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Dos Santos G, Devadiga R, Kim CS, Bang J. An 8-Year Prospective, Observational, Multi-centre Post-Marketing Safety Surveillance Study Conducted in South Korea (2014-2022) Following the Introduction of GSK's Inactivated Quadrivalent Seasonal Influenza Vaccine (Fluarix Tetra) for Subjects Aged 6 Months and Older. Drug Saf 2024; 47:365-375. [PMID: 38483767 PMCID: PMC10955014 DOI: 10.1007/s40264-024-01395-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Seasonal influenza is associated with substantial public health burden. The objective of this study was to assess the safety of inactivated quadrivalent seasonal influenza vaccine (IIV4, Fluarix Tetra, GSK, Belgium) in subjects aged ≥ 6 months in Korea. METHODS This prospective, observational, non-comparative, multi-centre post-marketing surveillance study was conducted in Korea in subjects aged ≥ 3 years for 6 years (2014-2020) and extended to subjects aged 6-35 months for 4 years (2018-2022). Subjects received IIV4 in routine clinical practice according to local prescribing information. Adverse events (AEs) were recorded over 21 days post-vaccination. RESULTS The group aged ≥ 3 years included 701 subjects (mean 31.97 years, range 3-86 years, 46.36% male), and the group aged 6-35 months included 687 subjects (mean 16.31 months, 47.02% male). In the group aged ≥ 3 years, 98 subjects (13.98%) reported 140 AEs, of which 42 events in 34 subjects (4.85%) were adverse reactions to vaccine (ARVs). Most of the ARVs were expected, mainly administration site reactions. There were seven mild unexpected ARVs. In the group aged 6-35 months, 248 AEs were reported in 149/687 subjects (21.69%). ARVs were reported in 25/687 subjects (3.64%, 29 events); one was considered unexpected. There were five serious AEs overall, none of which were considered related. CONCLUSION No safety concerns were found during this surveillance study of IIV4 in subjects aged ≥ 6 months in Korea. The findings of this study suggest IIV4 is safe and well tolerated for use in all age groups with a vaccine indication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chun Soo Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
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Amicizia D, Domnich A, Lai PL, Orsi A, Icardi G, Tkach-Motulyak O, Panatto D. Enhanced passive safety surveillance of the MF59-adjuvanted quadrivalent influenza vaccine in the elderly during the 2021/22 influenza season. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2190279. [PMID: 36919537 PMCID: PMC10072113 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2190279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In accordance with European directives, each year the enhanced safety surveillance (ESS) of seasonal influenza vaccines should be conducted in order to detect any potential increase in reactogenicity when the vaccine composition is updated or a new formulation becomes available. The objective of this passive ESS (EPSS) was to assess the frequency of spontaneously reported adverse events (AEs) following vaccination with the 2021/22 formulation of the MF59-adjuvanted quadrivalent influenza vaccine (aQIV) among older adults in Italy through the collection of data within a short time period (start of seasonal influenza vaccination) in order to monitor the reactogenicity of aQIV early in the season. All AEs reported within seven days following vaccination were analyzed by type and seriousness. In all, 1,059 vaccination cards were distributed to individuals aged ≥65 years. Only one, non-serious, spontaneous individual case safety report was submitted, yielding an overall rate of 0.9 per 1,000 doses administered. This report consisted of a reactogenic AE of pyrexia. The EPSS confirmed that the reactogenicity profile of aQIV was consistent with the known safety profile of the previous trivalent formulation. These optimal safety data could bolster public confidence in influenza vaccination and help to improve vaccination coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Amicizia
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Interuniversity Research Center on Influenza and Other Transmissible Infections (CIRI-IT), Genoa, Italy
| | - Alexander Domnich
- Hygiene Unit, San Martino Policlinico Hospital-IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, Genoa, Italy
| | - Piero Luigi Lai
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Interuniversity Research Center on Influenza and Other Transmissible Infections (CIRI-IT), Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Orsi
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Interuniversity Research Center on Influenza and Other Transmissible Infections (CIRI-IT), Genoa, Italy.,Hygiene Unit, San Martino Policlinico Hospital-IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Icardi
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Interuniversity Research Center on Influenza and Other Transmissible Infections (CIRI-IT), Genoa, Italy.,Hygiene Unit, San Martino Policlinico Hospital-IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Donatella Panatto
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Interuniversity Research Center on Influenza and Other Transmissible Infections (CIRI-IT), Genoa, Italy
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Wang R, Huang X, Cao T, Sun C, Luo D, Qiu H, Wu M, Huang X, Yu C, Li J, Kong D, Ma J, Zhang X, Hu P, Zhang Y, Luo C, Zhao H, Li Y, Deng Y, Qin C, Xie L. Development of a thermostable SARS-CoV-2 variant-based bivalent protein vaccine with cross-neutralizing potency against Omicron subvariants. Virology 2022; 576:61-68. [PMID: 36174448 PMCID: PMC9486464 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 variants have posed significant challenges to the hopes of using ancestral strain-based vaccines to address the risk of breakthrough infection by variants. We designed and developed a bivalent vaccine based on SARS-CoV-2 Alpha and Beta variants (named SCTV01C). SCTV01C antigens were stable at 25 oC for at least 6 months. In the presence of a squalene-based oil-in-water adjuvant SCT-VA02B, SCTV01C showed significant protection efficacy against antigen-matched Beta variant, with favorable safety profiles in rodents. Notably, SCTV01C exhibited cross-neutralization capacity against Omicron subvariants (BA.1, BA.1.1, BA.2, BA.3, and BA.4/5) in mice, superior to a WT (D614G)-based vaccine, which reinforced our previously published findings that SCTV01C exhibited broad-spectrum neutralizing potencies against over a dozen pre-Omicron variants and the Omicron BA.1 variant. In summary, variant-based multivalent protein vaccine could be a platform approach to address the challenging issues of emerging variants, vaccine hesitancy and the needs of affordable and thermal stable vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Xun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Tianshu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Chunyun Sun
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Dan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Hongying Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Mei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Xingyao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Chulin Yu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Jing Li
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Desheng Kong
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Juan Ma
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Ping Hu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Yanjing Zhang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Chunxia Luo
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yuchang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yongqiang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Chengfeng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Liangzhi Xie
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing, 100176, China; Cell Culture Engineering Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
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Wang R, Sun C, Ma J, Yu C, Kong D, Chen M, Liu X, Zhao D, Gao S, Kou S, Sun L, Ge Z, Zhao J, Li K, Zhang T, Zhang Y, Luo C, Li X, Wang Y, Xie L. A Bivalent COVID-19 Vaccine Based on Alpha and Beta Variants Elicits Potent and Broad Immune Responses in Mice against SARS-CoV-2 Variants. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10050702. [PMID: 35632456 PMCID: PMC9143086 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
With the emergence and rapid spread of new pandemic variants, especially variants of concern (VOCs), the development of next-generation vaccines with broad-spectrum neutralizing activities is of great importance. In this study, SCTV01C, a clinical stage bivalent vaccine based on trimeric spike extracellular domain (S-ECD) of SARS-CoV-2 variants Alpha (B.1.1.7) and Beta (B.1.351) with a squalene-based oil-in-water adjuvant was evaluated in comparison to its two corresponding (Alpha and Beta) monovalent vaccines in mouse immunogenicity studies. The two monovalent vaccines induced potent neutralizing antibody responses against the antigen-matched variants, but drastic reductions in neutralizing antibody titers against antigen-mismatched variants were observed. In comparison, the bivalent vaccine SCTV01C induced relatively higher and broad-spectrum cross-neutralizing activities against various SARS-CoV-2 variants, including the D614G variant, VOCs (B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, B.1.617.2, B.1.1.529), variants of interest (VOIs) (C.37, B.1.621), variants under monitoring (VUMs) (B.1.526, B.1.617.1, B.1.429, C.36.3) and other variants (B.1.618, 20I/484Q). All three vaccines elicited potent Th1-biased T-cell immune responses. These results provide direct evidence that variant-based multivalent vaccines could play important roles in addressing the critical issue of reduced protective efficacy against the existing and emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing 100176, China; (R.W.); (C.S.); (J.M.); (C.Y.); (D.K.); (M.C.); (X.L.); (D.Z.); (S.G.); (S.K.); (L.S.); (Z.G.); (J.Z.); (K.L.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (X.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Chunyun Sun
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing 100176, China; (R.W.); (C.S.); (J.M.); (C.Y.); (D.K.); (M.C.); (X.L.); (D.Z.); (S.G.); (S.K.); (L.S.); (Z.G.); (J.Z.); (K.L.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (X.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Juan Ma
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing 100176, China; (R.W.); (C.S.); (J.M.); (C.Y.); (D.K.); (M.C.); (X.L.); (D.Z.); (S.G.); (S.K.); (L.S.); (Z.G.); (J.Z.); (K.L.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (X.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Chulin Yu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing 100176, China; (R.W.); (C.S.); (J.M.); (C.Y.); (D.K.); (M.C.); (X.L.); (D.Z.); (S.G.); (S.K.); (L.S.); (Z.G.); (J.Z.); (K.L.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (X.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Desheng Kong
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing 100176, China; (R.W.); (C.S.); (J.M.); (C.Y.); (D.K.); (M.C.); (X.L.); (D.Z.); (S.G.); (S.K.); (L.S.); (Z.G.); (J.Z.); (K.L.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (X.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Meng Chen
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing 100176, China; (R.W.); (C.S.); (J.M.); (C.Y.); (D.K.); (M.C.); (X.L.); (D.Z.); (S.G.); (S.K.); (L.S.); (Z.G.); (J.Z.); (K.L.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (X.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Xuejie Liu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing 100176, China; (R.W.); (C.S.); (J.M.); (C.Y.); (D.K.); (M.C.); (X.L.); (D.Z.); (S.G.); (S.K.); (L.S.); (Z.G.); (J.Z.); (K.L.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (X.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Dandan Zhao
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing 100176, China; (R.W.); (C.S.); (J.M.); (C.Y.); (D.K.); (M.C.); (X.L.); (D.Z.); (S.G.); (S.K.); (L.S.); (Z.G.); (J.Z.); (K.L.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (X.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Shuman Gao
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing 100176, China; (R.W.); (C.S.); (J.M.); (C.Y.); (D.K.); (M.C.); (X.L.); (D.Z.); (S.G.); (S.K.); (L.S.); (Z.G.); (J.Z.); (K.L.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (X.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Shuyuan Kou
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing 100176, China; (R.W.); (C.S.); (J.M.); (C.Y.); (D.K.); (M.C.); (X.L.); (D.Z.); (S.G.); (S.K.); (L.S.); (Z.G.); (J.Z.); (K.L.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (X.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Lili Sun
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing 100176, China; (R.W.); (C.S.); (J.M.); (C.Y.); (D.K.); (M.C.); (X.L.); (D.Z.); (S.G.); (S.K.); (L.S.); (Z.G.); (J.Z.); (K.L.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (X.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Zeyong Ge
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing 100176, China; (R.W.); (C.S.); (J.M.); (C.Y.); (D.K.); (M.C.); (X.L.); (D.Z.); (S.G.); (S.K.); (L.S.); (Z.G.); (J.Z.); (K.L.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (X.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jun Zhao
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing 100176, China; (R.W.); (C.S.); (J.M.); (C.Y.); (D.K.); (M.C.); (X.L.); (D.Z.); (S.G.); (S.K.); (L.S.); (Z.G.); (J.Z.); (K.L.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (X.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Kuokuo Li
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing 100176, China; (R.W.); (C.S.); (J.M.); (C.Y.); (D.K.); (M.C.); (X.L.); (D.Z.); (S.G.); (S.K.); (L.S.); (Z.G.); (J.Z.); (K.L.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (X.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Tao Zhang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing 100176, China; (R.W.); (C.S.); (J.M.); (C.Y.); (D.K.); (M.C.); (X.L.); (D.Z.); (S.G.); (S.K.); (L.S.); (Z.G.); (J.Z.); (K.L.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (X.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yanjing Zhang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing 100176, China; (R.W.); (C.S.); (J.M.); (C.Y.); (D.K.); (M.C.); (X.L.); (D.Z.); (S.G.); (S.K.); (L.S.); (Z.G.); (J.Z.); (K.L.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (X.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Chunxia Luo
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing 100176, China; (R.W.); (C.S.); (J.M.); (C.Y.); (D.K.); (M.C.); (X.L.); (D.Z.); (S.G.); (S.K.); (L.S.); (Z.G.); (J.Z.); (K.L.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (X.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Xuefeng Li
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing 100176, China; (R.W.); (C.S.); (J.M.); (C.Y.); (D.K.); (M.C.); (X.L.); (D.Z.); (S.G.); (S.K.); (L.S.); (Z.G.); (J.Z.); (K.L.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (X.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yang Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing 100176, China; (R.W.); (C.S.); (J.M.); (C.Y.); (D.K.); (M.C.); (X.L.); (D.Z.); (S.G.); (S.K.); (L.S.); (Z.G.); (J.Z.); (K.L.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (X.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Liangzhi Xie
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Protein and Antibody, Sinocelltech Ltd., Beijing 100176, China; (R.W.); (C.S.); (J.M.); (C.Y.); (D.K.); (M.C.); (X.L.); (D.Z.); (S.G.); (S.K.); (L.S.); (Z.G.); (J.Z.); (K.L.); (T.Z.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (X.L.); (Y.W.)
- Cell Culture Engineering Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100176, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-010-58628378; Fax: +86-010-58628299
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Chuaychoo B, Kositanont U, Niyomthong P, Rittayamai N, Srisuma S, Rattanasaengloet K, Wongsrisakunkaew W, Thongam J, Songserm T. Comparison of immunogenicity between intradermal and intramuscular injections of repeated annual identical influenza virus strains post-pandemic (2011-2012) in COPD patients. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 16:1371-1379. [PMID: 31770051 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1692559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the antibody responses and persistence of the reduced-dose, 9 µg hemagglutinin (HA)/strain intradermal (ID) injection via the Mantoux technique and the 15 μg HA/strain intramuscular (IM) injection of the repeated annual identical trivalent, inactivated, split-virion vaccine 2011-2012 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Eighty patients were randomized to ID (n = 41) and IM (n = 39) groups. Four weeks post-vaccination, the antibody responses of the two groups were similar; those for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and influenza A(H3N2)-but not influenza B-met the criteria of the Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products (CPMP). The antibody responses for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 rapidly declined in both groups, especially with the ID injection, whereas those for influenza A(H3N2) maintained above the CPMP criteria throughout 12 months post-vaccination. The geometric mean titres for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 persisted above the protective threshold (≥ 40) until 6 months post-vaccination in both the ID and IM groups. The seroprotection rates of the ID and IM groups were above 60% until 3 months and 6 months post-vaccination, respectively. In conclusion, the 9 μg HA/strain ID injection of vaccine 2011-2012 elicited antibody responses similar to the standard dose of 15 μg of the HA/strain IM injection at 4 weeks post-vaccination. However, the antibody responses for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 rapidly declined, especially in the case of the ID injection, whereas they were comparable for influenza A(H3N2). Additional strategies for increasing vaccine durability should be considered, especially for new pandemic strains affecting elderly COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamas Chuaychoo
- Division of Respiratory Disease and Tuberculosis, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital , Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Uraiwan Kositanont
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital , Bangkok, Thailand.,Faculty of Public Health, Thammasat University , Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Parichat Niyomthong
- Division of Respiratory Disease and Tuberculosis, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital , Bangkok, Thailand.,Medicine Unit, Phrae Medical Education Center, Naresuan University , Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Nuttapol Rittayamai
- Division of Respiratory Disease and Tuberculosis, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital , Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sorachai Srisuma
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University , Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanokwan Rattanasaengloet
- Division of Respiratory Disease and Tuberculosis, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital , Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Walaiporn Wongsrisakunkaew
- Division of Respiratory Disease and Tuberculosis, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital , Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Julalux Thongam
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University , Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thaweesak Songserm
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University , Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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