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Silva RA, Damasio DS, Coelho LD, de Morais-Teixeira E, Queiroz-Junior CM, Souza PE, Azevedo RB, Tedesco A, Ferreira LA, Oliveira MC, Aguiar MG. Combination of the Topical Photodynamic Therapy of Chloroaluminum Phthalocyanine Liposomes with Fexinidazole Oral Self-Emulsifying System as a New Strategy for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:509. [PMID: 38675171 PMCID: PMC11054953 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected tropical disease. The treatment is restricted to drugs, such as meglumine antimoniate and amphotericin B, that exhibit toxic effects, high cost, long-term treatment, and limited efficacy. The development of new alternative therapies, including the identification of effective drugs for the topical and oral treatment of CL, is of great interest. In this sense, a combination of topical photodynamic therapy (PDT) with chloroaluminum phthalocyanine liposomes (Lip-ClAlPc) and the oral administration of a self-emulsifying drug delivery system containing fexinidazole (SEDDS-FEX) emerges as a new strategy. The aim of the present study was to prepare, characterize, and evaluate the efficacy of combined therapy with Lip-ClAlPc and SEDDS-FEX in the experimental treatment of Leishmania (Leishmania) major. Lip-ClAlPc and SEDDS-FEX were prepared, and the antileishmanial efficacy study was conducted with the following groups: 1. Lip-ClAlPc (0.05 mL); 2. SEDDS-FEX (50 mg/kg/day); 3. Lip-ClAlPc (0.05 mL)+SEDDS-FEX (50 mg/kg/day) combination; 4. FEX suspension (50 mg/kg/day); and 5. control (untreated). BALB/c mice received 10 sessions of topical Lip-ClAlPc on alternate days and 20 consecutive days of SEDDS-FEX or FEX oral suspension. Therapeutical efficacy was evaluated via the parasite burden (limiting-dilution assay), lesion size (mm), healing of the lesion, and histological analyses. Lip-ClAlPc and SEDDS-FEX presented physicochemical characteristics that are compatible with the administration routes used in the treatments. Lip-ClAlPc+SEDDS-FEX led to a significant reduction in the parasitic burden in the lesion and spleen when compared to the control group (p < 0.05) and the complete healing of the lesion in 43% of animals. The Lip-ClAlPc+SEDDS-FEX combination may be promising for the treatment of CL caused by L. major.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaela Ariany Silva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (R.A.S.); (D.S.D.); (L.D.C.); (L.A.F.)
| | - Danielle Soter Damasio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (R.A.S.); (D.S.D.); (L.D.C.); (L.A.F.)
| | - Larissa Dutra Coelho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (R.A.S.); (D.S.D.); (L.D.C.); (L.A.F.)
| | - Eliane de Morais-Teixeira
- Clinical Research and Public Policy Group on Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz—FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte 330190-002, Brazil;
| | - Celso M. Queiroz-Junior
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil;
| | - Paulo Eduardo Souza
- Laboratory of Software and Instrumentation in Applied Physics and Laboratory of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, Institute of Physics, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil;
| | - Ricardo Bentes Azevedo
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil;
| | - Antônio Tedesco
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering—Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-900, Brazil;
| | - Lucas Antônio Ferreira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (R.A.S.); (D.S.D.); (L.D.C.); (L.A.F.)
| | - Mônica Cristina Oliveira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (R.A.S.); (D.S.D.); (L.D.C.); (L.A.F.)
| | - Marta Gontijo Aguiar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (R.A.S.); (D.S.D.); (L.D.C.); (L.A.F.)
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Ambrosio JAR, Marmo VLM, Gonçalves EP, Pinto JG, Ferreira-Strixino J, Raniero LJ, Beltrame M, Simioni AR. Hydroxyapatite microspheres used as a drug delivery system for gliosarcoma strain 9l/Lacz treatment by photodynamic therapy protocols. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 44:103830. [PMID: 37852406 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydroxyapatite (HAp) presents similarities with the human bone structure and presents properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, and osteoconductivity, which favors its use in prostheses implants and enables its use as a vehicle for the delivery of photosensitizers (PS) from systems of release (DDS) for photodynamic therapy applications Methods: In this work was to synthesized hydroxyapatite microspheres (meHAp), encapsulated with chloroaluminium phthalocyanine (ClAlPc), for DDS. meHAp was synthesized using vaterite as a template. The drug was encapsulated by mixing meHAp and a 50.0 mg.mL-1 ClAlPc solution. Photochemical, photophysical, and photobiological studies characterized the system. RESULTS The images from the SEM analysis showed the spherical form of the particles. All spectroscopic results showed excellent photophysical parameters of the drug studied when served in the meHAp system. The incorporation efficiency was 57.8 %. The trypan blue exclusion test results showed a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in cell viability for the groups treated with PDT at all concentrations above 250 μg.mL-1. In 9 L/lacZ gliosarcoma cells, PDT mediated at concentrations from 250 to 62.5 µg.mL-1 reduced cell viability by more than 98 %. In the cell internalization study, it was possible to observe the internalization of phthalocyanines at 37 °C, with the accumulation of PS in the cytoplasm and inside the nucleus in the two tested concentrations. CONCLUSIONS From all the results presented throughout the article, the meHAp system shows promise for use as a modified release system (DSD) in photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A R Ambrosio
- Research and Development Institute - IPD, Vale do Paraíba University - UNIVAP, Av. Shishima Hifumi, CEP: 12244-000. São José dos Campos, SP 2911, Brazil
| | - Vitor L M Marmo
- Research and Development Institute - IPD, Vale do Paraíba University - UNIVAP, Av. Shishima Hifumi, CEP: 12244-000. São José dos Campos, SP 2911, Brazil
| | - Erika P Gonçalves
- Research and Development Institute - IPD, Vale do Paraíba University - UNIVAP, Av. Shishima Hifumi, CEP: 12244-000. São José dos Campos, SP 2911, Brazil
| | - Juliana G Pinto
- Research and Development Institute - IPD, Vale do Paraíba University - UNIVAP, Av. Shishima Hifumi, CEP: 12244-000. São José dos Campos, SP 2911, Brazil
| | - Juliana Ferreira-Strixino
- Research and Development Institute - IPD, Vale do Paraíba University - UNIVAP, Av. Shishima Hifumi, CEP: 12244-000. São José dos Campos, SP 2911, Brazil
| | - Leandro J Raniero
- Research and Development Institute - IPD, Vale do Paraíba University - UNIVAP, Av. Shishima Hifumi, CEP: 12244-000. São José dos Campos, SP 2911, Brazil
| | - Milton Beltrame
- Research and Development Institute - IPD, Vale do Paraíba University - UNIVAP, Av. Shishima Hifumi, CEP: 12244-000. São José dos Campos, SP 2911, Brazil
| | - Andreza R Simioni
- Research and Development Institute - IPD, Vale do Paraíba University - UNIVAP, Av. Shishima Hifumi, CEP: 12244-000. São José dos Campos, SP 2911, Brazil.
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Marmo VLM, Ambrósio JAR, Gonçalves EP, Raniero LJ, Beltrame Junior M, Pinto JG, Ferreira-Strixino J, Simioni AR. Vaterite microparticle-loaded methylene blue for photodynamic activity in macrophages infected with Leishmania braziliensis. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:1977-1989. [PMID: 37115408 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00426-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) exhibits a variety of crystalline phases, including the anhydrous crystalline polymorphs calcite, aragonite, and vaterite. Developing porous calcium carbonate microparticles in the vaterite phase for the encapsulation of methylene blue (MB) as a photosensitizer (PS) for use in photodynamic therapy (PDT) was the goal of this investigation. Using an adsorption approach, the PS was integrated into the CaCO3 microparticles. The vaterite microparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and steady-state techniques. The trypan blue exclusion method was used to measure the biological activity of macrophages infected with Leishmania braziliensis in vitro. The vaterite microparticles produced are highly porous, non-aggregated, and uniform in size. After encapsulation, the MB-loaded microparticles kept their photophysical characteristics. The carriers that were captured allowed for dye localization inside the cells. The results obtained in this study indicated that the MB-loaded vaterite microparticles show promising photodynamic activity in macrophages infected with Leishmania braziliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Luca Moura Marmo
- Research and Development Institute-IPD, Vale do Paraíba University-UNIVAP, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, São José Dos Campos, SP, CEP 12244-000, Brazil
| | - Jéssica A R Ambrósio
- Research and Development Institute-IPD, Vale do Paraíba University-UNIVAP, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, São José Dos Campos, SP, CEP 12244-000, Brazil
| | - Erika Peterson Gonçalves
- Research and Development Institute-IPD, Vale do Paraíba University-UNIVAP, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, São José Dos Campos, SP, CEP 12244-000, Brazil
| | - Leandro José Raniero
- Research and Development Institute-IPD, Vale do Paraíba University-UNIVAP, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, São José Dos Campos, SP, CEP 12244-000, Brazil
| | - Milton Beltrame Junior
- Research and Development Institute-IPD, Vale do Paraíba University-UNIVAP, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, São José Dos Campos, SP, CEP 12244-000, Brazil
| | - Juliana G Pinto
- Research and Development Institute-IPD, Vale do Paraíba University-UNIVAP, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, São José Dos Campos, SP, CEP 12244-000, Brazil
| | - Juliana Ferreira-Strixino
- Research and Development Institute-IPD, Vale do Paraíba University-UNIVAP, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, São José Dos Campos, SP, CEP 12244-000, Brazil
| | - Andreza R Simioni
- Research and Development Institute-IPD, Vale do Paraíba University-UNIVAP, Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911, São José Dos Campos, SP, CEP 12244-000, Brazil.
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Registre C, Soares RDOA, Rubio KTS, Santos ODH, Carneiro SP. A Systematic Review of Drug-Carrying Nanosystems Used in the Treatment of Leishmaniasis. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:423-449. [PMID: 36795604 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease responsible for a huge rate of morbidity and mortality in humans. Chemotherapy consists of the use of pentavalent antimonial, amphotericin B, pentamidine, miltefosine, and paromomycin. However, these drugs are associated with some drawbacks such as high toxicity, administration by parenteral route, and most seriously the resistance of some strains of the parasite to them. Several strategies have been used to increase the therapeutic index and reduce the toxic effects of these drugs. Among them, the use of nanosystems that have great potential as a site-specific drug delivery system stands out. This review aims to compile results from studies that were carried out using first- and second-line antileishmanial drug-carrying nanosystems. The articles referred to here were published between 2011 and 2021. This study shows the promise of effective applicability of drug-carrying nanosystems in the field of antileishmanial therapeutics, with the perspective of providing better patient adherence to treatment, increased therapeutic efficacy, reduced toxicity of conventional drugs, as well as the potential to efficiently improve the treatment of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charmante Registre
- Phytotechnology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais 35400000, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo D O A Soares
- Immunopathology Laboratory, Research Center in Biological Sciences/NUPEB, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais 35400000, Brazil
| | - Karina T S Rubio
- Toxicology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais 35400000, Brazil
| | - Orlando D H Santos
- Phytotechnology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais 35400000, Brazil
| | - Simone P Carneiro
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
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Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of chloroaluminium phthalocyanine incorporated in poly(ε-caprolactone) nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 38:102850. [PMID: 35395414 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of nanotechnology has been widely used in biomedical science, which consists of orthopedic implants, tissue engineering, cancer therapy and drug elution from nanoparticle systems, such as poly-caprolactone (PCL) nanoparticles, which stand out mainly for their biocompatibility, being considered as effective carriers for photosensitizing drugs (PS) in photodynamic therapy (PDT) protocols. METHODS This manuscript describes the synthesis and characterization of PCL nanoparticles for controlled release of the drug chloro-aluminum phthalocyanine (ClAlPc) as a photosensitizer for application in PDT. The PCL-ClAlPc nanoparticles were developed by the nanoprecipitation process. The structure and morphology of the nanoparticles were studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The size of nanomaterials was studied using the Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) method. Photophysical and photochemical characterizations were performed. Subsequently, photobiological studies were also used to characterize the system. RESULTS The nanoparticles had an average diameter of 384.7 ± 138.6 nm and a polydispersity index of 0.153. SEM analysis revealed that the system formed a spherical shape typical of these delivery systems. Charging efficiency was 82.1% ± 1.2%. The phthalocyanine-loaded PCL nanoparticles maintained their photophysical behavior after encapsulation. Cell viability was determined after the dark toxicity test, and it was possible to observe that there was no evidence of toxicity in the dark, for all concentrations tested. The assay also revealed that adenocarcinoma cells treated with free ClAlPc and in the nanoformulation showed 100% cell death when subjected to PDT protocols. The intracellular location of the photosensitizer indicated a high potential for accumulation in the cytoplasm and nucleus. CONCLUSIONS From the photophysical, photochemical and photobiological analyzes obtained, it was possible to observe that the development of PCL nanoparticles encapsulated with ClAlPc, by the nanoprecipitation method was adequate and that the in vivo release study is efficient to reduce the release rate and attenuate the burst of PS loaded on PCL nanoparticles. The results reinforce that the use of this system as drug delivery systems is useful in PDT protocols.
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Varzandeh M, Mohammadinejad R, Esmaeilzadeh-Salestani K, Dehshahri A, Zarrabi A, Aghaei-Afshar A. Photodynamic therapy for leishmaniasis: Recent advances and future trends. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 36:102609. [PMID: 34728420 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis has infected more than 12 million people worldwide. This neglected tropical disease, causing 20,000-30,000 deaths per year, is a global health problem. The emergence of resistant parasites and serious side effects of conventional therapies has led to the search for less toxic and non-invasive alternative treatments. Photodynamic therapy is a promising therapeutic strategy to produce reactive oxygen species for the treatment of leishmaniasis. In this regard, natural and synthetic photosensitizers such as curcumin, hypericin, 5-aminolevulinic acid, phthalocyanines, phenothiazines, porphyrins, chlorins and nanoparticles have been applied. In this review, the recent advances on using photodynamic therapy for treating Leishmania species have been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Varzandeh
- Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Reza Mohammadinejad
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Keyvan Esmaeilzadeh-Salestani
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R.Kreutzwaldi 1, EE51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ali Dehshahri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, 34485 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abbas Aghaei-Afshar
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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