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Kavaliauskas P, Opazo FS, Acevedo W, Petraitiene R, Grybaitė B, Anusevičius K, Mickevičius V, Belyakov S, Petraitis V. Synthesis, Biological Activity, and Molecular Modelling Studies of Naphthoquinone Derivatives as Promising Anticancer Candidates Targeting COX-2. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15050541. [PMID: 35631366 PMCID: PMC9144205 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains a leading cause of cancer-associated mortalities worldwide. Therefore, it is crucial to develop a novel therapeutic option targeting localized and metastatic NSCLC. In this paper, we describe the synthesis and biological activity characterization of naphthoquinone derivatives bearing selective anticancer activity to NSCLC via a COX-2 mediated pathway. The biological evaluation of compounds 9−16 showed promising structure-dependent anticancer activity on A549 cells in 2D and 3D models. Compounds were able to significantly (p < 0.05) reduce the A549 viability after 24 h of treatment in comparison to treated control. Compounds 9 and 16 bearing phenylamino and 4-hydroxyphenylamino substituents demonstrated the most promising anticancer activity and were able to induce mitochondrial damage and ROS formation. Furthermore, most promising compounds showed significantly lower cytotoxicity to non-cancerous Vero cells. The in silico ADMET properties revealed promising drug-like properties of compounds 9 and 16. Both compounds demonstrated favorable predicted GI absorption values, while only 16 was predicted to be permeable through the blood−brain barrier. Molecular modeling studies identified that compound 16 is able to interact with COX-2 in arachidonic acid site. Further studies are needed to better understand the safety and in vivo efficacy of compounds 9 and 16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Povilas Kavaliauskas
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Rd. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (B.G.); (K.A.); (V.M.)
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; (R.P.); (V.P.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Pathogenic Microbiology, Birstono Str. 38A, LT-59116 Prienai, Lithuania
- Biological Research Center, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Correspondence:
| | - Felipe Stambuk Opazo
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso. Av. Universidad N° 330, Curauma, Valparaiso 2373223, Chile;
| | - Waldo Acevedo
- Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso. Av. Universidad N° 330, Curauma, Valparaiso 2373223, Chile;
| | - Ruta Petraitiene
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; (R.P.); (V.P.)
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Pathogenic Microbiology, Birstono Str. 38A, LT-59116 Prienai, Lithuania
| | - Birutė Grybaitė
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Rd. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (B.G.); (K.A.); (V.M.)
| | - Kazimieras Anusevičius
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Rd. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (B.G.); (K.A.); (V.M.)
| | - Vytautas Mickevičius
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Rd. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (B.G.); (K.A.); (V.M.)
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Pathogenic Microbiology, Birstono Str. 38A, LT-59116 Prienai, Lithuania
| | - Sergey Belyakov
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Laboratory of Physical Organic Chemistry, Aizkraukles 21, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Vidmantas Petraitis
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; (R.P.); (V.P.)
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Pathogenic Microbiology, Birstono Str. 38A, LT-59116 Prienai, Lithuania
- Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso. Av. Universidad N° 330, Curauma, Valparaiso 2373223, Chile;
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Ragunathan K, Upfold NLE, Oksenych V. Interaction between Fibroblasts and Immune Cells Following DNA Damage Induced by Ionizing Radiation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228635. [PMID: 33207781 PMCID: PMC7696681 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) form the basis of tumor microenvironment and possess immunomodulatory functions by interacting with other cells surrounding tumor, including T lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and natural killer cells. Ionizing radiation is a broadly-used method in radiotherapy to target tumors. In mammalian cells, ionizing radiation induces various types of DNA damages and DNA damage response. Being unspecific, radiotherapy affects all the cells in tumor microenvironment, including the tumor itself, CAFs and immune cells. CAFs are extremely radio-resistant and do not initiate apoptosis even at high doses of radiation. However, following radiation, CAFs become senescent and produce a distinct combination of immunoregulatory molecules. Radiosensitivity of immune cells varies depending on the cell type due to inefficient DNA repair in, for example, monocytes and granulocytes. In this minireview, we are summarizing recent findings on the interaction between CAF, ionizing radiation and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalaiyarasi Ragunathan
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7028 Trondheim, Norway; (K.R.); (N.L.E.U.)
| | - Nikki Lyn Esnardo Upfold
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7028 Trondheim, Norway; (K.R.); (N.L.E.U.)
| | - Valentyn Oksenych
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7028 Trondheim, Norway; (K.R.); (N.L.E.U.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition (BioNuT), Karolinska Institutet, 14183 Huddinge, Sweden
- KG Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence:
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Monteleone NJ, Lutz CS. miR-708-5p targets oncogenic prostaglandin E2 production to suppress a pro-tumorigenic phenotype in lung cancer cells. Oncotarget 2020; 11:2464-2483. [PMID: 32655834 PMCID: PMC7335672 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cancers maintain an inflammatory microenvironment to promote their growth. Lung cancer is of particular importance, as it is the deadliest cancer worldwide. One inflammatory pathway commonly dysregulated in cancer is the metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA) by Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and microsomal Prostaglandin E Synthase 1 (mPGES-1) into Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). While researchers have identified PGE2's pro-tumorigenic functions, the mechanisms governing overexpression of COX-2 and mPGES-1 are incompletely understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important post-transcriptional regulators commonly dysregulated in cancer. Interestingly, miR-708-5p (miR-708) is predicted to target both COX-2 and mPGES-1. In this study, we show that high miR-708 expression is associated with survival rates in lung squamous cell carcinoma patients. miR-708 also represses PGE2 production by suppressing both COX-2 and mPGES-1 expression in lung cancer cells. miR-708 regulation of COX-2 and mPGES-1 is mediated through targeting of their 3' untranslated regions (UTRs). Moreover, miR-708 decreases proliferation, survival, and migration of lung cancer cells, which can be partially attributed to miR-708's inhibition of PGE2 signaling. Lastly, we identify novel miR-708 predicted targets and possible regulators of miR-708 expression in lung cancer. Collectively, these data demonstrate that dysregulated miR-708 expression contributes to exacerbated PGE2 production, leading to an enhanced pro-tumorigenic phenotype in lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Monteleone
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers Biomedical & Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, School of Graduate Studies, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Carol S. Lutz
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers Biomedical & Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, School of Graduate Studies, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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Emmerich AC, Wellstein J, Ossipova E, Baumann I, Lengqvist J, Kultima K, Jakobsson PJ, Steinhilber D, Saul MJ. Proteomics-Based Characterization of miR-574-5p Decoy to CUGBP1 Suggests Specificity for mPGES-1 Regulation in Human Lung Cancer Cells. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:196. [PMID: 32231562 PMCID: PMC7082395 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) are one of the most important post-transcriptional repressors of gene expression. However, miR-574-5p has recently been shown to positively regulate the expression of microsomal prostaglandin E-synthase-1 (mPGES-1), a key enzyme in the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) biosynthesis, by acting as decoy to the RNA-binding protein CUG-RNA binding protein 1 (CUGBP1) in human lung cancer. miR-574-5p exhibits oncogenic properties and promotes lung tumor growth in vivo via induction of mPGES-1-derived PGE2 synthesis. In a mass spectrometry-based proteomics study, we now attempted to characterize this decoy mechanism in A549 lung cancer cells at a cellular level. Besides the identification of novel CUGBP1 targets, we identified that the interaction between miR-574-5p and CUGBP1 specifically regulates mPGES-1 expression. This is supported by the fact that CUGBP1 and miR-574-5p are located in the nucleus, where CUGBP1 regulates alternative splicing. Further, in a bioinformatical approach we showed that the decoy-dependent mPGES-1 splicing pattern is unique. The specificity of miR-574-5p/CUGBP1 regulation on mPGES-1 expression supports the therapeutic strategy of pharmacological inhibition of PGE2 formation, which may provide significant therapeutic value for NSCLC patients with high miR-574-5p levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Emmerich
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Julia Wellstein
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Elena Ossipova
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Isabell Baumann
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Johan Lengqvist
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kim Kultima
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per-Johan Jakobsson
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dieter Steinhilber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Meike J Saul
- Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Lung Cancer: Underlying Pathophysiology and New Therapeutic Modalities. Drugs 2019; 78:1717-1740. [PMID: 30392114 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-018-1001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer are major lung diseases affecting millions worldwide. Both diseases have links to cigarette smoking and exert a considerable societal burden. People suffering from COPD are at higher risk of developing lung cancer than those without, and are more susceptible to poor outcomes after diagnosis and treatment. Lung cancer and COPD are closely associated, possibly sharing common traits such as an underlying genetic predisposition, epithelial and endothelial cell plasticity, dysfunctional inflammatory mechanisms including the deposition of excessive extracellular matrix, angiogenesis, susceptibility to DNA damage and cellular mutagenesis. In fact, COPD could be the driving factor for lung cancer, providing a conducive environment that propagates its evolution. In the early stages of smoking, body defences provide a combative immune/oxidative response and DNA repair mechanisms are likely to subdue these changes to a certain extent; however, in patients with COPD with lung cancer the consequences could be devastating, potentially contributing to slower postoperative recovery after lung resection and increased resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Vital to the development of new-targeted therapies is an in-depth understanding of various molecular mechanisms that are associated with both pathologies. In this comprehensive review, we provide a detailed overview of possible underlying factors that link COPD and lung cancer, and current therapeutic advances from both human and preclinical animal models that can effectively mitigate this unholy relationship.
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Kawamoto H, Hara H, Araya J, Ichikawa A, Fujita Y, Utsumi H, Hashimoto M, Wakui H, Minagawa S, Numata T, Arihiro S, Matsuura T, Fujiwara M, Ito S, Kuwano K. Prostaglandin E-Major Urinary Metabolite (PGE-MUM) as a Tumor Marker for Lung Adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11060768. [PMID: 31163629 PMCID: PMC6627988 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is metabolized to prostaglandin E-major urinary metabolite (PGE-MUM). Enhanced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression demonstrated in lung adenocarcinoma indicates increased PGE-MUM levels in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Objectives: We aimed to elucidate the clinical usefulness of measuring PGE-MUM as an indicator of tumor burden in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Methods: PGE-MUM was measured by a radioimmunoassay in control healthy volunteers (n = 124) and patients with lung adenocarcinoma (n = 54). Associations between PGE-MUM levels and clinical characteristics of the patients (including lung cancer stage and TNM factors (T: Tumor, N: Node, M: Metastasis) were examined. Results: PGE-MUM levels were significantly elevated in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. A PGE-MUM level of 14.9 μg/g∙Cr showed 70.4% sensitivity and 67.7% specificity for the diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma. PGE-MUM levels tended to be positively correlated with cancer progression as determined by the TNM staging system. Advanced stage (stage III, stage IV, and recurrence) was significantly associated with high PGE-MUM levels by logistic regression analysis. No apparent correlation was demonstrated between PGE-MUM and carcinoma embryonic antigen (CEA) levels. Conclusions: PGE-MUM can be a promising biomarker reflecting the systemic tumor burden of lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Kawamoto
- Division of Respiratory diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Jikei University, Tokyo 105-8471, Japan.
| | - Hiromichi Hara
- Division of Respiratory diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Jikei University, Tokyo 105-8471, Japan.
| | - Jun Araya
- Division of Respiratory diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Jikei University, Tokyo 105-8471, Japan.
| | - Akihiro Ichikawa
- Division of Respiratory diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Jikei University, Tokyo 105-8471, Japan.
| | - Yu Fujita
- Division of Respiratory diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Jikei University, Tokyo 105-8471, Japan.
| | - Hirofumi Utsumi
- Division of Respiratory diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Jikei University, Tokyo 105-8471, Japan.
| | - Mitsuo Hashimoto
- Division of Respiratory diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Jikei University, Tokyo 105-8471, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Wakui
- Division of Respiratory diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Jikei University, Tokyo 105-8471, Japan.
| | - Shunsuke Minagawa
- Division of Respiratory diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Jikei University, Tokyo 105-8471, Japan.
| | - Takanori Numata
- Division of Respiratory diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Jikei University, Tokyo 105-8471, Japan.
| | - Seiji Arihiro
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Jikei University, Tokyo 105-8471, Japan.
| | - Tomokazu Matsuura
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jikei University, Tokyo 105-8471, Japan.
| | - Mutsunori Fujiwara
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, Tokyo 150-8935, Japan.
| | - Satoru Ito
- IDAC Theranostics, Inc.; Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Kazuyoshi Kuwano
- Division of Respiratory diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Jikei University, Tokyo 105-8471, Japan.
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Pan C, Zhang Y, Meng Q, Dai G, Jiang Z, Bao H. Down Regulation of the Expression of ELMO3 by COX2 Inhibitor Suppresses Tumor Growth and Metastasis in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:363. [PMID: 31134158 PMCID: PMC6515945 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the most common malignancies. Studies have shown that engulfment and cell motility 3 (ELMO3) is highly expressed in NSCLC and can be used as a novel biomarker, but its underlying mechanism remains to be explored. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism by which ELMO3 may be down-regulated by COX-2 inhibitors to inhibit NSCLC. NSCLC tissue and adjacent normal lung tissue from 24 patients were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression of ELMO3, COX-2, and other related proteins by Western blot, RT-PCR, and Immunohistochemical analysis. Lewis Lung carcinoma (LLC) cells were used to investigate the effects and the mechanism of siELMO3 and COX-2 inhibitor. C57BL/6 mice inoculated with LLC cells by subcutaneous (s.c.) injection were used to detect the in vivo effects of cox-2 inhibitor. The expression of ELMO3 and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in human NSCLC tissues was significantly increased compared with that in the adjacent normal tissues. ELMO3 exhibited a positive correlation with COX-2 expression. Moreover, knockdown of ELMO3 suppressed the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), adhesion, and metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells. Importantly, Parecoxib, a selective inhibitor of COX-2, significantly reduced the expression of ELMO3 and EMT in LLC cells and LLC-bearing mice. Furthermore, it could inhibit the growth, adhesion and metastasis of LLC cells in vitro. Our results demonstrate that down regulation of ELMO3 suppressed growth and metastasis of lung cancer by inhibiting EMT. Parecoxib could reduce ELMO3 expression and suppress growth and metastasis of lung cancer, which might be a useful chemotherapeutic agent for inhibiting metastasis and recurrence of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailong Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qinghai Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoliang Dai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhitao Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy Office, Zhangjiagang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiagang, China
| | - Hongguang Bao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Xu Y, Yang X, Gao D, Yang L, Miskimins K, Qian SY. Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid inhibits xenograft tumor growth in mice bearing shRNA-transfected HCA-7 cells targeting delta-5-desaturase. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:1268. [PMID: 30567534 PMCID: PMC6299961 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-5185-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We previously demonstrated that knockdown of delta-5-desaturase via siRNA transfection together with dihomo-γ-linolenic acid supplementation inhibited colon cancer cell growth and migration, by promoting the production of the anti-cancer byproduct 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid from Cyclooxygenase-2-catalyzed dihomo-γ-linolenic acid peroxidation. Here, we extend our study to investigate the effects of delta-5-desaturase-knockdown and the resulting intensified dihomo-γ-linolenic acid peroxidation in xenograft tumor mice model. Methods Four-week old nude mice bearing the human colon cancer cell HCA-7/C29 vs. its delta-5-desaturase knockdown analog (via shRNA transfection) were subject to 4-week treatments of: vehicle control, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid supplementation, 5-Fluorouracil, and combination of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid and 5-Fluorouracil. Tumor growth was monitored during the treatment. At the endpoint, the mice were euthanized and the tumor tissues were collected for further mechanism analysis. Results Delta-5-desaturase knockdown (shRNA) together with dihomo-γ-linolenic acid supplementation increased 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid production to a threshold level in xenograft tumors, which consequently induced p53-dependent apoptosis and reduced tumors significantly. The promoted 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid formation was also found to suppress the tumors’ metastatic potential via regulating MMP-2 and E-cadherin expressions. In addition, our in vivo data showed that delta-5-desaturase knockdown along with dihomo-γ-linolenic acid supplementation resulted in anti-tumor effects comparable to those of 5-Fluorouracil. Conclusions We have demonstrated that our paradigm-shifting strategy of knocking down delta-5-desaturase and taking advantage of overexpressed Cyclooxygenase-2 in tumor cells can be used for colon cancer suppression. Our research outcome will lead us to develop a better and safer anti-cancer therapy for patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-5185-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58105, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58105, USA
| | - Di Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58105, USA
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Transplantation, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Keith Miskimins
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, 57104, USA
| | - Steven Y Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58105, USA.
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9
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Yang X, Xu Y, Gao D, Yang L, Qian SY. Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid inhibits growth of xenograft tumors in mice bearing human pancreatic cancer cells (BxPC-3) transfected with delta-5-desaturase shRNA. Redox Biol 2018; 20:236-246. [PMID: 30384258 PMCID: PMC6205412 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that siRNA-knockdown of delta-5-desaturase (D5D), the rate-limiting enzyme converting upstream ω − 6 dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) to arachidonic acid, promoted formation of the anti-cancer byproduct 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid (8-HOA) from COX-2-catalyzed DGLA peroxidation, consequently suppressing pancreatic cancer cell growth, migration and invasion. In this study, we have further investigated the anti-tumor effects of D5D-knockdown and the resulting intensified COX-2-catalyzed DGLA peroxidation in subcutaneous xenograft tumors. Four-week old female nude mice (Jackson Laboratory, J:Nu-007850) were injected with human pancreatic cancer cell line BxPC-3 or its D5D knockdown counterpart (via shRNA), followed by 4-week treatments of: vehicle control, DGLA supplementation (8 mg/mouse, twice a week), gemcitabine (30 mg/kg, twice a week), and a combination of DGLA and gemcitabine. In D5D-knockdown tumors, DGLA supplementation promoted 8-HOA formation to a threshold level (> 0.3 µg/g) and resulted in significant tumor reduction (30% vs. control). The promoted 8-HOA not only induced apoptosis associated with altered expression of Bcl-2, cleaved PARP, procaspase 3 and procaspase 9, but also suppressed the tumor metastatic potential via altering MMP-2 and E-cadherin expression. DGLA supplementation resulted in similar anti-tumor effects to those of gemcitabine in our experiments, while the combined treatment led to most significant inhibitory effect on D5D-knockdown tumor growth (70% reduction vs. control). Compared to conventional COX-2 inhibition in cancer treatment, our new strategy that takes advantage of overexpressed COX-2 in cancer cells and tumors, and of abundant ω − 6 fatty acids in the daily diet, should lead us to develop a better and safer anti-pancreatic cancer therapy for patients. D5D knockdown and DGLA supplement promote 8-HOA formation in BxPC-3 cells and tumors. 8-HOA production inhibits growth and metastasis potential of BxPC-3 tumors. Combination of D5D knockdown and DGLA supplement improve gemcitabine's cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Di Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Transplantation, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Steven Y Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA.
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10
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Xu F, Li M, Zhang C, Cui J, Liu J, Li J, Jiang H. Clinicopathological and prognostic significance of COX-2 immunohistochemical expression in breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2018; 8:6003-6012. [PMID: 27999206 PMCID: PMC5351608 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognostic significance of COX-2 in patients with breast cancer remains controversial. The aims of our meta-analysis are to evaluate its association with clinicopathological characteristics and prognostic value in patients with breast cancer. PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, the Ovid Database and Grey literature were systematically searched up to May 2016. Twenty-one studies including 6739 patients with breast cancer were analyzed. The meta-analysis indicated that the incidence difference of COX-2 expression was significant when comparing the lymph node positive group to negative group (OR = 1.76, 95% CI [1.30, 2.39]) and the tumor size ≥ 2cm group to the tumor size < 2cm group (OR = 1.71, 95% CI [1.22, 2.39]). None of other clinicopathological parameters such as the ER status, PR status, HER2 status and the vascular invasion status were associated with COX-2 overexpression. The detection of COX-2 was significantly correlated with the disease-free survival (DFS) of patients (HR = 1.58, 95% CI [1.23, 2.03]) and the overall survival (OS) of patients (HR = 1.51, 95% CI [1.31, 1.72]). Our meta-analysis demonstrates that the presence of high levels of COX-2 is associated with poor prognosis for breast cancer patients and predicts bigger tumor size and lymph node metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China, 100020
| | - Mengxin Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China, 100020
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China, 100020
| | - Jianxiu Cui
- Department of Breast Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China, 100020
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China, 100020
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China, 100020
| | - Hongchuan Jiang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China, 100020
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Sun H, Zhang X, Sun D, Jia X, Xu L, Qiao Y, Jin Y. COX-2 expression in ovarian cancer: an updated meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:88152-88162. [PMID: 29152148 PMCID: PMC5675700 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognostic role of COX-2 expression in ovarian cancer patients has been studied for years, while results remain controversial. Thus we performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the prognostic impact of COX-2 expression on survival of ovarian cancer patients. The databases PubMed, Embase and CNKI were searched. Summary hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to analyze the correlations between COX-2 expression and overall survival (OS), and disease-free survival (DFS). A total of 1,867 patients from 18 studies were enrolled in the final analysis. The results showed that patients with higher COX-2 expression had a poor OS (HR: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.19-1.85) and DFS (HR: 1.81, 95% CI: 1.28-2.55). Subgroup analysis showed that there had significant associations between COX-2 expression and survival rate in most of the subgroups. Furthermore, there were significant associations between COX-2 expression and several clinical parameters such as FIGO stage, histological type and age. These results showed the patients with higher COX-2 expression had a significantly poorer survival rate, COX-2 expression had the potential to be a prognostic marker of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Sun
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.,National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Xuelong Zhang
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Donglin Sun
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Xueyuan Jia
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Lidan Xu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yuandong Qiao
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
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