment of Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid after Single and Repeated Dosing in Healthy Adults in a Randomized Trial. J Nutr 2018; 148:1704-1715. [PMID: 30203029 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A self-micro-emulsifying delivery system (SMEDS) promotes spontaneous emulsification of omega-3 (n-3) ethyl esters (EEs) into microdroplets in the stomach. Objective The objective was to compare the effect of SMEDS preparations of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) EEs with standard EEs on EPA and DHA concentrations in the bloodstream after a single dose and repeated daily dosing. Methods Eighty healthy subjects aged 18-65 y were randomly assigned to SMEDS-EPA or EE-EPA (both providing more EPA than DHA) or SMEDS-DHA or EE-DHA (both providing more DHA than EPA). They consumed a single dose (1.23-1.33 g EPA+DHA) without a meal, and EPA and DHA were measured in plasma over the following 24 h. Participants continued to take a single dose each morning before breakfast for 12 wk. EPA and DHA were measured in fasting plasma, mononuclear cells (MNCs), and RBCs. Results EPA and DHA were higher in plasma in the 24 h after a single dose of SMEDS-EPA or SMEDS-DHA than after consuming the comparator EE (P < 0.001 for both). Compared with the EE form, repeated daily dosing of the SMEDS formulations for 12 wk resulted in higher concentrations of EPA and DHA in plasma (P = 0.086 and 0.005, respectively), MNCs (P < 0.001 and 0.020, respectively), and RBCs (both P < 0.001). The omega-3 index increased over 12 wk from 5.1 ± 0.9 to 7.9 ± 0.9 in the SMEDS-EPA group, from 5.3 ± 1.1 to 9.0 ± 1.2 in the SMEDS-DHA group, from 4.8 ± 0.8 to 6.4 ± 0.9 in the EE-EPA group, and from 5.2 ± 0.9 to 7.2 ± 1.0 in the EE-DHA group (all P < 0.001). The omega-3 index was higher with SMEDS than with the comparator EE at 12 wk (both P < 0.001). Conclusions Compared with standard EEs, a SMEDS results in greater incorporation of EPA and DHA into blood pools after a single dose and with repeated daily dosing in healthy adults. A SMEDS enhances delivery of bioactive ω-3 fatty acids. This trial was registered at www.isrctn.com as ISRCTN96459690.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette L West
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Philip C Calder
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,National Institute of Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Innes JK, Calder PC. The Differential Effects of Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020532. [PMID: 29425187 PMCID: PMC5855754 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A large body of evidence supports the cardioprotective effects of the long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). There is increasing interest in the independent effects of EPA and DHA in the modulation of cardiometabolic risk factors. This systematic review aims to appraise the latest available evidence of the differential effects of EPA and DHA on such risk factors. A systematic literature review was conducted up to May 2017. Randomised controlled trials were included if they met strict eligibility criteria, including EPA or DHA > 2 g/day and purity ≥ 90%. Eighteen identified articles were included, corresponding to six unique studies involving 527 participants. Both EPA and DHA lowered triglyceride concentration, with DHA having a greater triglyceride-lowering effect. Whilst total cholesterol levels were largely unchanged by EPA and DHA, DHA increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration, particularly HDL2, and increased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentration and LDL particle size. Both EPA and DHA inhibited platelet activity, whilst DHA improved vascular function and lowered heart rate and blood pressure to a greater extent than EPA. The effects of EPA and DHA on inflammatory markers and glycaemic control were inconclusive; however both lowered oxidative stress. Thus, EPA and DHA appear to have differential effects on cardiometabolic risk factors, but these need to be confirmed by larger clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline K Innes
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Philip C Calder
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
- National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
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